This document discusses linguistic politeness and face. It explains that Brown and Levinson theorized that all cultures have a need to be polite in order to maintain face, which refers to one's public self-image and expectations of how one wishes to be treated. The document outlines that people behave as if their face wants, or expectations of self-image, will be respected by others. It also discusses that speakers can perform face-threatening acts and face-saving acts in their language use. Face-threatening acts are those that damage another's face, while face-saving acts are ways of speaking that lessen threats to another's face.
This document discusses implicature in pragmatics. It defines implicature as what is communicated less what is said. Implicature can be divided into conventional implicature, derived from specific words or expressions, and conversational implicature, derived from the context of an utterance. Conversational implicature includes generalized implicature, derived without context, and particularized implicature, derived from a specific context. The document provides examples to illustrate these different types of implicature.
This document discusses politeness and interaction in pragmatics. It explains that linguistic interactions are social interactions influenced by external and internal factors. Politeness can be defined as means to show awareness of another's public self-image or "face." Face-threatening acts risk damaging someone's self-image while face-saving acts aim to maintain it. Positive face relates to inclusion while negative face relates to independence. Speakers can make implied or direct requests on or off the record. Pre-sequences are used before requests, invitations, and announcements to assess receptiveness.
Translation studies emerged as a formal academic discipline in the 20th century. It examines translation as both an applied practice and means of understanding movement between languages and cultures. Translation studies analyzes the history, theories, descriptions, and applications of translation. It also explores translation's role in intercultural communication by touching on fields like comparative literature, cultural studies, and linguistics. As the world has become more interconnected, translation services have grown in importance, aiding communication across borders, and skills in translation have become increasingly valuable.
Politeness Theory discusses the concepts of linguistic politeness and face. Politeness involves being tactful toward others through language choices. Face refers to one's public self-image and the need to maintain positive social standing. People have both negative face, the need for independence and freedom from imposition, and positive face, the need for social acceptance and belonging to a group. Utterances can threaten or save face. Face-threatening acts risk negative evaluation, while face-saving acts avoid potential threats to one's public self-image. Politeness aims to balance both types of face wants through strategic language use.
This document discusses translation units and the hierarchy of linguistic units that should be considered when translating from one language to another. It notes that Catford and Halliday proposed considering the sentence, clause, group, word, and morpheme as translation units from largest to smallest. Larger translation units allow for a more idiomatic translation. The document also discusses maintaining naturalness, accuracy, and deviations from language norms when necessary to reproduce the style of the original text.
This document summarizes several theories of effective communication principles proposed by linguists. It discusses Paul Grice's maxims of conversation which include quantity, quality, relation, and manner. It also covers Geoffrey Leech's politeness principle and maxims. Finally, it summarizes Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson's politeness theory, including their concepts of face and face threatening acts, and different politeness superstrategies.
Implicature refers to what a speaker implies rather than literally says. There are two main types: conversational implicature which is derived from cooperative conversation principles, and conventional implicature which is associated with specific words. Conversational implicature includes generalized implicature which does not depend on context, and particularized implicature which does. Scalar implicature also falls under conversational implicature and is implied when a weaker term on a scale is used. Particularized implicature provides more contextual information than generalized implicature. Implicatures can intentionally or unintentionally impact understanding in conversations.
This document discusses linguistic politeness and face. It explains that Brown and Levinson theorized that all cultures have a need to be polite in order to maintain face, which refers to one's public self-image and expectations of how one wishes to be treated. The document outlines that people behave as if their face wants, or expectations of self-image, will be respected by others. It also discusses that speakers can perform face-threatening acts and face-saving acts in their language use. Face-threatening acts are those that damage another's face, while face-saving acts are ways of speaking that lessen threats to another's face.
This document discusses implicature in pragmatics. It defines implicature as what is communicated less what is said. Implicature can be divided into conventional implicature, derived from specific words or expressions, and conversational implicature, derived from the context of an utterance. Conversational implicature includes generalized implicature, derived without context, and particularized implicature, derived from a specific context. The document provides examples to illustrate these different types of implicature.
This document discusses politeness and interaction in pragmatics. It explains that linguistic interactions are social interactions influenced by external and internal factors. Politeness can be defined as means to show awareness of another's public self-image or "face." Face-threatening acts risk damaging someone's self-image while face-saving acts aim to maintain it. Positive face relates to inclusion while negative face relates to independence. Speakers can make implied or direct requests on or off the record. Pre-sequences are used before requests, invitations, and announcements to assess receptiveness.
