This paper presents the detailed simulation and analysis of a battery charging and discharging control for electric vehicle EV application using proportional and integral control. A lithium Ion battery model in MATLAB is considered for this study. The purpose of study is to perform a detailed analysis of the charging and discharging operation and observe the behavior of the key parameters of the battery. To realize these two voltages sources have been used, i.e., one is the battery itself and the other is the DC voltage source. The two different voltage source is feeding to a common load. The DC voltage source feeds the load when the battery is in charging mode. When the battery supply is available then it is discharging to feed the load and its control is designed to generate the reference pulses for DC DC converter. The two scenarios have been simulated and results are recorded which shows the effective operation of charging and discharging of a battery source. Ashutosh Sharma | Lavkesh Patidar "Charging and Discharging Control of Li-Ion Battery for Electric Vehicle Applications" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51935.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/51935/charging-and-discharging-control-of-liion-battery-for-electric-vehicle-applications/ashutosh-sharma
The document discusses battery management systems (BMS). It explains that a BMS monitors and controls batteries to ensure safe and optimal use by performing functions like cell protection, charge control, state of charge and health determination, and cell balancing. It provides examples of BMS applications in intelligent batteries, battery storage power stations, and automotive battery management systems.
Battery Management System For Electric Vehicle Applications.pdfInstansi
This thesis discusses battery management systems (BMS) for electric vehicle applications. It presents an improved battery model that accounts for self-discharging, temperature effects, and capacity fading. Simulation results show the model can accurately simulate charging, discharging, and cell balancing processes. The thesis also details a BMS hardware system designed using Texas Instruments components. It was improved with a user interface, thermal management, and current monitoring. Experimental results validated the BMS system's performance in monitoring and protecting lithium-ion battery packs.
The document discusses the history and components of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). It notes that the first human-carrying electric vehicle was tested in Paris in 1881. BEVs use electricity from batteries to power an electric motor rather than an internal combustion engine. The key components of BEVs are the battery charger, traction batteries, power converters, electric motor, motor controller, transmission system, and differential system. BEVs are further classified based on their energy storage sources into pure electric vehicles (PEVs/BEVs), fuel cell electric vehicles, ultracapacitor electric vehicles, and ultraflywheel electric vehicles.
• Plug-in Hybrid-Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), are hybrids with high capacity batteries that can be charged by plugging them into an electrical outlet or charging station. They can store enough electricity to significantly reduce their petroleum use under typical driving conditions
BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS) IN ELECTRIC VEHICLESBhagavathyP
Why we need BMS?
General function of BMS
Block diagram of BMS
Battery pack – Voltage, Current, Temperature and Isolation sensing
HV contactor control
BMS communications interface
Estimation of energy and power and SOC
Methods to find SOC
Cell Balancing
Relationship between SOC and DOD
Super capacitors and Battery power management for Hybrid VehicleApplications...Pradeep Avanigadda
This document discusses power management strategies for hybrid vehicles using super capacitors and batteries. It evaluates using multi-boost and full-bridge converter topologies to define the best approach. A hybrid vehicle uses electric motors and renewable/fossil fuel power sources. Super capacitors can charge/discharge continuously without degrading like batteries. The paper aims to study managing energy from two super capacitor packs of 108 cells each at 270V maximum using the converter topologies.
This document discusses various battery technologies including primary and secondary cells. It provides details on dry cells, lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, and fuel cells. The key points are:
- Primary cells cannot be recharged while secondary cells can be recharged by passing current in the opposite direction.
- Dry cells are inexpensive but have a limited shelf life. Lead-acid batteries are rechargeable and commonly used in vehicles. Nickel-cadmium batteries can be recharged hundreds of times.
