All about Adverbial and details of its three sub-concepts.

1. E_English Grammar Course
Unit 7
Lecture 7 - Adverbials

2. Issues
1.
Units realizing adverbial functions
2.
Classes of adverbials
3.
Adjuncts
4.
Disjuncts
5.
Conjuncts

3. 1/7
1
Units realizing adverbial functions
Realization of adverbials
Adverb phrases
Finite clause
Noun phrases
Non-finite clause
Prepositional phrases
Verbless clause

4. 2/7
1
Units realizing adverbial functions
Realization of adverbials
Adverb phrases
Finite clause
E.g.: I have never been there.
Noun phrases
Non-finite clause
Prepositional phrases
Verbless clause

5. 3/7
1
Units realizing adverbial functions
Realization of adverbials
Adverb phrases
Noun phrases
Prepositional phrases
Finite clause
E.g.: I saw her last week.
Non-finite clause
Verbless clause

6. 4/7
1
Units realizing adverbial functions
Realization of adverbials
Adverb phrases
Finite clause
Noun phrases
Non-finite clause
Prepositional phrases
E.g.: She sat in aclausecorner.
Verbless dark

7. 5/7
1
Units realizing adverbial functions
Realization of adverbials
Adverb phrases
Finite clause
E.g.: When I came to the club, I saw James sitting alone
Noun phrases
Non-finite clause
at the window table.
Prepositional phrases
Verbless clause

8. 6/7
1
Units realizing adverbial functions
Realization of adverbials
Adverb phrases
Finite clause
Noun phrases
Non-finite clause
Prepositional phrases
infinitive
He plays to win.
Verbless-ed participle
clause
-ing participle
Seeing Tom, she
smiles.
Whenever left alone,
he cried.

9. 7/7
1
Units realizing adverbial functions
Realization of adverbials
Adverb phrases
Finite clause
Noun phrases
Non-finite clause
Prepositional phrases
Verbless clause
E.g.: The baby was playing, unaware of the danger.

10. 1/7
2
Classes of Adverbials
ADVERBIALS
ADJUNCTS
DISJUNCTS
CONJUNCTS
Integrated in clause structure
Peripheral in clause structure

11. 2/7
2
Classes of Adverbials
ADVERBIALS
ADJUNCTS 1. can’t appear initially in a negative
declarative clause.
DISJUNCTS
E.g. Quickly, they didn’t leave home.
CONJUNCTS

12. 3/7
2
Classes of Adverbials
ADVERBIALS
ADJUNCTS 2. can be contrasted with another
DISJUNCTS
adverbial in an alternative
interrogation (as focus of clause
CONJUNCTS interrogation)
E.g. Does he write to his parents
because he misses them, or only
because he wants some money?

13. 4/7
2
ADVERBIALS
Classes of Adverbials
ADJUNCTS3. can be contrasted with another
adverbial in alternative negation
DISJUNCTS
(as focus of clause negation)
E.g. We didn’t hate him because of
CONJUNCTS
his appearance, but because of his bad
behavior.

14. 5/7
2
ADVERBIALS
Classes of Adverbials
ADJUNCTS
DISJUNCTS
1. can appear initially before a
negative clause in most cases
E.g.: Naturally, he didn’t come.
CONJUNCTS (disjunct)
Therefore, he couldn’t come.
(conjunct)

15. 6/7
2
ADVERBIALS
Classes of Adverbials
ADJUNCTS
DISJUNCTS
CONJUNCTS
2. cannot be contrasted with
another adverbial in alternative
interrogation.
3. cannot be focus of clause
negation

16. 7/7
2
ADVERBIALS
Classes of Adverbials
ADJUNCTS
Can serve as a response to an Y-N
DISJUNCTS
question.
E.g.: A: Will he be there?
B: Yes, probably.
CONJUNCTS

17. 1/21
3
Adjuncts
SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF ADJUNCTS
1.
Adjuncts can come within the scope of predication pro-form
or predication ellipsis.
E.g.: John greatly admires Bob, and so does Mary.
 John greatly admires Bob, and Mary greatly admires Bob.

18. 2/21
3
Adjuncts
SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF ADJUNCTS
2.
Adjuncts can be the focus of limiter adverbials such as “only”.
E.g.: They only want the car for an hour (for an hour not for
longer).

19. 3/21
3
Adjuncts
SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF ADJUNCTS
3. Adjuncts can be the focus of additive adverbials such as “also”.
E.g.: They will also meet afterwards.
4.
Adjuncts can be the focus of a cleft sentence.
E.g.: It was because of his injury that Mary helped Tony.

20. 4/21
3
Adjuncts
ADVERB PHRASES AS ADJUNCTS
1. Can constitute a comparative construction
E.g.: John speaks English more fluently than his brother does.
2. Have premodifying “however”
E.g.: However strongly you feel about it, you should be cautious
in the way you talk.

