Carpentry involves cutting, framing, and joining wood or timber to construct buildings, furniture, and other objects. There are various types of carpenters such as finish carpenters who do detailed woodworking, framers who construct the skeletal structures of buildings, and molding carpenters who specialize in decorative trim. Wood has physical strength, resilience, and aesthetic beauty making it a widely used building material. It is classified as softwood or hardwood depending on its properties.

3. It is the art of
cutting, framing,
and joining timber
or wood.

4. CARPENTER
A skilled craftsperson
who performs carpentry.
Carpenters work with wood
to construct, install and
maintain buildings,
furniture, and other objects.

5. Types and Occupations
- is one who does finish carpentry; that is, cabinetry, furniture
making, fine woodworking, model building, instrument making,
parquetry, joinery, or other carpentry where exact joints and minimal
margins of error are important.
- specializes in molding and trim, such as door and window
casings, mantels, baseboard, and other types of ornamental work.
- is a carpenter who does fine and detailed work, specializing
in the making of cabinets made from wood, wardrobes, dressers,
storage chests, and other furniture designed for storage.

6. - specializes in shipbuilding, maintenance, and
repair and carpentry specific to nautical needs.
- in film – making , TV, and the theater builds and
dismantles temporary scenery and sets.
- is a carpenter that builds the skeletal structure or
framework of buildings.
- creates the shuttering and false work used in
concrete construction.

7. Wood is one of the major building materials
used by humans throughout our existence.

8. Wood has outstanding physical
characteristics which include both
physical strength and resiliency.

9. Wood has inherent aesthetic beauty and
very desirable working properties...

13. • Wood consisting of small cells.
• Cambium layers that extend
concentrically near the bark divide into
wood in inner part and into bark on the
outer surface.
• Wood creates a large amount of big and
thin – wall cells during the wet and warm
spring-summer season, and small and
thick – wall cells during the fall.
• The former cells from light colored wood
called early wood, while the latter forms
dark colored wood called the late wood.

14. • The combination of early wood and late
wood is called annual ring in the case
that growth cycle is one year.

15. • The former is called
sap wood that
contains starch and
many nutritious
substances.
• The latter is
heartwood which is
consists of
substances that is
insusceptible to the
attacks by insects
and germs, therefore
has high level of
durability.
•The part closer to the
bark is light colored and
contains live cells, while
the inner part is made of
accumulated dead cells
and appears in color
unique to the wood.

16. • A board cut from a
tree trunk by
tangential section,
with a section line
running in direction
that touches arcs of
annual rings, has flat
grain, while a board
cut by radial section
with a section line
running in a direction
that crosses
vertically the annual
rings, has edge
grain.

17. SOFTWOOD
• Needle – shape leaves
• Used for the structural
materials of architectures.
• Pine, Hemlock, Fir,
Redwood, Spruce, Cedar
HARDWOOD
• Broad leaves
• Used for furniture or
interior material.
• Mahogany, Walnut, Oak,
Maple, Cherry
Rosewood, Teak

19. • Wood shrinks when it discharges water and
dries, or swell when it absorbs water.
• This property relates to the amount of water
contained inside the cell wall of the wood, in
other words, the moisture content.
• Wood changes its shape in the drying
process according to place of origin and in
the shape of the wood.
• In order to avoid trouble, hardwood for
home furniture should be dried until the
water content becomes less than 6 – 12%,
softwood for architecture process should
be dried until the water content becomes less
than 20%.

20. Distortion due to shrinkage
depends on location within the log…

22. Strength
• Strength posed on wood is received by its wall.
• Thickness of cell wall varies from species, and the
thicker the cell wall is, the higher specific
gravity the wood would possess.
• Therefore, wood with higher specific gravity has
greater strength and harder surface.
• The level of strength is significantly different within
the same wood, depending on the direction of the
cell layout.
• Bending strength reaches to the highest level
when load is applied in a direction parallel to the
fiber; however, the strength is significantly
reduced as the angle of load direction against the
fiber direction becomes larger.

23. Distortion
• When wood is treated with heat by applying
hot steam, substances called lignin that
adhere each wood cell softened and create
gap between cells.
• This makes the wood easily distorted.
• If the wood is cooled and dried after it is
distorted, the distortion is fixed or permanent
and cannot be reversed to the original state.
• This property is used in making bent wood
products.

