This Powerpoint describes what is Flow chemistry, what are its advantages over batch method, Continuous flow reactor and Applications of Continuous flow chemistry.
CHEMISTRY OF PEPTIDES [M.PHARM, M.SC, BSC, B.PHARM]Shikha Popali
THE CHEMISTRY OF PEPTIDES THE DIFFICULT TO COLLECT DATA FOR READERS , THREFORE HERE WE HAVE COLLECTED ALL THE DATA AT A PLACE AND PROVIDED EASIER TO CHEMISTRIANS.
SIDE REACTION OCCUR IN PEPTIDE YNTJESIS ARE DISCUSSED HERE WITH ITTATED PROTON, PROTONATIONS RACEMIZATION, INITIATED ACTIVITY, ACYLATION, ALKYLATION, OVERACTIVATION
This Powerpoint describes what is Flow chemistry, what are its advantages over batch method, Continuous flow reactor and Applications of Continuous flow chemistry.
CHEMISTRY OF PEPTIDES [M.PHARM, M.SC, BSC, B.PHARM]Shikha Popali
THE CHEMISTRY OF PEPTIDES THE DIFFICULT TO COLLECT DATA FOR READERS , THREFORE HERE WE HAVE COLLECTED ALL THE DATA AT A PLACE AND PROVIDED EASIER TO CHEMISTRIANS.
SIDE REACTION OCCUR IN PEPTIDE YNTJESIS ARE DISCUSSED HERE WITH ITTATED PROTON, PROTONATIONS RACEMIZATION, INITIATED ACTIVITY, ACYLATION, ALKYLATION, OVERACTIVATION
Process chemistry AS PER PCI SYLLABUS FOR M.PHARMShikha Popali
pharmaceutical process chemistry is process WHERE FROM THE RESEARCH TO FINISH PRODUCT INCLUDING THE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AT LABORATORY LEVEL THAN PILOT PLANT WHERE THE PRODUCT IS MANUFACTURED IN 10X THAN FINAL AT 100X THAT IS SCALE UP PLANT.
Stages of scale up process mparm 1st year pharmaceutical process chemistryDhanashreeSarwan
Define Scale up process, need of Scale up technique, Stages of scale up process Bench\lab scale, pilot plant, large scale up technique, validation of large scale up process
Asymmetric synthesis (As per new syllabus of PCI)
Methods of asymmetric synthesis using chiral pool
Chiral auxiliaries and catalytic asymmetric synthesis
Enantiopure seperation
Stereoselective synthesis
Recent advances
References
Asymmetric synthesis FOR BSc, MSc, Bpharm, M,pharmShikha Popali
ASYMETRIC SYNTHESIS PRESENTED BY SHIKHA AND HARSHPAL SINGH IN EASY WAY WHICH IS EASILY UNDERSTANDABLE AND GIVES A DETAIL ACCOUNT USEFUL FOR EVERY CHEMISTRY PERSON
Process chemistry AS PER PCI SYLLABUS FOR M.PHARMShikha Popali
pharmaceutical process chemistry is process WHERE FROM THE RESEARCH TO FINISH PRODUCT INCLUDING THE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AT LABORATORY LEVEL THAN PILOT PLANT WHERE THE PRODUCT IS MANUFACTURED IN 10X THAN FINAL AT 100X THAT IS SCALE UP PLANT.
Stages of scale up process mparm 1st year pharmaceutical process chemistryDhanashreeSarwan
Define Scale up process, need of Scale up technique, Stages of scale up process Bench\lab scale, pilot plant, large scale up technique, validation of large scale up process
Asymmetric synthesis (As per new syllabus of PCI)
Methods of asymmetric synthesis using chiral pool
Chiral auxiliaries and catalytic asymmetric synthesis
Enantiopure seperation
Stereoselective synthesis
Recent advances
References
Asymmetric synthesis FOR BSc, MSc, Bpharm, M,pharmShikha Popali
ASYMETRIC SYNTHESIS PRESENTED BY SHIKHA AND HARSHPAL SINGH IN EASY WAY WHICH IS EASILY UNDERSTANDABLE AND GIVES A DETAIL ACCOUNT USEFUL FOR EVERY CHEMISTRY PERSON
CONTINUOUS FLOW REACTORS WORKING PRINCIPLE, ADVANTAGEES ,DISADVANTAGES ,SYNTH...krishnapriyakr26
CONTINUOUS FLOW REACTORS
WORKING PRINCIPLE, ADVANTAGES AND SYNTHETIC APPLICATIONThe concept of “Flow chemistry” defines a very general range of chemical process that occur in a continuous flowing stream, conventionally takes place in a reactor zone
The concept of “Flow chemistry” defines a very general range of chemical process that occur in a continuous flowing stream, conventionally takes place in a reactor zone
The concept of “Flow chemistry” defines a very general range of chemical process that occur in a continuous flowing stream, conventionally takes place in a reactor zone
The concept of “Flow chemistry” defines a very general range of chemical process that occur in a continuous flowing stream, conventionally takes place in a reactor zone
The concept of “Flow chemistry” defines a very general range of chemical process that occur in a continuous flowing stream, conventionally takes place in a reactor zone
Chemical reaction engineering is that engineering activity which is concerned with the exploitation of chemical reactions on commercial scale.