21. 5/21
3
Adjuncts
ADVERB PHRASES AS ADJUNCTS
3. Have premodifying “how”
E.g.: How often does she wash her hair?
How carelessly he drives!
4. Have premodifying “so” (+ inversion)
E.g.: So monotonously did he speak that everybody felt asleep.

22. 6/21
3
Adjuncts
viewpoint
focusing
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS
intensifier
process
subject
place
time
others

23. 7/21
3
Adjuncts
viewpoint
focusing
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS
+ = ‘if we consider what we
are saying from a [adj. phrase]
intensifier point of view’
process
+ usually in initial position
E.g.: Geographically (speaking),
subject
Vietnam is a diverse country.
place
Business-wise, it’s not a good
time
others
idea to open a fast food
restaurant in this area.

24. 8/21
3
Adjuncts
viewpoint
focusing
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS
intensifier
process
subject
place
time
others
limiters
exclusives
alone, just, only, purely, simply
particularizers
chiefly, especially, mainly, etc.
additives
also, either, even, neither, nor, too,
as well as, in addition

25. 9/21
3
Adjuncts
viewpoint
focusing
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS
intensifier
emphasizers
clearly, definitely, etc.
amplifiers
process
subject
place
time
others
downtoners
maximizers
completely, etc.
boosters
by far, well, etc.
compromisers
kind of, quite, etc.
diminishers
partly, slightly, etc.
minimizers
a bit, barely, etc.
approximators
almost, nearly, etc.

26. 10/21
3
Adjuncts
viewpoint
focusing
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS
+ = in that way/ that way
intensifier
+ favor final conditions
process
subject
+ co-occur with dynamic verbs,
not stative verbs
E.g.: They live frugally.
place
Tear gas indiscriminatively
time
sprayed on the protesters.
others

27. 11/21
3
Adjuncts
viewpoint
focusing
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS
intensifier
process
subject
place
time
others
manner
E.g.: They walked in single file.
means
E.g.: I go to school by car.
instrument
E.g.: You can cut the apple with that knife.

28. 12/21
3
Adjuncts
viewpoint
focusing
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS
intensifier
process
subject
place
time
others
general
With great unease, they elected him as
their leader.
volitional
deliberately, intentionally, on purpose,
willingly, with reluctance, etc.
formulaic
please, humbly, cordially, kindly, etc.

29. 13/21
3
Adjuncts
viewpoint + denote position, direction,
focusing
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS
intensifier
process
subject
place
time
others
movement, and passage
+ most are prepositional phrases;
adverb phrases and noun phrases
used frequently
+ used only with verbs of motions or
other dynamic verbs denoting
direction
E.g.: She works a long way from here.
We’re moving some furniture
into the kitchen.

30. 14/21
3
Adjuncts
viewpoint
focusing
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS
intensifier
process
subject
place
time
others
direction
I take the book from the shelf.
She ran past the church.
position
I live in a small village.
He is over there.

31. 15/21
3
Adjuncts
viewpoint
focusing
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS
intensifier
when
duration
process
subject
place
time
others
frequency
other relationships

32. 16/21
3
Adjuncts
viewpoint
focusing
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS
intensifier
process
subject
place
time
others
when
+ point of time
duration
E.g.: today, tomorrow
+ boundary of time
E.g.: afterwards
frequency
other relationships

33. 17/21
3
Adjuncts
viewpoint
focusing
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS
intensifier
when
duration
process
subject
place
time
others
+ length of time
frequency
E.g.: briefly
+ from the preceding
other relationships
point in time
E.g.: since

34. 18/21
3
Adjuncts
process
+ indefinite
- usual occurrence: E.g.: usually
when
- continuous/continual:
E.g.: always
- high: E.g.: often
duration
- low/zero: occasionally, never
subject
frequency
place
+ definite
other relationships
- period: E.g.: daily
- number: E.g.: twice
viewpoint
focusing
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS
intensifier
time
others

35. 19/21
3
Adjuncts
viewpoint
focusing
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS
intensifier
when
duration
process
subject
place
time
others
frequency
other relationships
first, next, then, still, yet, already, etc.

36. 20/21
3
Adjuncts
viewpoint
focusing
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS
intensifier
+ expressing purpose, cause, reason,
process or origin
source
E.g.: He
subject took the book from me.
place
time
The symbolically buried the car
as a protest against pollution.
others

37. 21/21
3
Adjuncts
RELATIVE POSITION OF ADJUNCTS
1. In final position: process – place - time
E.g. He was working with his shears (process) in the garden (place) the whole
morning (time).
2. The normal relative order can be changed to suit the desire for end-focus.
3. A clause normally comes after other structures to avoid ambiguity
E.g. We stood talking for a very long time (A1) where the fire had been (A2).
4. Longer adjuncts tend to follow shorter adjuncts.
E.g. I was studying earlier (A1) in the university library (A2).