25. Lumbering
Logging
Sawing

26. Methods and or manner of log
sawing:
A. Plain or bastard sawing
- cutting the logs entirely through the
diameter a parallel cord tangential to the
annual rings.
A. Quarter or Rift Sawing
- divided into four methods; radial
methods, tangential method, quarter
tangential, and combined radial and
tangential.

27. Seasoning of lumber
Natural or Air Seasoning
- considered as one of the best methods
in seasoning lumber although the period
involved is longer than the artificial method.
Artificial Seasoning
- method adopted for quick drying of the
wood such as forced air drying, kiln drying
and radio frequency dielectric drying.

28. Lumber and other related products:
1. Veneer and plywood
- are made of 3, 4, 7 or more veneer slice
that are laid upon the other with the grain of
each at right angle to those of the sheets
above or below.
a. Soft Plywood – most common for structural use.
b. Hardwood Plywood – used for paneling and finishing
where usually only one face is with hardwood finish.
c. Exterior or marine plywood – is made for external use.

29. 2. Hardboard/Pressed wood or fiber board
- is made from woodchips which are exploded
into fibers with high pressure steam.
3. Particle Boards
- manufactured from wood chips, curls, fibers,
flakes, strands, shaving slivers which are bound
together and pressed into sheets and other
molded shapes.
4. Laminated Wood
- processed by sawmilling and drying, knot
and cracks are removed, and the pieces are
connected by finger joints in fiber direction to
create a wide and long materials.

31. Checks – is a lengthwise
separation of the wood like
small crack or split
Split/Shake – is a
lengthwise break or big
crack in the board.
Knot – is a branch or limb of
a tree that has been
exposed as the log is cut
into lumber.
Decay – is the rotting of
wood
Wane – is lack of wood on
the face of the piece.

32. Warp – is any variation
from a tree or plane
surface. It includes
crack, bow, cup,
twist, or nay
combination of this.
Stain – is a
discoloration of the
wood surface.

33. JOINT
Joint
- means the union of two or more smooth
or even surfaces, admitting two or more
pieces of timber to a close fitting or
junction.
Joinery
- is the art of joint making. It may include
fastening and or shaping the pieces of
wood so they fit together neatly and
securely.

34. Six Groups of Joints
1. T joints – one piece
joined at right angles
to the face r edge of
another forming a T
– shape.
2. L joints – two pieces
joined to form a
corner

35. 3. X joints – the pieces crossed over or fixed
into each other to form a cross.
4. Edge (-to-edge) joints – edges that are
joined to produced wide surfaces. It is used
for top of the tables, chairs, desks and other
furniture needing large surfaces.
5. Lengthening joints – two pieces joined end
to end.
6. Three – way joints – three pieces of wood
joined such as chair legs and rails.

36. BUTT JOINT
- the end of one
piece is fastened
to the surface or
edge of the other.
It is used to make a
simple box or to
fasten two pieces
at right angles.
End to edge butt joint.

37. Lap joints
- are mostly used to
assemble light
frames which are
going to be covered
with hardboard or
plywood. Half the
thickness of each piece
of wood to be joined is
cut away with a tenon
saw and the joint is
glued and screwed or
nailed. Halved lap
joints are also used to
join long lengths of
timber as for fencing.

38. • Rabbet Joint
- the first piece
fits into a channel
cut across the end
or edge of the
second piece. It is
found in simple
furniture and in
some box
construcation.

39. Dado Joint
- is good for
shelves, steps,
bookcases, book
racks, chests and
other types of
cabinets.

40. • Miter Joint
- the corners are cut at
an angle usually 45 degrees.
When the two pieces are
joined, they will form a right
angle.
As no end wood is ever
seen these are very neat
joints but they are weak.
Normally used for picture
frames where they are
nailed with panel pins.
When used for other
purposes they must be
strengthened with glue
blocks, angle braces or loose
tongues. Mitre joints should
always be glued.

41. Mortise and Tenon Joint
- is one of the
strongest. It is found
on better quality
chairs, tables and
benches. The mortise
is a hole made partway
through the side of
one piece of wood
while the tenon is
toughed – shaped to fit
the mortise at the end
of another piece.

42. Dovetail Joint
- is used on the
corners of the best
drawers and chairs.

44. Lumbers are sold according to
their dimensions where thickness
and width are measured in inches
and the length is measured in feet.

