“Clinicians should proactively talk to their patients of reproductive age about ECPs and offer advance prescriptions for ECPs during routine gynecologic office visits….”
Introduction
Pregnancy is a normal physiological process and any intervention that is offered to the pregnant or expectant mother should have known benefits and should be acceptable to the woman
Screening in pregnancy is the process of surveying a population of women with markers and defined screening cut-off levels, to identify those at higher risk for a particular disorder
All pregnant women, regardless of age, should be offered, through an informed counselling process, the option of a prenatal screening test for the most common clinically significant fetal aneuploidies
Plasmodium and antimalarial drugs is a very important topic for pg entrance....so all important points and mcqs with images have been given here....do make use of it
“Clinicians should proactively talk to their patients of reproductive age about ECPs and offer advance prescriptions for ECPs during routine gynecologic office visits….”
Introduction
Pregnancy is a normal physiological process and any intervention that is offered to the pregnant or expectant mother should have known benefits and should be acceptable to the woman
Screening in pregnancy is the process of surveying a population of women with markers and defined screening cut-off levels, to identify those at higher risk for a particular disorder
All pregnant women, regardless of age, should be offered, through an informed counselling process, the option of a prenatal screening test for the most common clinically significant fetal aneuploidies
Plasmodium and antimalarial drugs is a very important topic for pg entrance....so all important points and mcqs with images have been given here....do make use of it
fine motor milestones is a very important topic for pg entrance....so all important points and mcqs with images have been given here....do make use of it
Drug of Choice of various Infections is a very important topic for pg entrance....so all important points and mcqs with images have been given here....do make use of it
cancer drug side effects is a very important topic for pg entrance....so all important points and mcqs with images have been given here....do make use of it
Mycology is a small topic in microbiology where questions appears less in pg entrance but still we need to know it and learn about it in safe side... so here is a ppt with detailed explanation and images
drug of choices in various diseases is a very important topic for pg entrance....so all important points and mcqs with images have been given here....do make use of it
Hormonal contraception refers to birth control methods that act on the endocrine system. Almost all methods are composed of steroid hormones, although in India one selective estrogen receptor modulator is marketed as a contraceptive.
family planning by Rupam Bhowmik.pptx will be help full for NORCET EXAMRupam Bhowmik
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Exercise Testing in Cardiology : Dr. Akif Baigakifab93
The testing modality and protocol should be selected in accordance with the patient’s estimated functional capacity based on age, estimated physical fitness from the patient’s history, and underlying disease
Several exercise test protocols are available for both treadmill and stationary cycle ergometers
Patients who have low estimated fitness levels or are deemed to be at higher risk because of underlying disease (e.g., recent MI, heart failure) should be tested with a less aggressive exercise protocol
Treadmill and cycle ergometers may use stepped or continuous ramp protocols
Work rate increments (stages) during stepped protocols can vary from 1 to 2.5 METs
Ramp protocols are designed with stages that are no longer than 1 minute and for the patient to attain peak effort within 8 to 12 minutes
The natriuretic peptide system works antagonistically to the RAAS and has favorable effects on the pathogenesis of heart failure
Natriuretic peptides are broken down by an enzyme called neprilysin
Neprilysin is also responsible for the breakdown of other substances, including bradykinin and angiotensin II
Sacubitril/valsartan is a combination product
Sacubitril is a pro-drug that, upon activation, acts as a neprilysin inhibitor
It works by blocking the action of neprilysin, thus preventing the breakdown of natriuretic peptides
This leads to a prolonged duration of the favorable effects of these peptides
Coronary heart disease (CHD) remains a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for 16% of total deaths globally .
Atherosclerosis plays a central role, with early fatty streaks progressing to late complex atheromas
Vascular calcification, the pathogenic and process of ectopic bone production, specifically was shown to strongly correlate with degree of atherosclerosis (both calcified and noncalcified)
Vascular calcification was shown independently to predict cardiovascular morbidity and mortality
These associations, combined with the radio-opaque appearance of calcium hydroxyappatite on CT images, have led to extensive investigation of the quantification, or scoring, of coronary artery calcium (CAC).
CAC scoring has emerged as a widely available and powerful tool for stratifying cardiovascular risk, predicting patient outcomes, and guiding preventive therapy
A coronary bifurcation consists of a flow divider (carina) and three vessel segments:
The proximal main vessel (PMV)
The distal main vessel (DMV) and
The side branch (SB).