Translation studies emerged as a formal academic discipline in the 20th century. It examines translation as both an applied practice and means of understanding movement between languages and cultures. Translation studies analyzes the history, theories, descriptions, and applications of translation. It also explores translation's role in intercultural communication by touching on fields like comparative literature, cultural studies, and linguistics. As the world has become more interconnected, translation services have grown in importance, aiding communication across borders, and skills in translation have become increasingly valuable.
Politeness Theory discusses the concepts of linguistic politeness and face. Politeness involves being tactful toward others through language choices. Face refers to one's public self-image and the need to maintain positive social standing. People have both negative face, the need for independence and freedom from imposition, and positive face, the need for social acceptance and belonging to a group. Utterances can threaten or save face. Face-threatening acts risk negative evaluation, while face-saving acts avoid potential threats to one's public self-image. Politeness aims to balance both types of face wants through strategic language use.
This document discusses translation units and the hierarchy of linguistic units that should be considered when translating from one language to another. It notes that Catford and Halliday proposed considering the sentence, clause, group, word, and morpheme as translation units from largest to smallest. Larger translation units allow for a more idiomatic translation. The document also discusses maintaining naturalness, accuracy, and deviations from language norms when necessary to reproduce the style of the original text.
This document summarizes several theories of effective communication principles proposed by linguists. It discusses Paul Grice's maxims of conversation which include quantity, quality, relation, and manner. It also covers Geoffrey Leech's politeness principle and maxims. Finally, it summarizes Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson's politeness theory, including their concepts of face and face threatening acts, and different politeness superstrategies.
Implicature refers to what a speaker implies rather than literally says. There are two main types: conversational implicature which is derived from cooperative conversation principles, and conventional implicature which is associated with specific words. Conversational implicature includes generalized implicature which does not depend on context, and particularized implicature which does. Scalar implicature also falls under conversational implicature and is implied when a weaker term on a scale is used. Particularized implicature provides more contextual information than generalized implicature. Implicatures can intentionally or unintentionally impact understanding in conversations.
The document discusses speech acts, which are meaningful utterances that people perform through language. Speech acts were first coined by philosopher J.L. Austin and later developed by John Searle. There are three components of a speech act: the locutionary act of literal utterance, the illocutionary act of intended meaning, and the perlocutionary act of impact on the listener. Searle classified speech acts into five categories: directives that demand action, commissives involving promises, representatives stating beliefs, declaratives that change situations, and expressives conveying attitudes. Speech acts allow people to exchange information, attitudes, and socialize through everyday language use.
1) The linguistic approach to translation theory emerged around 50 years ago and focuses on issues of meaning, equivalence, and shift. It is centered on the structuralist works of theorists like Roman Jakobson, Eugene Nida, and Peter Newmark.
2) Theorists like Nida emphasized achieving dynamic equivalence and natural expression in the target text for the target audience. Others like Newmark supported a more literal approach.
3) Later theorists like Vinay, Darbelnet, and Catford examined translation shifts and techniques like direct translation, transposition, and modulation. This shifted the structural approach's emphasis to changes between the source and target texts.
The document defines pragmatics and discusses several key concepts in pragmatics including:
- Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to meaning and involves speaker's intended meaning. It examines how words are used in practical situations.
- Context, both linguistic (co-text) and physical, influence word interpretation. Deixis involves words that point to people, places, times and require context.
- Other concepts discussed include reference, inference, anaphora, presupposition, speech acts, and politeness which involves consideration of another's self image or "face".
Linguistic Fundamentals in Translation and Translation StudiesSugey7
ย
This document discusses the role of linguistics in translation. It begins by defining linguistics as the scientific study of language and explores its various branches including theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics. The document then explains how linguistics relates to and assists with translation. Specifically, it notes that translators need knowledge of linguistics to understand word functions and meanings in context. The document also summarizes several key levels of linguistics - including phonology, grammar, semantics, and context - that translators must understand to perform accurate translations between languages.
This document discusses speech acts, which are functional units of communication. It defines locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary aspects of speech acts. It also discusses research methods used to study speech acts, including role plays, discourse completion tasks, and interviews. Finally, it notes the importance of teaching speech acts to language learners and recommends techniques like modeling dialogues, role plays, and feedback.
Grice proposes the cooperative principle to guide successful conversations. The cooperative principle includes four maxims: quantity, quality, relation, and manner. The maxims obligate speakers to be informative but not too brief or long, truthful, relevant to the topic, and clear. While people generally observe the maxims, there are times when maxims are violated, infringed upon, opted out of, or flouted to convey hidden meanings.