45. Prices of lumber sold are based on
a unit called BOARD FOOT which
means a piece of wood 12 inches
long, 12 inches wide and 1 inch
thick (12” x 12” x 1’)

46. To compute the total board feet in a
piece of lumber use the formula”
T”xW”xL’
12
Where: T” = thickness in inch
W” = width in inch
L’ = length in feet
12 = constant

47. Example:
Find the total board foot of 5 pieces
of 2”x10”x14’ lumber.
Solution:
Bd. ft. = 7pcsx2x10x14
12
= 70 bd. ft.
* Lumber is sold either rough or
surfaced.

48. Prices of lumber ranges
according to the following:
1.Types of wood
2.Dimensions
3.Grades of lumber – either
sun dried, air dried, or kiln
dried

49. Woodworking Methods
1. Planning
a) Drawing and designing the project
b) Identify bill of materials
c) List the procedures
d) List tools and machines needed
2. Cutting – cutting wood to the right size
and shape can be done with a variety
of hand tools and machines.

50. 3. Assembling – constructing the
parts of the project based on the
planned design.
4. Sanding and Finishing – sanding
removes tools marks and make
wood surface smooth for finishing.
Sanding should not begin until the
wood has been cut to its final size.

51. Sawing
• Different types of saws must be used
when you cut along the fiber direction
and when you cut across or
perpendicular or at an angle to the fiber
direction of the wood
• A rip saw is used to cut along the fiber
of the wood while cross cut saw is used
to cut across or perpendicular or at an
angle to the fiber of the wood.

52. • When sawing along the cutting lines,
make sure that your head is right
above or on the extension line from
the saw blade so that you can cut
straight, with the top surface and
cutting surface of the wood forms the
right angle.
• When starting to cut, guide the saw
blade with your thumb and make a
small chase.
• When finishing cutting, move the saw
slowly in the horizontal direction and
support the removing piece of wood at
the same time to avoid splitting.

53. Driving and Pulling Nails
• Hold the nail firmly near the pointed end with
one hand while grasping the hammer handle.
• Tap the nail lightly to start, then push down the
nail by hitting the head squarely.
• With some materials especially hardwood and
moldings, you’ll have to drill pilot holes before
driving the nails to avoid splitting.
• When removing or pulling deformed or bent
nails, place a block of wood under the hammer
to prevent or protect the wood surface from
being scratched as nails are pulled.

55. Guiding and Testing Tools
• Straight Edge – a
tool used to guide
pencils or scriber in
making straight
line.
• Level – used for
both guiding and
testing the work to
a vertical or
horizontal position.

56. • Square – is a 90
degree standard
right angle tool
sometimes called
trying square
used for marking
and testing work.
Try Square
Miter
square
Combination try and
miter square
Combined square
Steel square

57. • Plastic Hose with
water – is one of the
best and accurate
tool for guiding work
establishing a
horizontal level.
• Sliding T-bevel – is
like a try square with
sliding and
adjustable blade that
could be set to any
angle other than 90
degrees.

58. • Angle divider – is a
double bevel square
used to divide an
angle in a complicated
work in one setting.
• Miter box – is a device
used as guide of the
hand saw in cutting
objects to form a
miter joint.
• Plumb bob – a metal
tool used to check or
obtain a vertical line.

59. Marking Tools
• Chalk line and reel –
used for marking a
very rough work.
• Lead pencil – with
round head is also
used for marking
rough work.
• Scratch awl – is used
for marking a semi –
rough work.

60. • Scriber – is used for
marking fine work. It is
made of hard – end
steel with a sharp
point designed to mark
fine lines.
• Compass – a tool used
to inscribe an arc or
circle.
• Divider – is used in
dividing distances into
equal parts such as arc
and circumference
including straight lines.

61. Measuring Tools or “Rule”
• Two foot four folding
rule – used in
measuring short
distances.
• Extension rule – is
used for measuring
inside distance such
as doors, windows,
cabinets, etc.

62. • Zigzag rule – is
available in 4 feet and 6
feet long commonly
used by carpenters for
rough.
• Push – pull tape – used
to measure longer
distances available
from one meter to 50
meters long.
• Slide Caliper Rule – a
special tool used to
measure outside
diameter of cylindrical
objects.