The areas of different fields of science like:
Oil Refining
Pharmaceuticals
Biotechnology
Chemical Industries
Sustainable Development
Continuous Flow Chemistry And The Manufacture Of Active Pharmaceutical Ingr...Stuart Silverman
A Series Of Informative Disquisitions About Continuous Flow Chemistry
Part Three:
Translation of flow protocols from the bench to the plant
Reaction Classes
Workup and isolation
Development and Scale Up Of a Chemical Process in Pharmaceutical Industry: A ...IJERA Editor
Every process has its own significance and one has to study factors which impact to the process and its
procedure to be followed. This paper is more concerned of how a process is scaled up from lab scale to pilot
plant scale, which is the major step in any industry because moving directly towards manufacturing level
consumes time and money. The report introduces about pharmaceutical industry and how it is different from
the other industries and provides firsthand experience for all the engineers to explore the equipment, process
and unit operations included in it. First aspect of scale up is safety and then comes economy, purity and
optimums. It includes the process and its unit operations such as reactors, distillation, filtration,
crystallization, drying and the equipment involving these operations. Consequently, the scale up rules,
factors influenced strategies and other considerations are observed. To learn and understand the unit process
and operations with their importance, a case study taking one of the stages of production is discussed here.
High throughput nanoparticle synthesis and treatment with combinatorial robotTian Lin
A computer-based multi-tasking automation system, programmed in VB.NET, for liquid and wet sample handling in nanoparticle production. (Videos cannot work here but available on YouTube)
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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3. REACTORS :
REACTORS :
RREACTORS :
• A reactor is a vessel or system in which a chemical reaction takes
place. Example:
• Batch reactors
• Continuous flow reactors
• Continuous stirred tank reactor
• Plug flow reactors
• Fixed bed reactors
• Fluidized bed reactors
• The choice of reactor type depends on various factors, including the
type of reaction, the reaction rate, the required product yield, and the
required reaction conditions.
4. FLOW CHEMISTRY :
• It discover the early 20th century, with the development of continuous-flow processes in
the chemical industry.
• Professor Steven Ley, with his research group at the University of Cambridge, began
exploring the use of microreactors and other flow technologies in the late 1990s
• .Another one The Professor Klavs Jensen, with his research group at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT), developed a range of microreactors and flow
technologies for chemical synthesis.
• Jensen's work paved the way for the commercialization of flow chemistry systems and led
to the establishment of several companies, including Syrris Ltd. and Vapourtec Ltd
• .Flow chemistry, also known as continuous-flow chemistry or microreactor technology, is
a type of chemical synthesis that involves the use of continuous-flow reactors instead
of traditional batch reactors.