This document summarizes the key points of a letter from President Bill Clinton formally apologizing to Japanese Americans for their unjust internment during World War 2. It provides context on the 120,000 Japanese Americans who were relocated to internment camps in 1942. It then discusses the cultural differences between Japanese and American communication styles as it relates to politeness theory. Finally, it includes excerpts from Clinton's 1993 letter apologizing for the actions that denied Japanese Americans their liberties and pledged to renew the nation's commitment to equality and freedom.
Euphemism is a generally innocuous word or expression used in place of one that may be found offensive or suggest something unpleasant. Euphemisms are used to soften or hide unpleasant topics like disability, sex, excretion, and death. They evolve over time through processes like circumlocution, taboo deformation, and semantic change. There are several types of euphemisms including abstraction, indirection, litotes, mispronunciation, modification, personification, and slang. Euphemisms differ from idioms in that euphemisms substitute agreeable expressions to avoid offense, while idioms have figurative meanings separate from their literal definitions.
This document provides 50 tips for improving Business English skills across several areas:
1) Networking and socializing tips include saying hello properly, making small talk, and finding common interests.
2) Tips for telephoning include preparing for calls, answering calls politely, and using helpful phrases.
3) Presentation tips involve opening impactfully, signposting your points clearly, and putting yourself in the audience's perspective.
4) Additional tips cover writing emails, participating in meetings, reading business texts, developing listening skills, growing vocabulary, and strengthening grammar.
This document discusses sociocultural norms and pragmatics. It explains that sociocultural norms guide pragmatic expression, such as using "please" after making a request. It also discusses speech acts, which are communicative acts like requests, apologies, suggestions, and offers. Speakers must understand speech acts for successful communication. Pragmatics examines how sociocultural norms influence language use and how speakers convey intended meanings while maintaining politeness and each other's public self-image, known as "face."
This document discusses concepts of politeness and face-threatening acts. It defines positive and negative politeness as redressive actions that consider another's feelings to establish comfort and rapport. Positive politeness satisfies one's desire to feel their wants are desirable, while negative politeness respects one's freedom and independence. Ten strategies of positive politeness and ten of negative politeness are outlined for how speakers perform or mitigate face-threatening acts through indirect, deferential or apologetic language. Cultural differences in politeness across societies are also noted.
This document discusses nominalization, which is the process of turning verbs and adjectives into nouns. It provides examples of parts of speech like verbs, adjectives, and nouns. Verbs show actions or states of being, adjectives describe nouns, and there are common nouns, proper nouns, and pronouns. The document then lists verbs and their nominalized noun forms, adjectives and their nominalized noun forms, and defines nominalization as the creation of nouns from other parts of speech.
The Translation Of Proper Names And Institutional AndopSaundra Swain
ย
- Proper names of people, objects, or processes unique to a single ethnic group should generally not be translated unless there is an accepted translation.
- Historical and biblical figures that are well known can be translated, while surnames of artists and writers may be left untranslated or "naturalized".
- Names in fiction can be translated if the characters and settings are familiar to the target culture.
- Folktales and children's literature names are usually translated while folk heroes' names may be left untranslated.
- Trademarks, brands, and proprietary names should not be translated unless they have become generic terms.
This document discusses linguistic presuppositions and entailments. Presuppositions are assumptions that a speaker makes before making an utterance, such as assuming the existence of something referred to. Entailments are logical consequences that follow from what is asserted. The document provides examples of different types of presuppositions including lexical, factive verb, and cleft presuppositions. It also discusses how presuppositions can be canceled by entailments and the projection problem where presuppositions do not survive in more complex sentences.
This document discusses speech acts, which are utterances defined by a speaker's intention and the effect on a listener. There are three types of speech acts: locutionary acts involving meaning, illocutionary acts involving intention, and perlocutionary acts involving changing feelings/thoughts/actions. Speech act theory was introduced by J.L. Austin and divides speech acts into constatives, which describe something true or false, and performatives, which denote and inspire an action. Performatives depend on felicity conditions like authority, understanding, and ability to be executed. Examples are provided to illustrate constatives and performatives.
The document provides an overview of discourse analysis, including its origin, importance, differences between text and discourse, linguistic functions, cohesive devices, interpersonal functions, conventions of conversations, cooperative principle, and background knowledge. It discusses how discourse analysis was first employed by Zelling Harris and defines discourse analysis as the study of how stretches of language used in communication assume meaning, purpose and unity for their users.
