This document discusses control of active power and frequency in electrical power systems. It covers primary speed controls using governor systems to balance generation with load changes. Supplementary controls from central control centers help allocate generation changes. Automatic generation control maintains scheduled interchange between interconnected systems while controlling frequency. Underfrequency load shedding is also discussed to prevent cascading outages if an islanding event causes frequency decline due to insufficient generation.
This Power Point Presentation includes Automatic Generation control :
Learning Objective: To illustrate the automatic frequency and voltage control strategies for single and two
area case and analyze the effects, knowing the necessity of generation control.
Learning Outcome:Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to Analyze the generation-load balance in real time operation and its effect on frequency and
develop automatic control strategies with mathematical relations.
Concept of AGC, complete block diagram representation of load-frequency control of an
isolated power system, steady state and dynamic response,
The frequency of a system is dependent on active power balance
As frequency is a common factor throughout the system, a change in active power demand at one point is reflected throughout the system
Because there are many generators supplying power into the system, some means must be provided to allocate change in demand to the generators
speed governor on each generating unit provides primary speed control function
supplementary control originating at a central control center allocates generation
In an interconnected system, with two or more independently controlled areas, the generation within each area has to be controlled so as to maintain scheduled power interchange
The control of generation and frequency is commonly known as load frequency control (LFC) or automatic generation control (AGC)
he main purpose of transient stability studies is to determineThe main purpose of transient stability studies is to determine
whether a system will remain in synchronism following major
disturbances such as transmission system faults, sudden load
changes, loss of generating units, or line switching.
This report gives an overview of patenting activity around Doubly-fed Induction Generators (DFIG) used in the horizontal axis wind turbines for efficient power generation. Patents were categorized as per key DFIG technologies and analyzed for generating different trends within PatSeer Project.
This Power Point Presentation includes Automatic Generation control :
Learning Objective: To illustrate the automatic frequency and voltage control strategies for single and two
area case and analyze the effects, knowing the necessity of generation control.
Learning Outcome:Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to Analyze the generation-load balance in real time operation and its effect on frequency and
develop automatic control strategies with mathematical relations.
Concept of AGC, complete block diagram representation of load-frequency control of an
isolated power system, steady state and dynamic response,
The frequency of a system is dependent on active power balance
As frequency is a common factor throughout the system, a change in active power demand at one point is reflected throughout the system
Because there are many generators supplying power into the system, some means must be provided to allocate change in demand to the generators
speed governor on each generating unit provides primary speed control function
supplementary control originating at a central control center allocates generation
In an interconnected system, with two or more independently controlled areas, the generation within each area has to be controlled so as to maintain scheduled power interchange
The control of generation and frequency is commonly known as load frequency control (LFC) or automatic generation control (AGC)
he main purpose of transient stability studies is to determineThe main purpose of transient stability studies is to determine
whether a system will remain in synchronism following major
disturbances such as transmission system faults, sudden load
changes, loss of generating units, or line switching.
This report gives an overview of patenting activity around Doubly-fed Induction Generators (DFIG) used in the horizontal axis wind turbines for efficient power generation. Patents were categorized as per key DFIG technologies and analyzed for generating different trends within PatSeer Project.
Objectives: This course will provide a comprehensive overview of power system stability and control problems. This includes the basic concepts, physical aspects of the phenomena, methods of analysis, the integration of MATLAB and SINULINK in the analysis of power system .
Course Content: 1. Power System Stability: Introduction
2. Stability Analysis: Swing Equation
3. Models for Stability Studies
4. Steady State Stability
5. Transient Stability
6. Multimachine Transient Stability
7. Power System Control: Introduction
8. Load Frequency Control
9. Automatic generation Control
10. Reactive Power Control
Automatic generation control (AGC) is a system for adjusting the power output of multiple generators at different power plants, in response to changes in the load. Since a power grid requires that generation and load closely balance moment by moment, frequent adjustments to the output of generators are necessary. The balance can be judged by measuring the system frequency; if it is increasing, more power is being generated than used, which causes all the machines in the system to accelerate. If the system frequency is decreasing, more load is on the system than the instantaneous generation can provide, which causes all generators to slow down.
