Engineering drawings are a graphical language used to communicate technical design information between engineers. There are different projection methods for engineering drawings, including orthographic projection and axonometric projection. Orthographic projection uses parallel lines of sight to produce accurate multi-view drawings that show the true shape and size of an object through multiple two-dimensional views. Axonometric projection shows an object's three dimensions in a single view, making it easier to understand but introducing distortions from the true shape and size. Understanding engineering graphics and different projection methods is essential for effective technical communication.

1. Lecture 5
Dr. Khaled Bakro
Engineering Drawing
Introduction to Engineering
and Profession Ethics

2. PART 4 – ENGINEERING GRAPHICAL COMMUNICATION
In this chapter: we will explain
16- ENGINEERING DRAWINGS AND SYMBOLS
Projection methods
Orthographic projection
Graphics language
Engineering drawing

3. GRAPHICS
LANGUAGE

4. 1. Try to write a description of
this object.
2. Test your written description
by having someone attempt
to make a sketch from your
description.
Effectiveness of Graphics Language
The word languages are inadequate for describing the
size, shape and features completely as well as
concisely.
You can easily understand that …

5. Graphic language in “engineering application” use
lines to represent the surfaces, edges and contours
of objects.
A drawing can be done using freehand, instruments
or computer methods.
Composition of Graphic Language
The language is known as “drawing” or “drafting” .

6. Freehand drawing
The lines are sketched without using instruments other
than pencils and erasers.
Example

7. Instrument drawing
Instruments are used to draw straight lines, circles, and
curves concisely and accurately. Thus, the drawings are
usually made to scale.
Example

8. Why and What?
Why do we use sketching?
To make a quick, graphic representation of an
idea that can be easily communicated.
How do we represent objects so that others will
understand all essential features?
Use a graphics “language”. It has its own rules
and conventions so everybody can communicate.

9. How?
How do we represent a real object (3D) on paper
(2D)?
The graphics language has conventions for
different types of 2D “views.”
How do we develop the skill to read
representations made by other people?
Understand the “language” and practice using it.

10. Computer drawing
The drawings are usually made by commercial software
such as AutoCAD, solid works etc.
Example

11. Engineering Drawing

12. Engineering Drawing Definition
A language—a graphical language that
communicates ideas and information from one
mind to another.

13. Engineering Drawing Function
1. Information delivery
2. Preservation, archiving, use of information
3. Ways of thinking in the preparation of
information

14. Some Examples of
Engineering Drawing

15. Some Examples of
Engineering Drawing

16. Some Examples of
Engineering Drawing

17. Some Examples of
Engineering Drawing

18. Some Examples of
Engineering Drawing

19. Engineering Drawing

20. Elements of Engineering Drawing
Engineering drawing are made up of graphics language
and word language.
Graphics
language
Describe a shape
(mainly).
Word
language
Describe size, location and
specification of the object.

21. Basic Knowledge for Drafting
Graphics
language
Word
language
Line
types
Geometric
construction Lettering
Projection
method

22. Knowledge and Skills Require
Graphics
language
Word
language
Dimensions & Notes
Visualization is the ability to mentally picture things that do not exists.
Visualization
Using line types
Geometric
construction
Projection
method
Engineering Drawing

23. PROJECTION
METHOD

24. PROJECTION METHOD

25. PROJECTION METHOD
Perspective
Oblique Orthographic
Axonometric Multiview
Parallel

26. PROJECTION THEORY
The projection theory is based on two variables:
1) Line of sight
2) Plane of projection (image plane or picture plane)
The projection theory is used to graphically represent
3-D objects on 2-D media (paper, computer screen).

27. Line of sight (LOS) is an imaginary ray of light
between an observer’s eye and an object.
Line of sight
Parallel projection
Line of sight
Perspective projection
There are 2 types of LOS : parallel converge
and

28. Plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane which
the image is created.
The image is produced by connecting the points where
the LOS pierce the projection plane.
Parallel projection Perspective projection
Plane of projection Plane of projection

29. Disadvantage of
Perspective Projection
Perspective projection is not
used by engineer for manu-
facturing of parts, because
1) It is difficult to create.
2) It does not reveal exact
shape and size.
Width is distorted

30. Orthographic
Projection

31. 5
Orthographic projection is a parallel projection technique
in which the parallel lines of sight are perpendicular to the
projection plane
MEANING
Object views from top
Projection plane
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4

32. ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW
Orthographic view depends on relative position of the object
to the line of sight.
Two dimensions of an
object is shown.
Three dimensions of an object is shown.
Rotate
Tilt
More than one view is needed
to represent the object.
Multiview drawing
Axonometric drawing

33. Orthographic Projection

34. Orthographic projection technique can produce either
1. Multiview drawing
that each view show an object in two dimensions.
2. Axonometric drawing ‫االحداثي‬ ‫الرسم‬
that show all three dimensions of an object in one view.
Both drawing types are used in technical drawing for
communication.
NOTES
ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW

35. Axonometric (Isometric) Drawing
‫القياس‬ ‫متساوي‬
Easy to understand
Right angle becomes obtuse angle.
Circular hole
becomes ellipse.
Distortions of shape and size in isometric drawing
Advantage
Disadvantage Shape and angle distortion
Example

36. Multiview Drawing
It represents accurate shape and size.
Advantage
Disadvantage Require practice in writing and reading.
Multiviews drawing (2-view drawing)
Example

37. SUMMARY
• You should have a good understanding of the
importance of engineering drawings in conveying
information to other engineers.
• You should understand what is meant by orthographic
views, isometric drawing, and solid modeling.
• You should understand the basic rules required for an
engineering drawing, including showing dimensions,
specifying material size, and indicating finished
surfaces.
• You should know when to use isometric views and
sectional views.