The document discusses various ways that pronouns, verbs, and other elements can be omitted in English sentences when the intended meaning remains clear from the context. It provides examples of omitting pronouns and verbs in coordinate and subordinate clauses, replacing verbs with "do" to avoid repetition, using "so" to replace verb phrases, and other patterns of ellipsis in English.
This document appears to be a term paper for an MPhil degree in linguistics. It discusses presupposition in detail, including different types and triggers of presupposition. The paper analyzes data from the short story "Button, Button" using quantitative research methodology. It expresses thanks to the advisor, family, and others for their support. The paper includes chapters on introduction, literature review, data analysis, and conclusion.
The document discusses active and passive voice in English grammar. It provides examples of sentences written in active voice versus passive voice, and explains how to change an active sentence to passive voice. The key aspects are:
- Active voice has the subject performing the action, while passive voice has the subject receiving the action.
- To change to passive voice, move the active sentence's object to be the subject, place the original subject in a "by" phrase, and use a form of "be" plus the past participle of the main verb.
Eng 429 -_chapter_3_-_politeness_theory_and_discoursessuser880eb6
ย
The document discusses politeness theory and how it relates to discourse analysis. It explains that politeness is important for understanding why people choose certain wordings and indirect speech acts. Politeness aims to save the hearer's face by avoiding embarrassment. There are four politeness strategies ranging from least direct to most direct: off-record, negative politeness, positive politeness, and on-record baldly. The appropriate strategy depends on factors like social distance and the size of imposition. Face threatening acts threaten a hearer's positive or negative face, so speakers employ politeness strategies to mitigate these threats.
Active listening aims to bring about positive changes in people by creating a supportive environment where they feel heard, understood, and able to openly express themselves without fear of judgment or criticism. It involves listening to both the content and underlying feelings of what is said, acknowledging all verbal and nonverbal cues, and reflecting back the speaker's message to confirm understanding without evaluating or advising. By demonstrating genuine interest and respect through attentive listening, the listener conveys acceptance and builds trust, allowing the speaker to gain insight and a more realistic view of themselves. When used consistently, active listening can improve communication, reduce defensiveness and conflict, and have a constructive impact on attitudes within interpersonal and organizational relationships.
The document discusses speech acts, which are meaningful utterances that people perform through language. Speech acts were first coined by philosopher J.L. Austin and later developed by John Searle. There are three components of a speech act: the locutionary act of literal utterance, the illocutionary act of intended meaning, and the perlocutionary act of impact on the listener. Searle classified speech acts into five categories: directives that demand action, commissives involving promises, representatives stating beliefs, declaratives that change situations, and expressives conveying attitudes. Speech acts allow people to exchange information, attitudes, and socialize through everyday language use.
1) The linguistic approach to translation theory emerged around 50 years ago and focuses on issues of meaning, equivalence, and shift. It is centered on the structuralist works of theorists like Roman Jakobson, Eugene Nida, and Peter Newmark.
2) Theorists like Nida emphasized achieving dynamic equivalence and natural expression in the target text for the target audience. Others like Newmark supported a more literal approach.
3) Later theorists like Vinay, Darbelnet, and Catford examined translation shifts and techniques like direct translation, transposition, and modulation. This shifted the structural approach's emphasis to changes between the source and target texts.
The document defines pragmatics and discusses several key concepts in pragmatics including:
- Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to meaning and involves speaker's intended meaning. It examines how words are used in practical situations.
- Context, both linguistic (co-text) and physical, influence word interpretation. Deixis involves words that point to people, places, times and require context.
- Other concepts discussed include reference, inference, anaphora, presupposition, speech acts, and politeness which involves consideration of another's self image or "face".
Linguistic Fundamentals in Translation and Translation StudiesSugey7
ย
This document discusses the role of linguistics in translation. It begins by defining linguistics as the scientific study of language and explores its various branches including theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics. The document then explains how linguistics relates to and assists with translation. Specifically, it notes that translators need knowledge of linguistics to understand word functions and meanings in context. The document also summarizes several key levels of linguistics - including phonology, grammar, semantics, and context - that translators must understand to perform accurate translations between languages.
This document discusses speech acts, which are functional units of communication. It defines locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary aspects of speech acts. It also discusses research methods used to study speech acts, including role plays, discourse completion tasks, and interviews. Finally, it notes the importance of teaching speech acts to language learners and recommends techniques like modeling dialogues, role plays, and feedback.