Induction motor modelling and applicationsUmesh Dadde
A three-phase induction motor is one of the most popular and versatile motor in electrical
power system and industries. It can perform the best when operated using a balanced three-phase
supply of the correct frequency. In spite of their robustness they do occasionally fail and their
resulting unplanned downtime can prove very costly. Therefore, condition monitoring of
electrical machines has received considerable attention in recent years.
The functions of an excitation system are
to provide direct current to the synchronous generator field winding, and
to perform control and protective functions essential to the satisfactory operation of the power system
The performance requirements of the excitation system are determined by
Generator considerations:
supply and adjust field current as the generator output varies within its continuous capability
respond to transient disturbances with field forcing consistent with the generator short term capabilities:
rotor insulation failure due to high field voltage
rotor heating due to high field current
stator heating due to high VAR loading
heating due to excess flux (volts/Hz)
Power system considerations:
contribute to effective control of system voltage and improvement of system stability
Objectives: This course will provide a comprehensive overview of power system stability and control problems. This includes the basic concepts, physical aspects of the phenomena, methods of analysis, the integration of MATLAB and SINULINK in the analysis of power system .
Course Content: 1. Power System Stability: Introduction
2. Stability Analysis: Swing Equation
3. Models for Stability Studies
4. Steady State Stability
5. Transient Stability
6. Multimachine Transient Stability
7. Power System Control: Introduction
8. Load Frequency Control
9. Automatic generation Control
10. Reactive Power Control
Automatic generation control (AGC) is a system for adjusting the power output of multiple generators at different power plants, in response to changes in the load. Since a power grid requires that generation and load closely balance moment by moment, frequent adjustments to the output of generators are necessary. The balance can be judged by measuring the system frequency; if it is increasing, more power is being generated than used, which causes all the machines in the system to accelerate. If the system frequency is decreasing, more load is on the system than the instantaneous generation can provide, which causes all generators to slow down.
Induction motor modelling and applicationsUmesh Dadde
A three-phase induction motor is one of the most popular and versatile motor in electrical
power system and industries. It can perform the best when operated using a balanced three-phase
supply of the correct frequency. In spite of their robustness they do occasionally fail and their
resulting unplanned downtime can prove very costly. Therefore, condition monitoring of
electrical machines has received considerable attention in recent years.
The functions of an excitation system are
to provide direct current to the synchronous generator field winding, and
to perform control and protective functions essential to the satisfactory operation of the power system
The performance requirements of the excitation system are determined by
Generator considerations:
supply and adjust field current as the generator output varies within its continuous capability
respond to transient disturbances with field forcing consistent with the generator short term capabilities:
rotor insulation failure due to high field voltage
rotor heating due to high field current
stator heating due to high VAR loading
heating due to excess flux (volts/Hz)
Power system considerations:
contribute to effective control of system voltage and improvement of system stability
A voltage sensitivity index application for power system load shedding consid...IJAEMSJORNAL
This paper proposes a method for calculating the minimum amount of power load needed to shed and distributing it for each load bus in order to recover the frequency and voltage back to the allowable range. Based on the consideration of the primary control of the turbine governor and the reserve power of the generators for secondary control, the minimum amount of load shedding was calculated in order to recover the frequency of the power system. Computation and analysis of Voltage Sensitivity Index (VSI) of the load bus to prioritize distribution of the amount power load shedding at these positions. The lower the load bus have the Voltage Sensitivity Index (VSI), the higher the amount of load shedding will shed and vice versa. With this technique, frequency and voltage value are still within allowable range, and a large amount of load shedding could be avoided, hence, saved from economic losses, and customer service interruption. The effectiveness of the proposed method tested on the IEEE 37 bus 9 generators power system standard has demonstrated the effectiveness of this method.