A bifurcation lesion is a major epicardial coronary artery stenosis next to and/or including the ostium of a significant side branch
A significant SB is a branch whose severe narrowing or acute occlusion before or during intervention can cause considerable ischemia or a new infarction area that will worsen the clinical course of a particular patient.
Other important elements to consider that are not inherent in the bifurcation classifications include:
Extent of disease on the SB (limited to the ostium or involving the vessel beyond the ostium)
Its size (over 2.5mm in reference diameter)
Bifurcation angle, and
Disease distribution
Left ventricular (LV) dysfunction remains one of the
best prognostic determinants of survival in patients
with coronary artery disease (CAD)
⚫ It was originally thought that dysfunctional
myocardium after an infarction was irreversibly
damaged
⚫ However, it was later recognized that some of the
involved tissue remained viable and contractility may
be restored with revascularization
HCM is a common genetic heart disease reported in populations globally
Inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern
The distribution of HCM is equal by sex, although women are diagnosed less commonly than men
The prevalence of unexplained asymptomatic hypertrophy in young adults has been reported to range from 1:200 to 1:500
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a congenital heart defect, which has four anatomical components:
Anterior malalignment ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Aortic override over the muscular septum
Variable degrees of subvalvar, valvar, and supravalvar pulmonary stenosis
Right ventricular (RV) infundibular narrowing and RV hypertrophy
Ventricular septal defects occur either as an isolated defect or as a component of a more complex lesion
It occurs in 50 percent of all children with CHD and in 20 to 30 percent as an isolated lesion
Most common congenital cardiac anomaly in children
Second most common congenital abnormality in adults, second only to bicuspid aortic valves
They are more common in premature infants and those born with low weight
VSDs are slightly more common in females (56%)
Patients with peripheral artery disease who have undergone lower-extremity revascularization are at high risk for major adverse limb and cardiovascular events
The efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban in this context are uncertain
Most common cyanotic heart defect seen in children beyond infancy, accounting for a third of all congenital heart disease (CHD) in this age group
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a congenital heart defect, which has four anatomical components:
Anterior malalignment ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Aortic override over the muscular septum
Variable degrees of subvalvar, valvar, and supravalvar pulmonary stenosis
Right ventricular (RV) infundibular narrowing and RV hypertrophy
Bentracimab (also known as PB2452) is a neutralizing recombinant human immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody antigen-binding fragment that binds ticagrelor and its major active circulating metabolite with high affinity and specificity
Chlorthalidone for hypertension in advanced ckdakifab93
Chlorthalidone, a thiazide-like diuretic, reduces cardiovascular morbidity, such as the incidence of stroke and heart failure, and cardiovascular mortality
However, its efficacy and safety among patients with advanced chronic kidney disease remain poorly understood
An acute illness caused by an autoimmune response to infection with group A Streptococcus, leading to a range of possible symptoms and signs affecting any or all of heart, joints, brain, skin and subcutaneous tissues
Amyloidosis is a group of protein-folding disorders in which >1 organ is infiltrated by proteinaceous deposits known as amyloid. Amyloid involvement of the heart (cardiac amyloidosis) carries the worst prognosis of any involved organ, and light-chain (AL) amyloidosis is the most serious form of the disease
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
2. - It is defined as no. of contraceptive failures per 100 women years of exposure
Pearl Index = Total no. of accidental pregnancies *100
Total months of exposure
3. Contraceptive Method Pearl Index
No method 80
Male Condoms 2-14
Female condoms 5-21
IUD 0.5 – 2.0
OCP 0.1-0.5
Centchroman (Saheli) 1.83 -2.84
4. -Married couples with wife in reproductive age i.e 15-45yrs
- In India, there are 150-180 Eligible Couples/1000 population
5. -% of Eligible Couples using one or other contraceptive methods.
- CPR of India = 45%
- To achieve Net Reproductive Rate =1 , CPR should be >60%
6. 1) Rhythm method/ Calendar method/ Safe Period
2) Basal body temperature method
3) Cervical mucus method
4) Symptothermic method
5) Coitus Interruptus/ Withdrawal method
6) Sexual abstinence
7) Lactational amenorrhoea method
7. -Programmed Sex i.e abstinence required for almost ½ month.