63. • Marking gauge – is
a tool most
appropriate in
making lines
parallel with the
edges of the
wood.

64. Holding Tools
• Horse or trestle – used
to support or sustain
the working operation
such as sawing,
chiseling and planning.
• Clamps – used in tightly
pressing piece of wood
or metal together in
making tenon, mortise
and other joints.

65. • Vise – is a table tool
used to hold a piece
of material rigidly
secured in place to
absorb severe
blows.

66. Toothed Cutting Tools
• Saws – the most important of the toothed
cutting tools.
a. hand saw b. circular saw c. band saw

67. Classification of hand saw
• Cross cut saw – used to
cut across the grain of
the wood
• Rip cut saw – used to
cut along the grain of
the wood
• Backsaw - This is a thin
crosscut saw with five
teeth, with a blade
stiffened by a thick
back.

68. • Files – are metals
tools of different
shapes and sizes
used for abrading,
reducing or smooth
cutting metal,
wood, or other
materials.

69. Sharp – edged Cutting Tools
CHISEL
• Paring Chisel – is a light
duty tool used to plane
long surface parallel
with the grain of wood.
• Firming chisel – a
heavy duty tool
adopted to withstand
severe strain as in
framing work and
where deep cuts are
necessary.

70. • Slick – any chisel
having a blade wider
than 2 inches. It is
used on large surface
whether larger
materials is to be
taken off or where
unusual power is
required.
• Gouge – is a chisel
with a hollow shaped
blade for scooping or
cutting round holes.

71. Smooth Facing Tools
• Spoke Shave - is a tool
used to shape and
smooth wooden rods
and shafts - often for
use as wheel spokes,
chair legs ,self bows,
and arrows.

72. PLANES
• Jack Plane - the general-
purpose bench plane, used
for general smoothing of
the edges, sizing of timber
but only making it smaller
to correct size — wood
edge jointing.
• Fore Plane - Its length
enables it to skim off high
spots as it bridges low
spots, delivering a leveled
surface ready for the
smoothing plane.

73. • Jointer Plane - also
commonly called the try
or trying plane) is a
woodworking tool
designed for planing long
edges square, straight and
true.
• Smooth Plane - is a type
of bench plane used in
woodworking. The
smoothing plane is
typically the last plane
used on a wood surface -
when used properly, the
finish it gives will be far
superior to that made by
sandpaper or scrapers.

74. Boring Tools
• Brad Awl – is a small
tool used for punching
or piecing small holes.
• Gimlet – is a tool used
for boring holes by
hand pressure
classified as : twist
and plain.

75. • Auger – used for
boring holes with a
diameter ranging
from ½ to 2 inches.
• Twist drills – used
for drilling small
holes.
• Hollow auger – used
for external boring
or turning.

76. • Spoke Pointer –
cuts a conical
holes.
• Counter Sink –
used for enlarging
a conical hole at
the surface of the
wood.

77. Fastening Tools
• Claw Hammer –
used to drive and
pull out nails.
• Screwdrivers –
used to tighten
and loosen screw.

78. Sharpening Tools
• Grind Stone – is used
for sharpening,
shaping, or polishing
metal by turning.
• Oil Stone – used for
grinding operation to
achieve a smooth and
keen edge of the tools.

79. Machines and other equipments:
• Circular Saw – is a
steel disc provided
with teeth designed to
revolve on a shaft at
high speed.
• Radial Arm Saw – is a
power driven rotary
cutting tool.

80. • Portable Electric
Drill – is motorized
rotary driving tool.
• Drill Press – power
driven rotary tools
used for driving drill
bits, plug cutters,
and many auxiliary
attachments.

81. • Band Saw – is a
power driven
endless toothed
hand cutting tool.
• Single Surface
Planer – is a
power driven
rotating edge
cutting tool.

82. • Wood Lathe – used
to rotate the
materials for shaping
sanding or polishing.
 Gouge – is used in
roughing out
cylinders and in
turning concave
surfaces on spindles.
Skew Chisel – is a flat
turning chisel used in
smoothing cylinders,
rounding edges, and
in making V and
shoulder cuts.

83. • Always use the right tools for the job.
• Clean the tools and equipment after using
and keep them in their right places.
• Apply lubricants or oil on the metal parts
of tools to prevent rusting and stuck-up.
• Keep all edges cutting tools keen or sharp.
• Never use tools with broken handles.