Wood is a versatile material that has been used for centuries for construction, tools, furniture and more. It comes from both hardwood and softwood trees and its properties vary by species. Wood is composed mainly of cellulose, lignin and other materials. It has properties like strength, insulation and ability to be shaped that make it useful for many applications like flooring, structures, furniture and more. Proper installation methods like tongue-and-groove are important. Wood continues to be an important material today.
WOOD - As a Material
types - hard wood, soft wood, description, manufactured boards, joining methods, adhesives used, types of adhesives, types of hardware, screws used, types of nails, joints, all the joinery sketches, knock down fittings and everything about wood.
Wood and it's types interms of Civil Engineering.
Wood properties relevant to Civil engineering.
Types of Wood.
Famous and local wood properties.
Uses of wood (For engineering purpose).
WOOD - As a Material
types - hard wood, soft wood, description, manufactured boards, joining methods, adhesives used, types of adhesives, types of hardware, screws used, types of nails, joints, all the joinery sketches, knock down fittings and everything about wood.
Wood and it's types interms of Civil Engineering.
Wood properties relevant to Civil engineering.
Types of Wood.
Famous and local wood properties.
Uses of wood (For engineering purpose).
The World's Greenest Buildings: Promise vs Performance in Sustainable DesignJerry Yudelson
Presentation by Jerry Yudelson to Conference on Sustainable Architecture in Sao Paulo Brasil on August 28, 2014. The presentation covers the business case for green building, the importance of documenting building performance and the results of his studies of building performance contained in the 2013 book, The World's Greenest Buildings: Promise vs Performance in Sustainable Design.
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Lumber is observed the most widely used building materials in the United States most especially for residential buildings. The characteristics of lumber have made it suitable for a wide range of applications with few other building materials possessing the environmental benefit of wood. Aside the fact that wood is efficient and durable, the raw materials are planted, felled and processed into engineered and dimensional lumbers for sustainable construction. Lumbers that are produced from trees come in ranges, starting from minimally processed log at a log-home building site to a well processed and engineered lumber that are largely manufactured for various uses in the building construction. The project captures the evolution of lumber as an environmentally sustainable construction material, types of engineering lumber for construction, processing of timber for lumber, the preservation and application in the United States building construction industry.
wood defects for civil engineering studentselviraandadi14
No matter what species of timber you use, you will undoubtedly come across some pieces that contain defects.
Defects may be naturally occurring or can be man-made. Natural defects can be due to many reasons such as environmental factors, growth patterns, soil composition, etc. Man-made defects can occur at many points ... from the felling of the tree, transport, storage, sawing, drying, etc.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
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Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. • It is the hard, fibrous substance found beneath the bark of trees and
shrubs.
• It is valued in construction because of its varied properties and
availability.
• The products of different trees differ in color, density, grain pattern,
hardness, texture, and strength.
• Wood is classified as hardwood or softwood, but these terms bear
no relation to actual hardness.
WHAT IS WOOD?
3. • Wood have been one of our most important building materials
from early Paleolithic times, both for building and manufactu8re of
tools, weapons, and furniture.
• From the earlier times, the use of wood involved consideration of
quality, cost and availability, as well as the intended use of
product.
• From the tenth to the eighteenth centuries in Europe, wood was
the material primarily used for buildings, tools, machines, mills,
carts, buckets, shoes, furniture and barrels, to name just a few of
the thousands of kinds of wood products of the time.
• Most of the machines and inventions to make possible the
machine age were formed of wood during the period.
HISTORY OF WOOD
4. • Wood has historically played a key role in the transportation of
people and their possessions, both as a fuel and as a raw
material.
• Sledges made of wood were used in northern Europe as early as
7000 BC.
• Wood for water transport evolved from the early barges and
hollowed out logs of 4500 BC to the sleek sail-powered clipper
ships of the mid nineteenth century. Steam for power and steel for
ship construction made that uneconomical by the end of the
century, however.
• The architecture from the early colonists from Europe used wood
intensively, adapting the concepts used in their homelands to the
cultural conditions of the times and the availability of materials.
CONT. HISTORY
5. • Wood has been the dominant material for furniture construction
since early times. Decoration and style of furniture have evolved
as part of the artistic, cultural and technical development of
society. Design and complexity were greatly enhanced by the
development of copper tools. Efficiency and economy of wood use
were spurred by the gradual depletion of fine furniture woods and
increasing international trade in both furniture and the woods from
which it was made.
CONT. HISTORY
6. • Hardwoods are produced by broad-leaved trees, such as:
ASH LINDEN BEECH TEAK
OAK
• Most hardwoods usually go into furniture.
HARDWOODS
7. • Softwoods are obtained from conifers, or needle-leaved trees such as:
SPRUCE DOUGLAS FIR PINE RED
CEDAR
• Most softwoods are used for building construction.
SOFTWOODS
8. • Wood is essentially composed of:
- cellulose
- hemicelluloses
- lignin
- extractives
COMPOSITION OF WOOD
10. • Cellulose constitutes 70% of the dry cell wall and is more
important economically.
• It is a polymerized carbohydrate; many glucose molecules are
linked together in long chains to form macromolecules.