Grice proposes the cooperative principle to guide successful conversations. The cooperative principle includes four maxims: quantity, quality, relation, and manner. The maxims obligate speakers to be informative but not too brief or long, truthful, relevant to the topic, and clear. While people generally observe the maxims, there are times when maxims are violated, infringed upon, opted out of, or flouted to convey hidden meanings.
This document summarizes the key points of a letter from President Bill Clinton formally apologizing to Japanese Americans for their unjust internment during World War 2. It provides context on the 120,000 Japanese Americans who were relocated to internment camps in 1942. It then discusses the cultural differences between Japanese and American communication styles as it relates to politeness theory. Finally, it includes excerpts from Clinton's 1993 letter apologizing for the actions that denied Japanese Americans their liberties and pledged to renew the nation's commitment to equality and freedom.
Euphemism is a generally innocuous word or expression used in place of one that may be found offensive or suggest something unpleasant. Euphemisms are used to soften or hide unpleasant topics like disability, sex, excretion, and death. They evolve over time through processes like circumlocution, taboo deformation, and semantic change. There are several types of euphemisms including abstraction, indirection, litotes, mispronunciation, modification, personification, and slang. Euphemisms differ from idioms in that euphemisms substitute agreeable expressions to avoid offense, while idioms have figurative meanings separate from their literal definitions.
This document provides 50 tips for improving Business English skills across several areas:
1) Networking and socializing tips include saying hello properly, making small talk, and finding common interests.
2) Tips for telephoning include preparing for calls, answering calls politely, and using helpful phrases.
3) Presentation tips involve opening impactfully, signposting your points clearly, and putting yourself in the audience's perspective.
4) Additional tips cover writing emails, participating in meetings, reading business texts, developing listening skills, growing vocabulary, and strengthening grammar.
This document discusses sociocultural norms and pragmatics. It explains that sociocultural norms guide pragmatic expression, such as using "please" after making a request. It also discusses speech acts, which are communicative acts like requests, apologies, suggestions, and offers. Speakers must understand speech acts for successful communication. Pragmatics examines how sociocultural norms influence language use and how speakers convey intended meanings while maintaining politeness and each other's public self-image, known as "face."
This document discusses concepts of politeness and face-threatening acts. It defines positive and negative politeness as redressive actions that consider another's feelings to establish comfort and rapport. Positive politeness satisfies one's desire to feel their wants are desirable, while negative politeness respects one's freedom and independence. Ten strategies of positive politeness and ten of negative politeness are outlined for how speakers perform or mitigate face-threatening acts through indirect, deferential or apologetic language. Cultural differences in politeness across societies are also noted.
This document discusses nominalization, which is the process of turning verbs and adjectives into nouns. It provides examples of parts of speech like verbs, adjectives, and nouns. Verbs show actions or states of being, adjectives describe nouns, and there are common nouns, proper nouns, and pronouns. The document then lists verbs and their nominalized noun forms, adjectives and their nominalized noun forms, and defines nominalization as the creation of nouns from other parts of speech.
The Translation Of Proper Names And Institutional AndopSaundra Swain
ย
- Proper names of people, objects, or processes unique to a single ethnic group should generally not be translated unless there is an accepted translation.
- Historical and biblical figures that are well known can be translated, while surnames of artists and writers may be left untranslated or "naturalized".
- Names in fiction can be translated if the characters and settings are familiar to the target culture.
- Folktales and children's literature names are usually translated while folk heroes' names may be left untranslated.
- Trademarks, brands, and proprietary names should not be translated unless they have become generic terms.
This document discusses linguistic presuppositions and entailments. Presuppositions are assumptions that a speaker makes before making an utterance, such as assuming the existence of something referred to. Entailments are logical consequences that follow from what is asserted. The document provides examples of different types of presuppositions including lexical, factive verb, and cleft presuppositions. It also discusses how presuppositions can be canceled by entailments and the projection problem where presuppositions do not survive in more complex sentences.
This document discusses speech acts, which are utterances defined by a speaker's intention and the effect on a listener. There are three types of speech acts: locutionary acts involving meaning, illocutionary acts involving intention, and perlocutionary acts involving changing feelings/thoughts/actions. Speech act theory was introduced by J.L. Austin and divides speech acts into constatives, which describe something true or false, and performatives, which denote and inspire an action. Performatives depend on felicity conditions like authority, understanding, and ability to be executed. Examples are provided to illustrate constatives and performatives.
The document provides an overview of discourse analysis, including its origin, importance, differences between text and discourse, linguistic functions, cohesive devices, interpersonal functions, conventions of conversations, cooperative principle, and background knowledge. It discusses how discourse analysis was first employed by Zelling Harris and defines discourse analysis as the study of how stretches of language used in communication assume meaning, purpose and unity for their users.
