Electric vehicle

1. Electric Vehicles
My Equation

2. ​
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Engines - Ic engines vs electric motors
Internal Combustion Engine (ICE):
• Pros: High energy density (long range), fast
refueling, lower upfront cost.
• Cons: Emits harmful pollutants, less efficient
(wastes energy), higher maintenance costs.
Electric Motor:
• Pros: Zero tailpipe emissions, highly efficient
(less wasted energy), lower maintenance
costs, quieter operation.
• Cons: Limited range, long charging times,
higher upfront cost, battery limitations
(temperature sensitivity).
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3. The core concepts of a motor boil down to two
fundamental principles: electromagnetism and torque.
• Electromagnetism
• Torque
Here's a breakdown of how these concepts work
together:
1.Electricity flows through wires
2.Magnetic field interacts
3.Force is produced
4.Force creates rotation
5.Torque is the output
These core concepts apply to all types of motors,
whether they're powered by AC (alternating current) or
DC (direct current), and regardless of their specific
design. 2
Core concepts of motors

4. Electric motors ditch the complexity of transmissions in favor of simple
and efficient power delivery. Here's the breakdown:
• No Need for Multiple Gears
• Wide Speed Range
But Wait, There's a Twist (Gear):
Some EVs might utilize a single-speed reduction gear instead of a full
transmission. This gear serves two purposes:
• Taming the RPM
• Optimizing Efficiency
Why Ditch the Full Transmission?
The simplicity of a single gear or no transmission at all offers big
advantages for EVs:
• Less is More: Fewer moving parts mean less maintenance and
potential problems.
• Efficiency Boost
• Lightweight Champion: A simpler drivetrain translates to a lighter
vehicle, improving range.
The Future of Gears in EVs?
While traditional transmissions are out, some are exploring Continuously
Variable Transmissions (CVTs) designed for electric motors.
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Transmission in electric motors

5. The traction battery pack in an electric vehicle (EV) is like its personal, high-
tech energy vault. Here's the lowdown:
• Power on Tap: It stores the electric energy that fuels the motor, keeping
the EV humming along.
• Teaming Up for Power: A single battery cell wouldn't cut it. The pack
combines numerous cells, linked together like a powerful team.
• The Control Center: A Battery Management System (BMS)
• Battery Chemistry Matters:
⚬ Lithium-ion (Li-ion)
⚬ Future contenders: Research is underway for next-gen options like
solid-state batteries that might be even better.
• Location, Location, Location: Putting the battery pack in the right spot is
crucial.
• The Future is Bright:
⚬ Extended Range
⚬ Faster Charging
⚬ Safety First
So, next time you see an EV gliding by, remember the silent powerhouse
beneath it – the traction battery pack, delivering clean energy for a sustainable
journey.
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Traction battery pack

6. 4
Industrial Examples

7. 4
Industrial Examples

8. Use case and functionality of batteries
Lithium-ion batteries are the reigning champions in
the electric vehicle (EV) world. Imagine them as the
star athletes with the perfect balance of power and
endurance.
The Dream Team for EVs:
• High Energy Density:
• Long Lifespan:
• Relatively Good Recharge Times:
Not Without Weaknesses:
• Cost:
• Temperature Sensitivity
• Charging Infrastructure
But Overall, the Clear Winner:
Despite these challenges, lithium-ion batteries
remain the dominant choice for EVs due to their
unmatched combination of range, lifespan, and
practicality.
2
Lithium-ion Batteries

9. Nickel-Metal hydride battery
Nickel-metal hydrid (NiMH) batteries were once like the promising
rookies in the EV world, but have since been surpassed by lithium-ion.
While they offer some advantages, they couldn't quite keep up in the
long run.
A Solid Effort, but Outpaced:
• Higher Capacity than NiMH Cells
• Durable and Safe
Falling Short in the EV Race:
• Lower Energy Density
• Self-discharge
• Heat Sensitivity
A Niche Role Today:
While not the main power source in EVs anymore, NiMH batteries still
find use in some specific areas:
• Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
The Future: Limited Potential for EVs
Given the dominance of lithium-ion technology, widespread adoption
of NiMH batteries in EVs seems unlikely. However, advancements in
energy density and self-discharge rates could potentially make them
suitable for niche applications in the future EV landscape.
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10. Lead-Acid Batteries.
The Kryptonite of Lead-Acid in EVs:
• Low energy density
• Weighty burden
• Short lifespan
So, what do they do in EVs?
Lead-acid batteries aren't entirely out of the picture. They
play a supporting role in some EVs as:
• 12v sidekick: A separate 12v lead-acid battery powers
low-voltage systems like lights, radios, and
accessories.
• Hybrid helper.
The Future: A New Role?
While lead-acid batteries won't lead the charge in long-
range EVs, advancements could change their role.
Research on improving their energy density and lifespan
might make them suitable for short-range EVs or specific
applications within the growing EV ecosystem. 2