Load Frequency Control of Two Area SystemManash Deka
This is a synopsis presentation on a project of designing and analyzing Load Frequency Control (LFC) of a two area system. This is useful for students, basically of Electrical Engineering branch. This project will be simulated in simulink of MATLAB.
Load shedding in power system considering the generator control and AHP algor...IJAEMSJORNAL
This paper proposes the load shedding method with considering the ranking load importance factors. The amount of shedding power is calculated based on the Primary and Secondary adjustments to restore the system’s frequency back to allowed range. The ranking and distribution shedding power on each load bus will be prosed based on the AHP algorithm. Loads with the smaller importance factor will have priority to be shed with the larger amount of shedding power and vice versa. The experimental and simulated results will be estimated on IEEE 37- bus system, the results show that the proposed method can help the frequency restores back to nominal range and reduce damages compared to the UFLS method.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
We have seen in the last set of notes (on stability) that synchronous generators respond to load-generation imbalances by accelerating or decelerating (changing speeds). For example, when load increases, generation slows down, effectively releasing some of its inertial energy to compensate for the load increase. Likewise, when load decreases, generation speeds up, effectively absorbing the oversupply as increased inertial energy.
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SVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer Frequency and voltage support for dynamic grid...Power System Operation
SVC PLUS
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Frequency and voltage support for dynamic grid stability
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The Need for Enhanced Power System Modelling Techniques & Simulation Tools Power System Operation
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Power Quality
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
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2. 1539pk
C- 1
Active Power and Frequency Control
The frequency of a system is dependent on active
power balance
As frequency is a common factor throughout the
system, a change in active power demand at one
point is reflected throughout the system
Because there are many generators supplying
power into the system, some means must be
provided to allocate change in demand to the
generators
speed governor on each generating unit provides
primary speed control function
supplementary control originating at a central
control center allocates generation
In an interconnected system, with two or more
independently controlled areas, the generation
within each area has to be controlled so as to
maintain scheduled power interchange
The control of generation and frequency is
commonly known as load frequency control (LFC)
or automatic generation control (AGC)
3. 1539pk
C- 2
Primary Speed Controls
Isochronous speed governor
an integral controller resulting in constant speed
not suitable for multimachine systems; slight
differences in speed settings would cause them
to fight against each other
can be used only when a generator is supplying
an isolated load or when only one generator in a
system is required to respond to load changes
Governor with Speed Droop
speed regulation or droop is provided to assure
proper load sharing
a proportional controller with a gain of 1/R
If precent regulation of the units are nearly equal,
change in output of each unit will be nearly
proportional to its rating
the speed-load characteristic can be adjusted by
changing governor settings; this is achieved in
practice by operating speed-changer motor
4. 1539pk
C- 3
ωr = rotor speed Y = valve/gate position
Pm = mechanical power
Figure 11.7 Response of generating unit with isochronous governor
Figure 11.6 Schematic of an isochronous governor
5. 1539pk
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Figure 11.8 Governor with steady-state feedback
(a) Block diagram with steady-state feedback
(b) Reduced block diagram
Figure 11.9 Block diagram of a speed governor with droop
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Percent Speed Regulation or Droop
100x
100x
changeoutputpowerpercent
changefrequencyorspeedpercent
RPercent
0
FLNL
where
ωNL = steady-state speed at no load
ωFL = steady-state speed at full load
ω0 = nominal or rated speed
For example, a 5% droop or regulation means that a 5%
frequency deviation causes 100% change in valve position or
power output.
