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Energy storage systems like batteries are essential for electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Electric vehicle batteries can be either primary batteries or secondary rechargeable batteries, which are used to power battery electric vehicles. Electric vehicle batteries differ from starter batteries as they are designed to provide sustained power over long periods of time and must be safe, high-power, high-capacity, small and light, low-cost, and have a long life. Common electric vehicle battery types include lithium-ion, lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, and nickel-metal hydride batteries.






