This document provides an overview of basic water supply system operations, including sources of drinking water, advantages and disadvantages of surface water and groundwater sources, and treatment processes for both. It discusses intake processes like racks and screens, mixing, coagulation and flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration. Disinfection methods like chlorine, ultraviolet light, and ozone are also covered. The document concludes with descriptions of distribution system facilities such as pumps, storage, transmission mains, valves and hydrants.

1. WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
BASIC OPERATIONS
Prepared by RCAP Solutions
For PADEP

2. 1
Introduction
 Basics of Water Supply

3. 2
Drinking Water Sources
 Surface Water
 Groundwater

4. 3
Surface Water: Advantages
 Easily accessible
 Large volumes of water
 Surface reservoirs for storage

5. 4
Surface Water: Disadvantages
 Exposure to contaminants
 Expensive filtration

6. 5
Groundwater: Advantages
 Less treatment
 Consistency
 Availability

7. 6
Groundwater: Disadvantages
 Chemical contamination
 Hardness
 Multiple wells
 Location

8. 7
Groundwater Treatment Processes

9. 8
Groundwater Treatment Processes
 Not very complex
 Mainly disinfection
 Covered later

10. 9
Surface Water Treatment Processes

11. 10
Racks and Screens

12. 11
Racks and Screens
 Prevent debris
 Pipes and pumps
 Straining pasta

13. 12
Mixing

14. 13
Mixing
 Coagulant
 Suspended particles

15. 14
Coagulation and Flocculation

16. 15
Coagulation and Flocculation
 Reduces solids
 Prevents bacterial “hiding”
 Like making cheese

17. 16
Sedimentation

18. 17
Sedimentation
 Presedimentation
 Basins
 Solids loading reduction
 Sludge removal

19. 18
Filtration

20. 19
Filtration
 Solids and floc removal
 Physical
 Chemical
 Biological

21. 20
Types of Filtration
 Slow Sand
 Conventional Filtration

22. 21
Types of Filtration
 Direct Filtration
 Diatomaceous Earth

23. 22
Types of Filtration
 Membrane Filtration
 Bag and Cartridge Filters

24. 23
Disinfection

25. 24
Disinfection
 Disease-causing organisms
 Chlorine
 Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation

26. 25
Disinfection: Chlorine
 Chlorine Gas
 Sodium Hypochlorite

27. 26
Disinfection: Chlorine
 Calcium Hypochlorite
 Chlorine may form carcinogens

28. 27
Disinfection: Ultraviolet Light
 Penetrates most cell walls
 No toxic residuals
 Short contact times; easy to operate
 Unsuitable for some water sources

29. 28
Disinfection: Ozone
 O3
 Shorter contact time
 Capital costs
 O&M

30. 29
Other Typical Treatment Processes
 Iron and manganese removal
 Corrosion control
 These are source dependent

31. 30
Iron and Manganese Removal
 Various techniques
 Aeration
 Sequestration
 Ion exchange

32. 31
Corrosion Control
 Prevents degradation
 Adjust water characteristics

33. 32
Exercise
 Exercise!!!
 Complete the fill-in-the blank questions

34. 33
Distribution System Facilities
 Pumps
 Storage facilities
 Transmission mains
 Valves and hydrants
 Meters

35. 34
Pumps
 Provide lift
 Do not generally create pressure
 Major part of O&M costs

36. 35
Storage Facilities
 Clear wells
 Stand pipes
 Elevated storage tanks

37. 36
Clear Wells

38. 37
Clear Wells
 Large concrete reservoirs
 Constant rate of operation

39. 38
Stand Pipes
 Located on the ground
 Require little maintenance

40. 39
Elevated Storage Tanks
 Supporting structures
 Use gravity
 Filled in off-peak hours

41. 40
Transmission Mains
System Design
 Branching systems
 Loop or grid systems

42. 41
Transmission Mains
Materials
 Cast iron
 Ductile iron
 Plastic (polyvinylchloride – PVC)

43. 42
Valves and Hydrants
 Valves
 Wet barrel hydrants
 Dry barrel hydrants

44. 43
Meters
 Throughout the system
 Used for billing and to identify loss
 Lowers usage
 Replacement program

45. 44
Exercise
 Exercise time!!!
 Fill in the graphic and answer the questions

46. 45
Summary
 Key points

47. 46
References and Resources
 See your workbooks for details