The document discusses various ways that pronouns, verbs, and other elements can be omitted in English sentences when the intended meaning remains clear from the context. It provides examples of omitting pronouns and verbs in coordinate and subordinate clauses, replacing verbs with "do" to avoid repetition, using "so" to replace verb phrases, and other patterns of ellipsis in English.
This document appears to be a term paper for an MPhil degree in linguistics. It discusses presupposition in detail, including different types and triggers of presupposition. The paper analyzes data from the short story "Button, Button" using quantitative research methodology. It expresses thanks to the advisor, family, and others for their support. The paper includes chapters on introduction, literature review, data analysis, and conclusion.
The document discusses active and passive voice in English grammar. It provides examples of sentences written in active voice versus passive voice, and explains how to change an active sentence to passive voice. The key aspects are:
- Active voice has the subject performing the action, while passive voice has the subject receiving the action.
- To change to passive voice, move the active sentence's object to be the subject, place the original subject in a "by" phrase, and use a form of "be" plus the past participle of the main verb.
Eng 429 -_chapter_3_-_politeness_theory_and_discoursessuser880eb6
ย
The document discusses politeness theory and how it relates to discourse analysis. It explains that politeness is important for understanding why people choose certain wordings and indirect speech acts. Politeness aims to save the hearer's face by avoiding embarrassment. There are four politeness strategies ranging from least direct to most direct: off-record, negative politeness, positive politeness, and on-record baldly. The appropriate strategy depends on factors like social distance and the size of imposition. Face threatening acts threaten a hearer's positive or negative face, so speakers employ politeness strategies to mitigate these threats.
Active listening aims to bring about positive changes in people by creating a supportive environment where they feel heard, understood, and able to openly express themselves without fear of judgment or criticism. It involves listening to both the content and underlying feelings of what is said, acknowledging all verbal and nonverbal cues, and reflecting back the speaker's message to confirm understanding without evaluating or advising. By demonstrating genuine interest and respect through attentive listening, the listener conveys acceptance and builds trust, allowing the speaker to gain insight and a more realistic view of themselves. When used consistently, active listening can improve communication, reduce defensiveness and conflict, and have a constructive impact on attitudes within interpersonal and organizational relationships.
Attitudes are fundamental determinants of how we perceive and act towards our social environment. An attitude is a stable disposition to evaluate an object in a particular way and involves cognitive, affective, and behavioral components. Some key factors that influence attitude formation include parents, peers, conditioning, social adjustment functions, direct instruction, modeling, satisfaction of wants, and prejudices.
This document discusses assertiveness and its importance for teachers. It defines assertiveness as behaving in a way that respects both one's own rights and the rights of others. Assertiveness has advantages like developing healthy relationships and preventing conflicts. Some rights discussed include the right to be treated with dignity, the right to say no without feeling guilty, and the right to express one's feelings. The document also covers passive, aggressive, and passive-aggressive behaviors and provides an ABC cognitive model for understanding behaviors.
Mr. Kekal Kenneth Vinitkumar provides an overview of assertive training and communication. He defines assertive communication and behavior, lists the characteristics and advantages. The document also describes behavioral components of assertiveness including eye contact and voice, techniques to promote assertive behavior such as thought stopping, and the role of nurses in helping patients develop more assertive skills.
This abridged version, made up of select slides from my other presentations, was specially made for the executives of LIC, Hyderabad Division. You are requested to view the full versions of the other presentations, available here.
Bs 101 module 4 - attitude final lecture (jyotika)Tamojit Das
ย
The document discusses attitudes, defining them as learned evaluations or tendencies to respond positively or negatively to people, objects, or ideas. It notes attitudes can influence thoughts and behaviors. The three components of attitudes are described as cognitive (beliefs), affective (emotions), and behavioral (actions). Positive attitudes are said to help coping, optimism, and success, while negative attitudes spread negativity and undermine performance. Developing and maintaining a positive attitude is important.
The document discusses Geoffrey Leech's Politeness Principle and the theories of politeness proposed by Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson. Leech proposed maxims of politeness for conversational exchanges, including tact, generosity, approbation, and modesty. Brown and Levinson defined politeness as actions taken to counter face-threatening acts. They identified two aspects of face - negative face involving freedom from imposition and positive face involving desire for approval. Politeness strategies aim to preserve both kinds of face, including bald requests, positive politeness showing friendly intent, negative politeness admitting potential imposition, and indirect off-record strategies.
