conversion of timber.pptx
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There are three main methods for converting logs into boards: through and through sawing, tangential sawing, and quarter sawing. Through and through sawing cuts logs parallel to the grain, producing wide boards quickly but with potential for cupping. Tangential sawing cuts logs at an angle to the grain, producing stable boards with a flame figure but is more expensive. Quarter sawing cuts logs at a 45 degree angle to the growth rings, producing narrow boards that are very stable with an attractive grain but is the most expensive method.
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Timber conversion involves turning felled trees into usable lumber through sawing. There are two main conversion methods: plain sawing, which is fastest but produces wood more prone to warping; and quarter sawing, which shows the grain beautifully but is more complex and wasteful. Proper conversion allows wood to be dried, shaped, and graded for its quality before being sold as lumber.
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This document discusses different methods for converting logs into timber. It describes felling timber and transporting logs. It then explains four methods for converting logs: horizontal bandsaw, through and through sawing, quarter sawing, and tangential sawing. For each method, it provides the advantages and disadvantages. An exam question is included that asks the reader to name the conversion methods shown in diagrams, state the advantages and disadvantages of each, and determine which board shown is most likely to cup and why.
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Tree conversion involves cutting down trees in winter and transporting logs to sawmills to be cut into boards. There are three main conversion methods: through and through sawing cuts logs parallel to the grain but can cause cupping; tangential sawing cuts at 90 degree angles to produce flame figured boards but are prone to shrinkage; quarter sawing cuts at 45 degree angles to produce stable boards with attractive grain for flooring but is the most expensive due to extra processing steps.
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Timber must be properly seasoned before use in construction to reduce moisture content. There are several steps in the conversion and seasoning of timber. Trees are felled when mature and during autumn or winter. Logs are cut and air seasoned before being sawed into boards or planks using different sawing methods like quarter sawing. Seasoning reduces weight, increases strength, improves workability, prevents shrinkage defects, and increases durability by reducing moisture content through natural, artificial, or chemical methods. Proper stacking and controlled temperature/humidity in kilns allows for more uniform artificial seasoning in a shorter time than natural air seasoning.
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This document discusses defects and diseases that can occur in wood. It describes natural defects like knots, resin pockets, shakes and waney edges that form during tree growth. It also covers artificial defects such as cupping, bowing, twisting and end splitting caused by improper drying. Fungal diseases and insect pests that damage wood are also examined, along with conditions needed for decay. The life cycles of fungi and boring insects are detailed.
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Tree conversion involves cutting down trees in winter and transporting logs to sawmills to be cut into boards. There are three main conversion methods: through and through sawing cuts logs parallel to the grain but can cause cupping; tangential sawing cuts at 90 degree angles to produce flame figured boards but are prone to shrinkage; quarter sawing cuts at 45 degree angles to produce stable boards with attractive grain for flooring but is the most expensive due to extra processing steps.
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Timber must be properly seasoned before use in construction to reduce moisture content. There are several steps in the conversion and seasoning of timber. Trees are felled when mature and during autumn or winter. Logs are cut and air seasoned before being sawed into boards or planks using different sawing methods like quarter sawing. Seasoning reduces weight, increases strength, improves workability, prevents shrinkage defects, and increases durability by reducing moisture content through natural, artificial, or chemical methods. Proper stacking and controlled temperature/humidity in kilns allows for more uniform artificial seasoning in a shorter time than natural air seasoning.
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Timber framing uses traditional wooden joinery techniques like mortise and tenon joints to connect beams and frames. Timber frame structures can last over 2,000 years. Trusses use triangles of timber to allow large roof spans with small timbers. Laminated wood makes it possible to fabricate long curved timbers for arches, domes, and vaults. Heavy timber construction can be combined with light framing. Basic timber joints include butt, halving, housing, notched, cogged, and checked joints which are chosen based on performance, economy, and practicality.
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- Defects in timber like heart shakes, star shakes, and knots
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Timber framing uses traditional wooden joinery techniques like mortise and tenon joints to connect beams and frames. Timber frame structures can last over 2,000 years. Trusses use triangles of timber to allow large roof spans with small timbers. Laminated wood makes it possible to fabricate long curved timbers for arches, domes, and vaults. Heavy timber construction can be combined with light framing. Basic timber joints include butt, halving, housing, notched, cogged, and checked joints which are chosen based on performance, economy, and practicality.
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Timber can be used in most economical way without wasting any of the derivative of it. Even the saw dust obtained during wood sawing can also be used to make fiber boards, paper etc.
In this article, we are going to discuss about the Classification and structure of tree and also about the Processing of timber from felling of tree to preservation of timber.
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A sawmill is a facility that cuts logs into lumber. There are different types of sawmills classified by their layout and size, including band sawmills, circular sawmills, and gang sawmills. Sawmills are also classified as permanent or portable. Permanent sawmills are near cities while portable sawmills can be moved based on timber supply. Composite wood products like plywood and particle board are manufactured to overcome weaknesses in natural wood like knots and grain patterns. They are made by bonding wood fibers, flakes, or veneers under heat and pressure. These composite woods find use in construction, furniture, and other applications.
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2) The six basic steps in the casting process including creating a mold cavity, incorporating gating systems, filling with molten metal, and allowing the metal to cool.
3) Common molding sand types used in casting like green sand, dry sand, and loam sand.
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conversion of timber.pptx
- 2. CONVERSION OF TIMBER Trees are cut down during winter as there is less growth, therefore less sap After felling trees are transported to sawmills to be cut into boards This process of converting logs to boards is known as conversion
- 3. METHODS OF CONVERSION 3 methods of conversion Through and through sawing Tangential sawing Quarter sawing
- 4. Through and through sawing This is one of the most popular methods of sawing. The log is cut in parallel cuts in the direction of the grain.
- 5. Through and Through Sawing Advantages • Low cost and fast • Maximum width of planks obtained from log. • Little wastage. • Reveals attractive grain pattern, especially in softwoods.
- 6. Disadvantages • Not suitable for structural timber • With this method cupping caused by tangential shrinkage is a problem (cupping is the warping of the plank away from the heart of the tree) Through and Through Sawing
- 7. TANGENTIAL SAWING • The cut is made at a tangent to the annual rings of the log. • Log must be turned 90º after each cut. • Timber will display a flame figure
- 8. Tangential Sawing Advantages • Produce board with flame figure • Tangential boards are strong boards, used for beams and joists • Heartwood and sapwood are easily separated • These boards can take a nail without splitting because of the position of their annual rings
- 9. Disadvantages I) Prone to shrinkage (Cupping) II) It is expensive as the log is turned 90º for each cut
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- 12. Disadvantages •Expensive, as the log has to be first quartered then turned for every cut. •Because the log is quartered then cut again narrower boards are produced What are the methods are used in general to convert wood into different shape and which method gives you a best wood plank and reasons why?