- Fuel cells directly convert chemical energy to electrical energy and include hydrogen-oxygen and methanol-oxygen types. They do not require recharging and have applications in space, military, and stationary power
The presentation highlights the following :
a) Current status of Renewable Energy in India
b) The issue of duck curve due to high volume of solar energy
c) Demand increase due to Electric Vehicle (EV) will lead to more demand for Renewable Energy
d) Global & Indian Market Scenario for Electric Vehicle (EV)
e) Recommendation of Niti Aayog for development of Electric Vehicle (EV) market in India
The document discusses battery management systems (BMS). It explains that a BMS monitors and controls batteries to ensure safe and optimal use by performing functions like cell protection, charge control, state of charge and health determination, and cell balancing. It provides examples of BMS applications in intelligent batteries, battery storage power stations, and automotive battery management systems.
Battery Management System For Electric Vehicle Applications.pdfInstansi
This thesis discusses battery management systems (BMS) for electric vehicle applications. It presents an improved battery model that accounts for self-discharging, temperature effects, and capacity fading. Simulation results show the model can accurately simulate charging, discharging, and cell balancing processes. The thesis also details a BMS hardware system designed using Texas Instruments components. It was improved with a user interface, thermal management, and current monitoring. Experimental results validated the BMS system's performance in monitoring and protecting lithium-ion battery packs.
The document discusses the history and components of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). It notes that the first human-carrying electric vehicle was tested in Paris in 1881. BEVs use electricity from batteries to power an electric motor rather than an internal combustion engine. The key components of BEVs are the battery charger, traction batteries, power converters, electric motor, motor controller, transmission system, and differential system. BEVs are further classified based on their energy storage sources into pure electric vehicles (PEVs/BEVs), fuel cell electric vehicles, ultracapacitor electric vehicles, and ultraflywheel electric vehicles.
• Plug-in Hybrid-Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), are hybrids with high capacity batteries that can be charged by plugging them into an electrical outlet or charging station. They can store enough electricity to significantly reduce their petroleum use under typical driving conditions
BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS) IN ELECTRIC VEHICLESBhagavathyP
Why we need BMS?
General function of BMS
Block diagram of BMS
Battery pack – Voltage, Current, Temperature and Isolation sensing
HV contactor control
BMS communications interface
Estimation of energy and power and SOC
Methods to find SOC
Cell Balancing
Relationship between SOC and DOD
Super capacitors and Battery power management for Hybrid VehicleApplications...Pradeep Avanigadda
This document discusses power management strategies for hybrid vehicles using super capacitors and batteries. It evaluates using multi-boost and full-bridge converter topologies to define the best approach. A hybrid vehicle uses electric motors and renewable/fossil fuel power sources. Super capacitors can charge/discharge continuously without degrading like batteries. The paper aims to study managing energy from two super capacitor packs of 108 cells each at 270V maximum using the converter topologies.
This document discusses various battery technologies including primary and secondary cells. It provides details on dry cells, lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, and fuel cells. The key points are:
- Primary cells cannot be recharged while secondary cells can be recharged by passing current in the opposite direction.
- Dry cells are inexpensive but have a limited shelf life. Lead-acid batteries are rechargeable and commonly used in vehicles. Nickel-cadmium batteries can be recharged hundreds of times.
- Fuel cells directly convert chemical energy to electrical energy and include hydrogen-oxygen and methanol-oxygen types. They do not require recharging and have applications in space, military, and stationary power
The presentation highlights the following :
a) Current status of Renewable Energy in India
b) The issue of duck curve due to high volume of solar energy
c) Demand increase due to Electric Vehicle (EV) will lead to more demand for Renewable Energy
d) Global & Indian Market Scenario for Electric Vehicle (EV)
e) Recommendation of Niti Aayog for development of Electric Vehicle (EV) market in India
A hybrid electric vehicle combines an electric motor with an internal combustion engine to improve fuel efficiency. There are two main types of hybrid configurations - parallel and series. In a parallel hybrid, both the engine and electric motor can power the wheels directly. In a series hybrid, the engine charges the battery which powers the electric motor to turn the wheels. Fuel cell hybrid vehicles use hydrogen to power an electric motor, providing emissions-free propulsion. Driving at a constant speed, avoiding abrupt stops, and driving more slowly can improve the fuel efficiency of any hybrid vehicle.