11. Ultracapacitors
Unlike their lead-acid battery cousins, ultracapacitors are
like energetic but impatient athletes in the EV world. They
excel at short bursts of power but lack the stamina for
long hauls.
Strength in Speed:
• Rapid Charging and Discharging
• High Power Delivery
• Long Lifespan
But Endurance is Lacking:
• Low Energy Density
• Not for Long Distances
So, how can they be useful in EVs?
While not the main course, ultracapacitors can be a
valuable teammate for lithium-ion batteries:
• Power Assist
• Regenerative Braking Boost
• Short-Burst Applications
The Future: A Powerful Partner?
Research is ongoing to improve ultracapacitor energy
density. If successful, they could become even more
valuable partners for lithium-ion batteries in EVs, creating
a powerful hybrid system for future electric vehicles.
2

12. 4
Industrial Examples
Nickel Metal hydride battery
used in hybrid vehicles

13. 4
Industrial Examples
Lithium-ion battery used in
electric vehicles

14. 4
Industrial Examples
Lead-acid battery used in cars

15. Use case and functionality of battery
pack.
Battery packs are integral components in electric vehicles (EVs) and other
applications requiring portable electrical energy storage. They consist of multiple
battery cells assembled into a single unit, providing the power needed to run
electric motors and other vehicle electronics. The key attributes of battery packs
include:
• Energy Density: Determines how much energy the battery can store relative to
its weight or volume.
• Power Density: Indicates how much power the battery can deliver at a given
moment.
• Cycle Life: The number of charge and discharge cycles a battery can undergo
before its capacity degrades significantly.
• Charging Speed: How quickly the battery can be recharged.
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16. Use Case: PHEVs are designed for drivers who want to
benefit from electric driving for short trips but also need the
flexibility of a gasoline engine for longer distances.
Functionality:
• Dual Power Sources: PHEVs have both an electric battery
and an internal combustion engine (ICE).
• Charging: The battery can be charged using an external
power source (e.g., home charging station).
• Fuel Efficiency: PHEVs can significantly reduce fuel
consumption and emissions by using electric power for
short trips and the ICE for longer journeys.
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
2

17. Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
Use Case: HEVs are ideal for drivers who want
improved fuel efficiency without needing to charge a
vehicle from an external source.
Functionality:
• Dual Power Sources: HEVs combine a smaller
battery with an ICE. The battery is charged
through regenerative braking and the ICE.
• Seamless Switching: The vehicle seamlessly
switches between the electric motor and the ICE,
or uses both simultaneously, depending on the
driving conditions.
• Regenerative Braking: Captures energy usually
lost during braking and uses it to recharge the
battery.
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18. Use Case: BEVs are suitable for drivers committed to
reducing their carbon footprint and who have access to
charging infrastructure.
Functionality:
• Pure Electric Drive: BEVs are powered solely by
electricity stored in a large battery pack.
• Charging: Various levels of charging stations (Level
1, Level 2, and DC fast charging).
• Range: Modern BEVs typically offer ranges from 100
to over 300 miles on a single charge,
• Maintenance: BEVs have fewer moving parts than
ICE vehicles, leading to potentially lower
maintenance costs.
Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)
2

19. Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs)
Use Case: FCEVs are suitable for drivers who
require fast refueling times and longer driving
ranges, with a focus on reducing emissions.
Functionality:
• Hydrogen Fuel Cells: FCEVs use hydrogen gas
stored in tanks.
• Refueling: Refueling an FCEV with hydrogen
takes about the same time as refueling a
gasoline car (3-5 minutes).
• Range: Around 300-400 miles per tank.
• Emissions: The only emission from the vehicle
is water vapor, making FCEVs a zero-emission
option.
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Industrial Examples

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Industrial Examples

22. Primary elements of Powertrains
• The transportation sector is shifting
towards cleaner and more efficient
options.
• Two engine technologies are vying for
dominance: internal combustion engine
(ICE) and electric motor.
• ICEs and electric motors have
fundamentally different approaches to
powering vehicles.
• We'll explore the pros and cons of each
technology to see which one comes out
on top.
2

23. Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)
Advantages:
• High energy density:
Gasoline and diesel pack a
lot of energy in a small
volume.
• Fast refueling: Filling up a
gas tank takes just a few
minutes.
• Lower upfront cost: ICE
vehicles tend to be cheaper
than electric vehicles.
2

24. Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)
2
Disadvantage
• Emissions: ICEs produce
harmful greenhouse gases
and pollutants that
contribute to air pollution
and climate change.
• Lower efficiency: Only about
20-30% of the energy from
fuel is converted to motion,
the rest is wasted as heat.
• Higher maintenance costs:
ICEs have more moving parts
that wear out and need to be
replaced regularly.

25. Electric Motors
Advantages:
• Zero emissions: Electric vehicles
produce no tailpipe emissions,
making them cleaner for the
environment.
• High efficiency: Electric motors
convert up to 80% of electrical energy
into motion.
• Lower maintenance costs: Electric
motors have fewer moving parts and
require less maintenance than ICEs.
• Smoother and quieter operation:
Electric vehicles offer a more pleasant
driving experience due to the lack of
engine noise and vibration. 2

26. Electric Motors
Disadvantages:
• Limited range: Electric vehicles
typically have a shorter driving range
on a single charge.
• Long charging times: Fully charging an
electric vehicle can take several hours,
depending on the charger used.
• Higher upfront cost: Electric vehicles
tend to be more expensive, though
battery costs are coming down.
• Battery limitations: Battery
performance can be affected by
extreme temperatures.
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27. 4
Industrial Examples
Engines in Cars

28. 4
Industrial Examples
Engines used in ships

29. 4
Industrial Examples