This document discusses assertiveness and provides tips for being more assertive. It defines assertiveness as being self-assured and confident without being aggressive. It lists characteristics of assertiveness such as persistence, objectivity, and challenging false information. It also discusses communication styles and compares passive, aggressive, manipulative, and assertive behaviors. The document provides verbal and nonverbal techniques for assertiveness and recommends actively listening, open communication, understanding passive communication, and learning to say no. The overall message is that being assertive allows one to stand up for themselves while still respecting others.
Active listening is an important problem-solving skill that involves fully focusing on the other person without judgment. It communicates unconditional positive regard, empathy, and congruence. The key aspects of active listening are turning off internal responses, using encouraging body language and verbal acknowledgments, reflecting back what the person said to check understanding, asking questions for clarification or more details, and being aware of nonverbal body language cues. Active listening avoids giving unsolicited advice or telling one's own stories.
Social cognition involves how people process, store, and apply social information. It focuses on cognitive processes in social interactions and how we think about other people. Social cognition involves both automatic and effortful processing of information. Schemas and impression formation also play important roles in social cognition by influencing how we organize, interpret, and judge social information and others. The way we think about others greatly impacts how we interact with the world.
This document discusses effective listening and behavioral adjustments for positive outcomes. It defines listening as more than just hearing and outlines the listening process which includes receiving a message, understanding it, evaluating it, and responding. There are different types of listening described such as passive, marginal, projective, sensitive/empathetic, and active listening. Good listening provides benefits like gaining a wider perspective, increased competence and self-confidence. Behavioral adjustments through assertive communication can help manage conflicts and build better relationships for positive results.
This journal entry discusses confirmation bias and how it can negatively impact decision making. Confirmation bias is the tendency to seek out and give more weight to information that confirms preexisting beliefs, and ignore or undermine contradictory information. The entry provides an example of how confirmation bias can cause investors to make poor decisions by only seeking out information that confirms their views on an investment and failing to consider different perspectives. Overcoming confirmation bias requires open-mindedly seeking out contradictory opinions to make better informed choices. The entry concludes that confirmation bias limits opportunities by focusing only on views that agree with preexisting opinions.
This document discusses several key concepts in social perception:
1. Nonverbal communication plays an important role in social perception. Facial expressions, eye contact, body language, posture, and touching can all reveal emotional and mental states. Basic emotions are often expressed through specific facial movements.
2. Attribution refers to how people seek to understand the behaviors of others by inferring underlying traits or motives. Correspondent inference theory holds that behaviors perceived as freely chosen and distinctive are more likely to be attributed to internal traits. Kelley's theory examines how attribution is influenced by consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness.
3. Impression formation is the process by which people combine diverse information to form unified impressions of others. Initial
The document discusses several aspects of social perception:
1. Nonverbal communication such as facial expressions, eye contact, body language, and touching can provide cues about a person's inner state of emotions and feelings. Basic emotions are often reflected in specific facial expressions.
2. Attribution refers to how we try to understand and explain the behaviors of others. Correspondent inference theory and Kelley's theory of causal attribution describe how we make inferences about others' traits and dispositions based on their behaviors.
3. Impression formation is the process by which we combine diverse information to form unified impressions of others. Initial impressions tend to carry more weight due to primacy effects. Impression management refers
This document discusses assertive communication techniques for nurses. It defines assertiveness, aggressiveness, and passiveness. Assertive communication allows one to openly express needs, thoughts, and feelings while respecting others. Characteristics of assertive people and behaviors are outlined. The components of assertive communication include using "I" messages, maintaining eye contact, having an open posture, and touching appropriately. Five ways for nurses to communicate assertively are also described.
LECTURE 5- ATTRIBUTION - IMPRESSION FORMATION AND MANAGEMENT.pptxgladysdzoro
ย
Impression formation and management involves how individuals form impressions of others based on certain traits and characteristics. People pay attention to central traits to help form overall impressions, though various sources of information are used unequally. Initial impressions, even if unsupported by facts, can affect future interactions. Additionally, people seek to influence how others perceive them through impression management techniques like self-presentation and regulation of social interactions.
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3. Politeness Theory
โข Politeness theory is an important branch of pragmatics developed by Penelope
Brown and Stephen Levinson in the 1970s
โข The idea was taken by Erving Goffmanโs concept of โFace Theoryโ.
โข This theory talks about that we all have universal desire to be treated with
politeness.
โข This theory questions how and why we are โPOLITEโ to others.
