1. Contours are imaginary lines on a map that connect points of equal elevation. Contour maps show these lines, representing the topography of the land.
2. There are two main methods for creating contour maps - direct and indirect. The direct method involves precisely surveying points along contour lines in the field. The indirect method takes spot elevations across an area and interpolates the contour lines.
3. Common indirect techniques include surveying on a grid, along cross-sections, or using a tacheometer to measure multiple points from instrument stations. Spot elevations are plotted and contour lines drawn in between based on the terrain. The indirect method is faster but less precise than the direct method.
Contour maps: preparation and understanding.VIVEK CHAUHAN
The theme behind preparation of contour maps, various projections of topographical features, the processor making them and methods used in their making.
Contour maps: preparation and understanding.VIVEK CHAUHAN
The theme behind preparation of contour maps, various projections of topographical features, the processor making them and methods used in their making.
What Exactly Is Contouring in Survey & Levelling?
It will be helpful for Architectural and Civil engineering students.
A presentation by Harshit Gupta (B.Arch 1st year).
Surveying Engineering
Contour & Contouring
In this lecture we will cover
definitions.
Characteristics of contour lines.
Contours used by Engineers .
Methods of locating contour.
Method of Interpolation Contours.
Contour & Contouring
A map showing the natural and cultural features as well
as showing the nature of the surface of the land (topography of the
land) of the up and downs and its representation in (3D)three
dimensions.
A contour is a line drawn on a plan joining all points of the same
height above or below a datum.
Or A contour line
is a line that passes through points having the same elevation.
contour interval
is the constant vertical distance(VD) between any two
consecutive contours is called the contour interval
. The contour interval on this map is 20m
-The choice of suitable contour interval depends on several
factors.
-Topographic Maps
-Characteristics of contour lines.
-Contours are used by Engineers to:
-Methods of locating contour:
A- The direct methods
1- Level and staff method.
2- Plan table and alidade method.
Direct method procedure:
In this method the actual contour is pegged out on the ground and its
planimetric position located. A back-sight is taken to an appropriate BM and
the HPC of the instrument is obtained, say( 34.800m.) A staff reading of
0.800m would then place the foot of the staff at the( 34m )contour level. The
staff is then moved throughout the terrain area, with its position pegged at
every 0.800m reading. In this way the 34m contour is located. Similarly a
staff reading of (1.800m) gives the 33m contour and so on. The planimetric position of the contour needs to be located using an appropriate survey technique.
1- Grid method:-
Methods of Contouring
B- Indirect contouring
*Method of Interpolation Contours.
-Plotting contours.
Prepared by:
Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Mr. Kamal Y.Abdullah
Asst.Lecturer. Dilveen H. Omar
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
What Exactly Is Contouring in Survey & Levelling?
It will be helpful for Architectural and Civil engineering students.
A presentation by Harshit Gupta (B.Arch 1st year).
Surveying Engineering
Contour & Contouring
In this lecture we will cover
definitions.
Characteristics of contour lines.
Contours used by Engineers .
Methods of locating contour.
Method of Interpolation Contours.
Contour & Contouring
A map showing the natural and cultural features as well
as showing the nature of the surface of the land (topography of the
land) of the up and downs and its representation in (3D)three
dimensions.
A contour is a line drawn on a plan joining all points of the same
height above or below a datum.
Or A contour line
is a line that passes through points having the same elevation.
contour interval
is the constant vertical distance(VD) between any two
consecutive contours is called the contour interval
. The contour interval on this map is 20m
-The choice of suitable contour interval depends on several
factors.
-Topographic Maps
-Characteristics of contour lines.
-Contours are used by Engineers to:
-Methods of locating contour:
A- The direct methods
1- Level and staff method.
2- Plan table and alidade method.
Direct method procedure:
In this method the actual contour is pegged out on the ground and its
planimetric position located. A back-sight is taken to an appropriate BM and
the HPC of the instrument is obtained, say( 34.800m.) A staff reading of
0.800m would then place the foot of the staff at the( 34m )contour level. The
staff is then moved throughout the terrain area, with its position pegged at
every 0.800m reading. In this way the 34m contour is located. Similarly a
staff reading of (1.800m) gives the 33m contour and so on. The planimetric position of the contour needs to be located using an appropriate survey technique.
1- Grid method:-
Methods of Contouring
B- Indirect contouring
*Method of Interpolation Contours.
-Plotting contours.
Prepared by:
Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Mr. Kamal Y.Abdullah
Asst.Lecturer. Dilveen H. Omar
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
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We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
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2. • Contours are those lines you can
see on OS maps.
• A contour line is an imaginary
line that joins points of equal
height above sea level.
• They can be used to learn about
the shape of the land (the relief).
• A map with only a few contour
lines will be flat (and often low
lying)
• If a map has lots of contours it is
a mountainous or hilly area.
• The actual pattern of the lines
will tell you more detail about
the area too.
Steep slopes
Area that is
flatter with only
a gentle slope
2
3. CONTOURS
• Contour An imaginary line on the ground surface joining the points
of equal elevation is known as contour.
• In other words, contour is a line in which the ground surface is
intersected by a level surface obtained by joining points of equal
elevation. This line on the map represents a contour and is called
contour line.
• Contour Map :-A map showing contour lines is known as Contour
map.