• The cellulose becomes arranged in long, threadlike fibrils. The
cellulose in this fashion is as strong as an equivalent thickness of
steel.
• Lignin fills the spaces within the cellulose network.
• Lignins also add rigidity to the cell wall.
CELLULOSE AND LIGNIN
11. • Wood is a poor conductor of heat and therefore
useful as an insulator.
• It does not conduct electricity.
• Moreover, wood can be recycled many times. It is
easy to fasten, shape, smooth, and reshape, and it is
enduring.
• Wooden structures many hundreds of years old have
remained in good condition with minimal care.
PROPERTIES OF WOOD
12. • Different woods have different uses because the
properties of wood differ from species to species.
• Density, the weight per unit volume, is compared to an
equal volume of water to yield the specific gravity.
• Most woods have specific gravity less than 1.0—they
are lighter than water and therefore float—because of
the numerous air spaces.
DENSITY
13. • The hardness of wood, which varies greatly, refers to
the resistance of a wood to saw or an ax across the
grain.
• Hardness is dependent primarily on weight, degree of
seasoning, and the structure of the wood elements.
HARDNESS
14. • Durability is the ability of woods to resist decay, insect
infestation, chemicals, fungi, and marine organisms.
• The most decay resistant species are often used where
decay could be a problem.
• Catalpa, cedar, chestnut, black locust, and Osage
orange trees are resistant to decay; aspen,
cottonwood, fir, and willow are prone to decay.
DURABILITY
15. • Wood grain, or the arrangement of the cells, is specific
to each species and is a desirable property in
decorative wood.
• When a log is cut, different grain patterns are visible,
depending on whether the wood is cut perpendicular to
the grain (crosscut) or parallel to the grain.
• Parallel cut can be either along the radius of the log or
tangential to the log.
WOOD GRAIN
16. • Contract with heat and moisture
• Have lower density than hardwoods (good for acoustic & thermal
insulation)
• Good for interior finishes & for furniture
• Solid but soft
• Flexible and strong
• Not water resistant
• Cost: low
PROPERTIES OF SOFTWOOD
17. • Contract with heat and moisture
• Stronger, denser, & homogenous than hardwoods (good fro
framing system)
• Good for interior finishes & for furniture
• Resist fire better than softwood
• Nearly impervious to water (some varieties)
• Cost: high
PROPERTIES OF HARDWOOD
19. • LUMBER. Waste materials from logs , including edgings,
trimmings, shavings, and sawdust, are used extensively.
• For example, slabs and trimmings are used for pulp and
particleboard, and bark as mulch.
• Pulpwood is used mostly for paper. One source of pulpwood is
from timber species unsuitable for lumber.
• Chips and sawdust from the milling process are also used, as are
selected eastern hardwoods.
FUNCTION OF WOOD
20. • FUELWOOD. In North America only 10% of the timber harvest is used
for fuel.
• Usage is increasing, however, because of rising costs of petroleum
products.
• VENEERS, PARTICLEBOARD, AND PLYWOOD. These wood
products are used in construction for facing large areas and in the
manufacture of furniture.
• Veneers and plywood are both thin, laminar pieces of wood glued
together to form a strong product.
• Particle board is composed of wood chips and shavings combined with
a bonding agent to form panels.
• Veneer is a thin slice of log cut in sheet form.
• Other veneers are glued together in layers with the grain of one layer
lying perpendicular to that of the next. This strong, durable product is
called plywood.
FUNCTION OF WOOD
21. • POST, POLES, AND PILINGS. Close to 500 million posts, poles
and pilings are required each year in the United States.
• Fence posts are usually made from cedar, cypress, Osage
orange, or black locust because of their durability.
• Douglas fir, southern pine, and lodgepole pine are favored for
telephone poles.
• RAYON. Rayon, the first commercially produced synthetic fiber, is
still used for textiles and tire cord. In rayon production, pulp is
broken down chemically to free the cellulose, processed,
hardened into fine filaments, and spun together to form rayon
thread or yarn.
FUNCTIONS OF WOOD
22. FLOORING
APPLICATIONS OF WOOD
Wood flooring is any product manufactured from timber that is designed for
use as flooring, either structural or aesthetic.
34. WOOD INSTALLATION
INSTALLATION SYSTEM:
• Tongue-and-groove: One side and one end of the plank have a groove,
the other side and end have a tongue (protruding wood along an edge’s
center). The tongue and groove fit snugly together, thus joining or
aligning the planks, and are not visible once joined.
• “Click Systems”: there are a number of patented "click" systems that
now exist. These click systems are either "unilin" or "fiboloc" A "click"
floor is similar to tongue-and-groove, but instead of fitting directly into
the groove, the board must be angled or "tapped" in to make the curved
or barbed tongue fit into the modified groove. No adhesive is used when
installing a "click" floor, making board replacement easier.
• Floor connection system: There are a wide range of connection systems,
as most of them are mill-specific manufacturing techniques. The general
principle is to have grooves on all four sides of the plank with a separate,
unconnected, piece that is inserted into the grooves of two planks to join
them. The piece used for the connection can be made from wood, rubber,
or plastic.