38. 1/3
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Disjuncts
DISJUNCTS
Style disjuncts
Attitudinal disjuncts
Most disjuncts are prepositional
phrases or clause

39. 2/3
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Disjuncts
DISJUNCTS
Style disjuncts
Attitudinal disjuncts
• convey the speaker’s comment on
the form of what he is saying,
defining in some way under what
conditions he is speaking
E.g.: Seriously, do you intend to retire?
Personally, I don’t approve of her.
Very frankly, I am tired.

40. 3/3
4
Disjuncts
DISJUNCTS
Style disjuncts
• convey the speaker’s comment on the
Attitudinal disjuncts
content of what he is saying
• generally appear only on declarative
clauses
E.g.: Obviously, no one expected us.
Understandably, they were all
annoyed when reading the letter.

41. 1/15
5
CONJUNCTS
Conjuncts
1. Most conjuncts are adverb phrases
or prepositional phrases.
2. The normal position for most conjuncts
is initial.
3. Conjuncts often have a separate
tone unit.

42. 2/15
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Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Result
Reinforcing
Inferential
Equative
Reformulatory
Transitional
Replacive
Summative
Antithetic
Apposition
Concessive
Temporal transition

43. 3/15
5
Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Result
Reinforcing
Inferential
Transitional
Replacive
Summative
Antithetic
Apposition
Concessive
first, second, third…; one, two, three…; for one thing,
Equative
Reformulatory
for another thing; for a start, to begin with, next, then…
Temporal transition

44. 4/15
5
Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Result
Reinforcing
Inferential
Equative
Reformulatory
Summative
Antithetic
Apposition
Concessive
also, furthermore, moreover, in addition, above all,
Transitional
Replacive
what is more, then (informal), etc.
Temporal transition

45. 5/15
5
Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Result
Reinforcing
Inferential
Equative
Reformulatory
equally, likewise, similarly, in the same way, etc.
Transitional
Replacive
Summative
Antithetic
Apposition
Concessive
Temporal transition

46. 6/15
5
Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Result
Reinforcing
Inferential
Equative
Reformulatory
by the way, incidentally, etc.
Transitional
Replacive
Summative
Antithetic
Apposition
Concessive
Temporal transition

47. 7/15
5
Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Result
Reinforcing
Inferential
Equative
Reformulatory
then, (all) in all, in conclusion, to sum up, etc.
Transitional
Replacive
Summative
Antithetic
Apposition
Concessive
Temporal transition

48. 8/15
5
Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Result
Reinforcing
Inferential
Equative
Reformulatory
Summative
Antithetic
Apposition
Concessive
namely, in other words, for instance,
Transitional that is, that is to say, for example, etc.Replacive
Temporal transition

49. 9/15
5
Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Result
Reinforcing
Inferential
consequently, hence, thus, so, therefore, as a result, etc.
Equative
Reformulatory
Transitional
Replacive
Summative
Antithetic
Apposition
Concessive
Temporal transition

50. 10/15
5
Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Result
Reinforcing
Inferential
Equative
Reformulatory
Transitional
Replacive
Summative
Antithetic
Apposition
Concessive
else, otherwise, then, in other words, in that case, etc.
Temporal transition

51. 11/15
5
Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Result
Reinforcing
Inferential
Equative
Reformulatory
Transitional
better, rather, in other words, etc.
Replacive
Summative
Antithetic
Apposition
Concessive
Temporal transition

52. 12/15
5
Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Result
Reinforcing
Inferential
alternatively, rather, on the other hand, etc.
Reformulatory
Equative
Transitional
Replacive
Summative
Antithetic
Apposition
Concessive
Temporal transition

53. 13/15
5
Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Result
Reinforcing
Inferential
Equative
Transitional
Reformulatory
instead, then, on the contrary, in contrast,
by comparison, on the other hand, etc.
Replacive
Summative
Antithetic
Apposition
Concessive
Temporal transition

54. 14/15
5
Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Result
Reinforcing
Inferential
anyhow,
Equative
anyway, besides, else, however,Reformulatory
still
nevertheless, yet, in any case, at any rate, after all
Replacive
Transitional
in spite of that, on the other hand, all the same, etc.
Summative
Antithetic
Apposition
Concessive
Temporal transition

55. 15/15
5
Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS
Enumerative
Result
Reinforcing
Inferential
Equative
Reformulatory
Transitional
Replacive
Summative
Apposition
Antithetic
meantime, meanwhile, in the mean time, etc.
Concessive
Temporal transition