-Suitable only for educated people.
- Days near ovulation( Day 14) are unsafe period and sexual abstinence
should be maintained
8.
9. -Rise of body temperature occurs by 0.3-0.5C due to raised progesterone
at time of ovulation and again falls
-So sexual intercourse should be restricted to post-ovulation phase only
- Limitation : Abstinence for whole pre-ovulatory phase i.e14-15 days
10. -Also known as Billings method / Ovulation method
- Method : Wipe tissue paper inside of vagina.
- mucus characteristics at ovulation : Watery, clear,profuse,slippery = Unsafe
after ovulation : Dry, thick and tacks = safe period
12. - It is the only method which is 100% effective
-Man withdrawes Penis from Vagina just before ejaculation.
- High rate of failures
- pearl Index =18 per 100 woman years
22. -Within 10days of Menstrual cycle since during first 10 days cervix
is well dilated and chance of pregnancy is not there
- post puerperal within 48hrs of delivery or after 6weeks of delivery
23. 1) Must have atleast 1 child
2) Must be ready for frequent follow ups
3) Monogamous relationship
4) No h/o PID
24. -MC complication = Bleeding
- MC reason for removal of IUCD= Pain
3PM DEVICE (Mnemonic )
Pain
Pregnancy due to failure
Perforation
Menstural disturbances
Missed IUD
Difficult removal
Expulsion "spontaneous"
Vaginal discharge
Infection "PID“
Colics
Ectopic pregnancy
25. Causes : 1) Thread has torn
2) Cu-T expelled out
3) Cu t perforated uterus and entered abdominal cavity
4) Cu T deep in uterine cavity
IOC : X-Ray/USG
Gold standard IOC : Hysteroscopy
Cu T visible in X- ray due to presence of BaSO4 coating
Rx: Laparotomy
26.
27. Polyurethrane Condoms have a longer shelf life and can be used
with Lubricants.
Latex Condoms get damage when used with lubricants
- Pearl Index : 2-14
-An airfree space must be left before use
- 1 condom Should be used only once
- soon after ejaculation, male should withdraw penis slowly holding the
condom firmly against body to prevent it from falling inside female genital
tract
-Prevents from Sexually Transmitted diseases and HIV
- - It can lead to contact dermatitis in female
28. 1) As condom catheters in males
2) Used in Post partum hemorrhage as condom Tamponade
3) After vaginoplasty
29. -One end is open and other end is close
- made up of Polyurethrane/Latex
- Should be inserted just before intercourse and removed after 8hrs
so that spermicides can act on it
- Pearl Index : 5-21
30. -Occlusive caps shouldn’t be removed before 6-8hrs and shouldn’t be
kept for more than 24hrs
-Disadvantages : 1) doesn’t protect from STIs and HIV
2) May rarely cause Toxic Shock Syndrome
35. 1) Monophasic :have same estrogen and progesterone composition for all 21days