5. PRINCIPLE:
REACTANT MIXTURE AT
CONSTANT RATE ,AID OF
PUMPAND OTHER MEANS
OF FLOW CONTROL
(PISTON PUMP, SYRINGE
PUMP)
TUBES AND SERIES OF
TUBES (TUBULAR
REACTOR,PLUG FLOW
REACTOR)
REACTOR (ALLOW TO
REACT)
PRODUCT MIXTURE
COLLECTED AT OUTLET
6. WORKING PRINCIPLE:
1.Feeding of reactant:
Constant flow rate maintain constant concentration of reactant with the reactor
2.Mixing of reactant:
to get homogeneous mixture degree of mixing is controlled
3.Reaction:
reactant mixed. reaction occur ,rate reaction controlled by factor- catalyst, temperature,
pressure, concentration of reactant
4.Collection of product:
flow rate maintain, constant concentration of product
5.Monitoring and control:
optimal condition, temperature sensor, flow meter, pressure sensor , computer controlled feedback system
7. a) Pumps: used to deliver reproducible quantities of solvents and reagents; the usual types are piston,
peristaltic, syringe or gear centrifugal pumps
b) Reaction loops: used to introduce small volumes of reagents
c) T-piece: primary mixing point, where reagents streams are combined
d) Coil reactor: provides residence time for the reaction
e) Column reactor: packed with solid reagents, catalysts or scavengers
f) Back pressure regulator: controls the pressure of the system
g) Downstream unit: in-line analytics, work-up operations, etc
8. • Scaling out-Run process longer, easiest
method
• Numbering –up- multi reactors in parallel
used
• Scaling-up: use of larger continuous reactor
BATCH REACTOR
1) Stoichiometry-molar ratio of reagent
2) Reaction time determined by vessels is
stirred under fixed condition
3) Reaction kinetics controlled by reagent
exposure time under specified condition
4) Flexibility more and initial product of new
compound possible
5) Small quantity production
6) Reagent and concentration vary over product
7) Time and mixing is important that affect
kinetics of reaction
8) Mixing and mass transfer less and efficient
FLOW REACTOR
1) Stoichiometry- ratio of flow rate and molarity
2) Reaction time and residence time (reactant
in reactor zone)- τ = V/q (V: volume of system
and q: flow rate of system)
3) Reaction kinetics controlled by flow rate of
reagent streams
4) Flexibility is less in continuous reaction
and modification of process is difficult
5) Large quantity production
6) Each portion specific concentration of
starting material and product
7) Mixing and mass transfer is very efficient
and effective
8) Control of temperature in flow process
achieved accurately due to high surface area
to volume ratio
9. Flow reactors types :
Plug flow reactors
Column reactors
Gas reactors
Reactors for slurries
Photochemical flow reactors
Trickle bed reactors
TYPES:
TYPE I – no catalyst
TYPE II- supported reagent
TYPE III- homogeneous catalyst
TYPE IV- supported catalyst
10. ADVANTAGES :
• Improved Safety: Better control over reaction conditions, reduces the likelihood of accidental exposure
to hazardous materials.
• Higher Efficiency: The continuous flow of reactants and products allows for better control over
reaction parameters like temperature ,pressure, concentration of reactant and product, easier separation
of the products.
• Scalability: Flow chemistry is easily scalable, meaning that a small reaction can be easily scaled up to a
larger industrial-scale production.
• Faster Reactions: Flow chemistry can result in faster reaction times and more rapid product formation,
which can save time and resources.
• Reduced Waste: The efficient use of reagents and catalysts, fewer byproducts are produced, reducing
waste and minimizing the need for purification steps.
• Improve product quality: Purity, quality control and check by sensors ,maximum yield and minimum
impurities.
• Broader Scope of Chemistry: Flow chemistry can be used for a wider range of chemical reactions than
traditional batch reactions, including reactions that are difficult to perform or unstable under batch
reaction conditions some reactive chemicals and hazardous chemicals
11. SYNTHETIC APPLICATION:
• Continuous flow synthesis of Diphenhydramine HCl
• Continuous flow synthesis of Ibuprofen
• Continuous flow synthesis of Telmisartan
12. CONCLUSION:
• A reactor is a vessel or system in which a chemical reaction takes place.
• Flow chemistry, also known as continuous-flow chemistry or microreactor
technology, is a type of chemical synthesis that involves the use of continuous-
flow reactors instead of traditional batch reactors.
• Working: feeding, mixing, reaction, collection, monitoring and control follow
reaction mechanism.
• Batch reactors and continuous flow reactors.
• Types of reactors like plug flow and column reactor.
• Advantages like improved control over production, enhance safety and
product quality.
• Synthetic applications,ibuprofen,telmisartan, diphenhydramine hydrochloride.
13. REFRENCES:
Wiles C, Watts P. Continuous flow reactors: a perspective. Green Chemistry. 2012;14(1):38-54.
Wiles C, Watts P. Continuous flow reactors, a tool for the modern synthetic chemist. European
journal of organic chemistry. 2008 Apr;2008(10):1655-71.
Murata K, Hirano Y, Sakata Y, Uddin MA. Basic study on a continuous flow reactor for thermal
degradation of polymers. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 2002 Oct 1;65(1):71-90.
Baumann M, Baxendale IR, Ley SV, Nikbin N, Smith CD, Tierney JP. A modular flow reactor for
performing Curtius rearrangements as a continuous flow process. Organic & Biomolecular
Chemistry. 2008;6(9):1577-86.
Irfan M, Glasnov TN, Kappe CO. Heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation reactions in
continuous‐flow reactors. ChemSusChem. 2011 Mar 21;4(3):300-16.