Ultracapacitor based energy storage system for hybrid and electric vehiclesAkshay Chandran
Ultracapacitors and its applications in energy storage in vehicles
and hybrid energy storage systems
contents
*Introduction
*Capacitors and Ultracapacitors
*Advantages of ultracapacitors
*Conventional ESS
*HESS(Hybrid Energy Storage Systems)
*Design and Working
*Operation of Proposed Systems
*Conclusion
In this project, main focus is to develop high power density and high efficiency converter with closed loop control for attaining load and line regulation. Complete converter was simulated in PSIM and implemented hardware in CEERI lab.
Battery Management System Introduction - Penelope Bise - June 2013Oldenburg University
The document discusses battery management systems (BMS) and their importance for lithium-ion batteries. A BMS monitors cells to ensure safety, increases battery life, and maintains the battery system in an accurate state. Key BMS functions include balancing cells, estimating state of charge, determining state of health, and protecting the battery from damage. The BMS helps keep individual cells in a secure state and collects data to evaluate battery performance over time.
This document proposes an intelligent battery management solution (iBMS) for electric vehicles that uses artificial intelligence techniques like fuzzy logic and signature pattern analysis. The iBMS provides comprehensive monitoring of battery state of charge, state of health, charging, discharging, and isolation of defective cells. It uses a bi-directional DC-DC converter for charging/discharging and cell cutoff. An AI module with fuzzy logic estimates battery health. The design offers affordable on-board monitoring and diagnostics to extend battery life in EVs and hybrid electric vehicles.
Contents of this presenation entitled 'Introduction of different Energy storage systems used in Electric & Hybrid vehicles' is useful for beginners and students
Constant Temperature Constant Voltage (CT-CV) Charging Technique for Lithium-...lalitpatnaik
1. A new constant-temperature constant-voltage (CT-CV) charging technique is proposed that adjusts the charging current in response to the battery's temperature to reduce charging time without increasing degradation.
2. Experimental results show that CT-CV charging can reduce charging time by 20% compared to constant-current constant-voltage charging while maintaining the same temperature rise.
3. CT-CV charging can also lower the temperature rise by 20% compared to constant-current constant-voltage charging during the same charging period.
This document provides information about batteries, including different types (primary, secondary), chemistries (lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, lithium-ion), and applications (deep cycle, engine starting). It describes the basic components and configurations of lead-acid batteries, including flooded, sealed, and absorbed glass mat designs. Metrics for battery capacity ratings like amp-hours and cranking amps are defined. Guidelines for safe battery charging, maintenance, and electrolyte handling are outlined.
This document provides an overview of ultracapacitors, also known as supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors. It defines ultracapacitors as energy storage devices that store energy electrostatically without chemical reactions. The document describes the construction of ultracapacitors including porous electrodes, an electrolyte, separator, and current collectors. It also explains the formation of an electric double layer and types of ultracapacitors such as double-layer, pseudocapacitors, and hybrid capacitors. Applications mentioned include electronics, electric vehicles, and backup power systems.
Creating a PowerPoint presentation on the "Types of Electric Vehicles" can be a useful way to educate your audience about the various electric vehicle (EV) technologies available. Here's a short description for each type of electric vehicle that you can include in your presentation:
Slide 1: Title
Title: "Types of Electric Vehicles"
Slide 2: Introduction
Briefly introduce the topic and its importance.
Mention the environmental and economic benefits of electric vehicles.
Slide 3: Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)
Describe BEVs as vehicles that run solely on electric power.
Highlight their zero-emission nature.
Mention examples like Tesla Model 3 and Nissan Leaf.
Slide 4: Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
Explain PHEVs as vehicles that combine an electric motor and an internal combustion engine.
Emphasize their ability to drive on electric power and gasoline.
Mention examples like the Chevrolet Volt.