2) Biphasic : 1st 10 days : One dose
Next 11 days: other dosage
3) Triphasic : Dosage changes every 7 days for 21 days and the repeats in
next cycle
36. 1) Start from Day 1-5 of menstrual cycle
If started after Day 5 = backup contraceptive should be used for 7days
2) After MTP/abortion : Can begin immediately
If started after 7days = backup contraceptive to be used for 7days
Note: 1st 21 tablets are OCPs….Last 7 are Iron Folic acid tablets…..7days
OCP free period should be maintained to allow for withdrawal bleeding
37. If missed 1 or 2 pills = Take pill as soon as remembered
If missed >3pills = Take pills as usual but use condoms as well for 7days
-If missed 3 or more of these 7 pills
= Use pills as such
Through IFA tablets and start
fresh from next week
If any of these IFAs are missed
Throw missed pills and
use as such
38. Ethinyl Estradiol = 30micrograms
Levonorgestrel = 0.15mg
Available at Rs.3/- in market
Ethinyl Estradiol = 30micrograms
Levonorgestrel = 0.15mg
Available at Govt. health facilities free of cost
43. 1. T = Thyroid autoimmune disorders
2. H = Hirsutism
3. E = Endometrial carcinoma
4. C = Colorectal cancer
5. O = Ovarian cancer
6. B = Benign Breast diseases ( fibroadenosis )
7. R = Rheumatoid arthritis
8. A = Anemia and Acne
9. S = Salpingitis ( PID )
10. U = Uterine cancer
11. F = Fibroids ( exception is submucous variety )
12. O = Ovarian cysts
13. P = Pelvic inflammatory disease
14. O = Osteoporosis and Osteopenia
15. E = Ectopic pregnancy
16. M = Mittelschmerz , Menorrhagia , Dysmenorrhea , Premenstrual Tension , Polymenorrhea .
48. 1) DMPA ( Depot medroxy Progesterone Acetate ) 150mg i.m once in 3 months
2) NETO (Norethindrone enanthate ) 200mg i.m once in every 2months
SIDE EFFECTS
1) Irregular bleeding
2) Weight gain
3) Prolonged infertility
49. Subdermal Implants Include :
NORPLANT 1 NORPLANT 2 IMPLANON
- It has 6rods
containing 36mg
Levonorgestrel
each
- 2rods with 75mg
LNG each
- Single rod
containing 3-keto-
desogestrel
- Replaced every
5years
-MC being used
nowadays
- Replaced every
3yrs
- Acts by
thickening of
cervical mucus
Acts by thickening
of cervical mucus
- Acts by inhibiting
ovulation
50.
51. 1) Yuzpee method : 2pills with estrogen 50mcg each
followed by 2pills 12hrs later
Or
4pills with estrogen 30mcg each
followed by 4pills 12 hrs later
2) Levonorgestrel 0.75mg within 72 hrs followed 12 hrs
later by another dose
3) IUCD : within 5days of coitus
4) Mifepristone 600mg stat within 72hrs of coitus
5) High dose estrogen
6) Centchroman 2tablets (60mg) twice in 24hrs within 24hrs of
intercourse
52. Note : It doesn’t terminate an early pregnancy
53. -It is a permanent sterilisation method.
- Micro-inserts are placed in fallopian tube = it causes foreign body
reaction @ fallopian tube and thus causes scarring around micro-insert
over 3months and thus leads to blockage in fallopian tube
54. Nova T 380 is an intrauterine device made of polyethylene
and wound with copper wire with a silver core.
59. Barrier Method
Since HPV is an important risk factor.
HPV is a STD and STDs are prevented by barrier methods.
60. Mini-pills > Lactational amenorrhoea
This is a controversial question. Different buks have given different answers.
So no need to worry- controversial question doesn’t repeat
61. MINI PILLS
Since OCPs and IUDs contain estrogen which causes thromboembolism
And sickle cell anemia is a hypercoagulable condition due to sticky RBCs
62. Since if we use IUCD there can be irregular bleeding and we wont be
able to know whether the bleeding is due to contraceptives or due to
Trophoblastic tumors which may delay diagnosis and treatment
OCPs
68. -Woman should be married
- Couple should have atleast 1 child >1yr of age
- Female should be of sound mind.
- Female between 22-49yrs
- No past history of sterilisation of spouse
69. 1) Vaginal
2) Per Abdomen : M- Madlener
U - Uchida
P – Pomeroy / Parkland
I - Irwing
K – Kroener’s method
1) Fallope ring = MC used
2) Clips
76. -24hrs after normal delivery
- during c-section
- Interval sterilisation: 6wks after delivery
- Laparoscopic sterilisation is done with 1st trimester MTP or as interval
sterilisation
77. -Done at junction of proximal and middle third of tube.
- MC site = Isthmo-ampullary
- MC site for reversibility = Isthmo-isthmic type
78. -Isthmo-isthmic type has best chance of reversibility
- laparoscopic clips : Best chance of reversibilty among methods
- other methods with good chance of reversibility : Pomeroy
Uchida
Falope Ring
79.
80. -should be married
- Couple should have atleast 1 child >1yr of age
- male should be of sound mind.
- Age <60yrs
- No past history of sterilisation of spouse
84. 1) Patient need 30ejaculations/3 months before he can be declare sterile
2) Couples should use barrier method for 3months
3) Patient should undergo semen analysis monthly for 3months till there
are no sperms in semen
4) Once the patient is declared aspermic , no other contraceptive is required
5) Avoid bath for 24hrs
6) Testis bandage should be used for 15 days, keep site dry.
7) Stitch removal after 5days