4. GOFFMANโS CONCEPT OF FACE:
โข Goffman (1955) defines face in the concept of face
theory as "The positive public image [we] seek to
establish in social interactions." It's also helpful to
think of face as 'self-image'. Naturally, most of us want
to protect our self-image and wish to portray a positive
image of ourselves to others.
5. Brown and Levinson's politeness
theory:
โข Politeness theory works on the assumption that we have two different types of 'face':
Positive face and Negative face.
1. Positive face is an individual's desire to be liked and
appreciated by others. Think of this as a person's self-
esteem.
2. Negative face is an individual's desire to protect their
personal rights, such as their freedom of speech and
action.
6. Negative face/ negative politeness:
Negative politeness is like being super careful not to step on someone's toes or invade
their personal space. It's about showing respect for someone's autonomy and freedom.
So, when we use negative politeness, we're basically saying, "I'll give you all the space
you need, and I won't impose on you or make you feel uncomfortable." It's all about
being considerate and not making others feel like their rights or boundaries are being
ignored.
EXAMPLE: "I know it's a real pain, and I hope you don't mind, but could you
please print these off for me?"
7. Positive face/positive politeness
When appealing to someone's positive face, we aim to boost their self-
esteem and foster positive feelings about themselves. This can involve
giving compliments, expressing admiration for their achievements, and
agreeing with their opinions or ideas. By affirming their worth and
validating their identity, we enhance their sense of being liked and
accepted by others. This approach avoids criticism, insults, or
disagreement, prioritizing harmony and maintaining a positive social
image.
EXAMPLE: you looking good today!
This piece of work is really fantastic. Well done!
8. What are face-threatening acts? Face-
threatening acts are actions or behaviors that risk damaging
someone's self-image or social standing, like criticism,
disagreement, or refusal, potentially leading to embarrassment or
loss of face.
Face-threatening acts can be verbal (using words or language), paraverbal
(conveyed in the characteristics of speech such as tone or inflexion), or
non-verbal (facial expressions or body language).
According to Brown and Levinson, face-threatening acts may threaten
either the speaker's or the listener's face (either positive or negative).
9. Positive face-threatening acts damaging
to the listener:
Face-threatening acts can also be expressions that show that the
speaker does not care about the listener's positive face, for
example mentioning taboo or emotional topics, interruptions, and
expressions of violent emotions.
EXAMPLE: I don't like that outfit at all.โ
I'm definitely better at maths than you.
10. Positive face-threatening acts are
damaging to the speaker:
Acts that threaten the speaker's positive face and self-image
include apologies (an acceptance of being wrong), confessions,
and a loss of emotional control..
11. Negative face-threatening acts are
damaging to the listener
Negative face-threatening acts are actions or behaviors that can
make the listener feel like their personal space or freedom is
being intruded upon, causing discomfort or unease.
Alternatively, face-threatening acts can involve the speaker expressing a
strong emotion towards the listener that typically requires some form of
positive reaction.
For example, paying a compliment and expecting a compliment in return.
12. Negative face-threatening acts damaging
to the speaker
Acts that threaten the speaker's negative face and impede on their
personal freedoms include speech acts they feel obliged to
perform, such as apologies, excuses, acceptance of compliments
or gratitude.
EXAMPLE: "Thanks, I like your outfit too."
13. Politeness Theory, developed by Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson, outlines strategies
people use to maintain social harmony and show respect in communication. Here are the four
main strategies in simple terms:
1. Bald on Record: This strategy is direct and clear, without any effort to minimize
the impact on the listener. It's used when there is no risk of offending the person, such as
giving instructions or in emergencies.
2. Positive Politeness: This strategy aims to make the other person feel good about
themselves and valued. It's often used among friends and includes compliments or
friendly language.
4 strategies of Politeness Theory:
14. 3. Negative Politeness: This strategy shows respect for the other personโs
need not to be imposed upon. It's more indirect and often includes apologies or hedges.
4. Off-Record (Indirect): This strategy is very indirect, leaving room for the
listener to interpret the meaning. Itโs often used to avoid direct confrontation or when the
speaker wants to be very polite.
These strategies help people navigate social interactions smoothly and respectfully.
4 strategies of Politeness Theory:
15. CONCLUSION:
Politeness theory in pragmatics is like a guidebook for how we're nice to
each other when we communicate. It's all about the ways we use language
to show consideration and respect for others, like saying "please" and
"thank you" or being careful with our words to avoid hurting someone's
feelings. It helps us understand why we might choose one way of saying
something over another, depending on the situation and the people
involved. So, basically, it's about being kind and respectful in how we talk
to each other.