Figure 11.10 Ideal steady-state characteristics of a governor with
speed droop
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Load Sharing by Parallel Units
1
111
R
f
PPP
2
222
R
f
PPP
1
2
2
1
R
R
P
P
Figure 11.12 Response of a generating unit with a governor having
speed-droop characteristics
Figure 11.11 Load sharing by parallel units with drooping
governor characteristics
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Control of Generating Unit Power Output
Relationship between speed and load can be adjusted
by changing "load reference set point"
accomplished by operating speed-changer motor
Effect of load reference control is depicted in Figure
11.14
three characteristics representing three load
reference settings shown, each with 5% droop
at 60 Hz, characteristic A results in zero output;
characteristic B results in 50% output;
characteristic C results in 100% output
Power output at a given speed can be adjusted to any
desired value by controlling load reference
When two or more units are operating in parallel:
adjustment of droop establishes proportion of load
picked up when system has sudden changes
adjustment of load reference determines unit output
at a given frequency
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(b) Reduced block diagram of governor
(a) Schematic diagram of governor and turbine
Figure 11.13 Governor with load reference control
Figure 11.14 Effect of speed-changer setting on governor characteristic
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Composite System Regulating
Characteristics
System load changes with freq. With a load damping
constant of D, frequency sensitive load change:
PD = D. f
When load is increased, the frequency drops due to
governor droop;
Due to frequency sensitive load, the net reduction in
frequency is not as high.
As illustrated in Figure 11.17, the composite
regulating characteristic includes prime mover
characteristics and load damping.
An increase of system load by PL (at nominal
frequency) results in
a generation increase of PG due to governor
action, and
a load reduction of PD due to load characteristic
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The composite frequency response characteristic β is normally
expressed in MW/Hz. It is also sometimes referred to as the stiffness
of the system.
The composite regulating characteristic of the system is equal to 1/β
DR
P
DRRR
P
f
eq
L
n
L
SS
1
111 21
where
D
Rf
P
RRR
R
eqSS
L
neq
eq
1
111
1
2
Figure 11.17 Composite governor and load characteristic
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Supplementary Control of Isolated
Systems
With primary speed control, the only way a change
in generation can occur is for a frequency deviation
to exist.
Restoration of frequency to rated value requires
manipulation of the speed/load reference (speed
changer motor).
This is achieved through supplementary control as
shown in Figure 11.22
the integral action of the control ensures zero
frequency deviation and thus matches generation
and load
the speed/load references can be selected so that
generation distribution among units minimizes
operating costs
Supplementary control acts more slowly than
primary control.
This time-scale separation important for satisfactory
performance.
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Supplementary Control of Interconnected
Systems
The objectives of automatic generation control are
to maintain:
system frequency within desired limits
area interchange power at scheduled levels
correct time (integrated frequency)
This is accomplished by using a control signal for
each area referred to as area control error (ACE),
made up of:
tie line flow deviation, plus
frequency deviation weighted by a bias factor
Figure 11.27 illustrated calculation of ACE
Bias factor, B, set nearly equal to regulation
characteristic (I/R + D) of the area; gives good
dynamic performance
A secondary function of AGC is to allocate
generation economically
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Underfrequency Load Shedding
Severe system disturbances can result in cascading
outages and isolation of areas, causing formation of
islands
If an islanded area is undergenerated, it will experience
a frequency decline
unless sufficient spinning generation reserve is
available, the frequency decline will be determined by
load characteristics (Fig. 11.30)
Frequency decline could lead to tripping of steam
turbine generating units by protective relays
this will aggravate the situation further
There are two main problems associated with
underfrequency operation related to thermal units:
vibratory stress on long low-pressure turbine blades;
operation below 58.5 Hz severely restricted (Fig. 9.40)
performance of plant auxiliaries driven by induction
motors; below 57 Hz plant capability may be severely
reduced or units may be tripped off
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Underfrequency Load Shedding (cont'd)
To prevent extended operation of separated areas at low
frequency, load shedding schemes are employed.
A typical scheme:
10% load shed when frequency drops to 59.2 Hz
15% additional load shed when frequency drops to 58.8 Hz
20% additional load shed when frequency reaches 58.0 Hz
A scheme based on frequency alone is generally acceptable
for generation deficiency up to 25%
For greater generation deficiencies, a scheme taking into
account both frequency drop and rate-of-change of
frequency provides increased selectivity
Ontario Hydro uses such a frequency trend relay
Fig. 11.31 Tripping logic for frequency trend relay