• A contour map gives an idea of the altitudes of the surface features
as well as their relative positions in plan serves the purpose of both,
a plan and a section.
3
4. Contouring
• The process of tracing contour lines on the surface of the earth is called
Contouring.
• PURPOSE OF CONTOURING
• Contour survey is carried out at the starting of any engineering
project such as a road, a railway, a canal, a dam, a building etc.
i) For preparing contour maps in order to select the most economical
or suitable site.
ii) To locate the alignment of a canal so that it should follow a ridge
line.
iii) To mark the alignment of roads and railways so that the quantity of
earthwork both in cutting and filling should be minimum.
4
5. iv) For getting information about the ground whether it is flat,
undulating or mountainous.
v) To find the capacity of a reservoir and volume of earthwork
especially in a mountainous region.
vi) To trace out the given grade of a particular route.
vii)To locate the physical features of the ground such as a pond
depression, hill, steep or small slopes.
5
6. METHODS OF CONTOURING
• There are mainly two methods of
locating contours:-
(1)Direct Method and
(2) Indirect Method.
6
7. 1] Direct Method:
• In this method, the contours to be
located are directly traced out in the
field by locating and marking a
number of points on each contour.
• These points are then surveyed and
plotted on plan and the contours
drawn through them.
• This method is most accurate but
very slow and tedious as a lot of time
is wasted in searching points of the
same elevation for a contour.
• This is suitable for small area and
where great accuracy is required
DIRECT METHOD OF
CONTOURING
50
48
B.M.
46
7
8. Procedure:
• To start with, a temporary B.M is established near the area to be
surveyed with reference to a permanent B.M by fly levelling.
• The level is then set up in such a position so that the maximum
number of points can be commanded from the instrument station.
• The height of instrument is determined by taking a back sight on the
B.M. and adding it to the R.L. of bench mark.
• The staff reading required to fix points on the various contours is
determined by subtracting the R.L. of each of the contours from the
height of instrument.
8
9. • Example:
• If the height of instrument is 82.48m., then the staff readings
required to locate 82, 81 and 80m contours are 0.48, 1.48 and
2.48m respectively. The staff is held on an approximate position of
point and then moved up and down the slope until the desired
reading is obtained. The point is marked with a peg.
• Similarly various other points are marked on each contour. The line
joining all these points give the required contour. It may be noted
that one contour is located at a time. Having fixed the contours
within the range of the instrument, the level is shifted and set up in
a new position.
9
10. Procedure (Contd…..)
• The new height of instrument and the required staff readings are
then calculated in a similar manner and the process repeated till all
the contours are located.
• The positions of the contour points are located suitably either
simultaneous with levelling or afterwards.
• A theodolite , a compass or a plane table traversing is usually
adopted for locating these points.
• The points are then plotted on the plan and the contours drawn by
joining the corresponding points by dotted curved lines.
10
11. Direct Method By Radial Lines
• This method is suitable for
small areas, where a single
point in the centre can
command the whole area.
Radial lines are laid out from
the common centre by
theodolite or compass and
their positions are fixed up by
horizontal angles and bearings.
RADIAL LINES METHOD
OF CONTOURING
70
65
60
55
11
12. Direct Method By Radial Lines (contd.):
• Temporary bench marks are first established at the centre and near
the ends of the radial lines .
• The contour points are then located and marked on these lines and
their positions are determined by measuring their distances along
the radial lines.
• They are then plotted on the plan and the contours drawn by
joining all the corresponding points with the help of a plane table
instrument.
12
13. 2. INDIRECT METHOD
• In this method the points located and surveyed are not necessarily
on the contour lines but the spot levels are taken along the series of
lines laid out over the area .
• The spot levels of the several representative points representing
hills, depressions, ridge and valley lines and the changes in the
slope all over the area to be contoured are also observed.
• Their positions are then plotted on the plan and the contours drawn
by interpolation.
• This method of contouring is also known as contouring by spot
levels.
13
14. • This method is commonly employed in all kinds of surveys as this is
cheaper, quicker and less tedious as compared to direct method.
There are mainly three method of contouring in indirect method:
• (I) BY SQUARES [SQUARE METHOD]:-
• In this method, the whole area is divided into number of squares,
the side of which may vary from 5m to 30m depending upon the
nature of the ground and the contour interval. The square need not
be of the same size throughout.
• The corners of the squares are pegged out and the reduced levels
of these points are determined with a level.
14
16. (II) By Cross- Sections:
• This method is most suitable for the survey of long narrow strips
such as a road, railway or canal etc.
16
17. • (III) By Tacheometric method:
• A techeometer is a transit theodolite having a diaphragm fitted with
two stadia wires, one above and other below the central wire.
• The horizontal distance between the instrument and staff station
may be determined by multiplying the difference of the staff
readings of the upper and lower stadia wires with the stadia
constant of the instrument, which is usually 100.
• Thus the techeometer is used for both the vertical as well as
horizontal measurements.
Stadia Wires at Diaphragm
17
18. iii) By Tacheometric method (contd…):
• This method is most suitable in hilly areas as the number of stations
which can be commanded by a techeometer is far more than those
by a level and thus the number of instrument settings are
considerably reduced. A number of radial lines are laid out at a
known angular interval and representative points are marked by
pegs along these radial lines. Their elevations and distances are
then calculated and plotted on the plan and the contour lines are
then interpolated.
18