Slide 5: Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
Define HEVs as vehicles with both an electric motor and an internal combustion engine.
Explain how they use regenerative braking to charge the battery.
Mention examples like the Toyota Prius.
Slide 6: Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs)
Describe FCEVs as vehicles that use hydrogen fuel cells to generate electricity to power the electric motor.
Emphasize their zero-emission nature and fast refueling times.
Mention examples like the Toyota Mirai.
Slide 7: E-Bikes and E-Scooters
Explain that electric bicycles (e-bikes) and electric scooters (e-scooters) are becoming popular forms of electric mobility.
Discuss their role in last-mile transportation.
Slide 8: Commercial Electric Vehicles
Mention electric buses, trucks, and delivery vans.
Explain how commercial EVs contribute to reducing emissions in urban areas.
Slide 9: Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure
Highlight the importance of charging infrastructure for EV adoption.
Discuss the types of chargers (Level 1, Level 2, DC fast chargers).
Slide 10: Government Incentives
Explain government incentives and subsidies for electric vehicle adoption.
Mention tax credits, rebates, and other benefits.
Slide 11: Environmental Benefits
Discuss how electric vehicles contribute to reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
Highlight the positive impact on local air quality.
Slide 12: Cost of Ownership
Compare the total cost of ownership of electric vehicles to traditional gasoline vehicles.
Mention savings on fuel and maintenance.
Slide 13: Challenges and Future Outlook
Address challenges such as range anxiety, charging infrastructure gaps, and battery disposal.
Discuss the future outlook of electric vehicles and advancements in technology.
Slide 14: Conclusion
1. The document presents information about lead acid batteries, including their construction, types of cells, and working.
2. A lead acid battery consists of lead plates immersed in sulfuric acid electrolyte within a sealed case. During discharge, the plates convert chemical energy to electrical energy through chemical reactions.
3. The battery works by reversing these chemical reactions during charging, restoring the plates and electrolyte to their original state to allow for further use.
This presentation outlines the different storage technology options available to cope up with the intermittent nature of the Renewable energy like wind and solar.
Battery and Super Capacitor based Hybrid Energy Storage System (BSHESS)Er. Raju Bhardwaj
The aim of this presentation includes that battery and super capacitor devices as key storage technology for their excellent properties in terms of power density, energy density, charging and discharging cycles, life span and a wide operative temperature rang etc. Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) by battery and super capacitor has the advantages compare to conventional battery energy storage system (BESS). This ppt describes the hybrid energy storage system that is suitable for use in renewable sources like solar, wind and can be used for remote or backup energy storage systems in absence of a working power grid.
This ppt based on my research work in the field of "Energy Storage Technologies(EST) and Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS)".
A feasible way towards safer, better-performing batteries?
Conventional Li-ion battery technologies, based on flammable liquid electrolytes, are continuously improving. However, faster progress towards greater safety, higher performance, and better cost reduction is desired. A next-generation battery technology like solid-state battery, which uses solid electrodes and solid electrolytes, could potentially satisfy these objectives.
More information on : https://www.i-micronews.com/batteries-energy-mgmt/product/solid-state-battery.html
Design of an Intelligent Battery Management System (BMS)Aneeshan Sain
This document describes the design of an intelligent battery management system (BMS) for solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. It discusses the need for a BMS to optimize battery usage, minimize damage, and enhance reliability. It then outlines the major subsystems of the BMS, including the solar PV array, DC-DC converter, battery, and controller. Mathematical models of these subsystems were created in MATLAB, including models of the solar PV array, DC-DC converter, lithium-ion battery charging characteristics, and state of charge estimation. Simulation results demonstrating 2-stage and 3-stage constant-current constant-voltage charging are presented. Future work planned includes improving the charge controller and adding maximum power point tracking
Electrical Drives and Control Heating and Cooling CurvesDr.Raja R
Electrical Drives and Control
Heating and Cooling Curves
Relation Ship Between Temperature Rise and Time:
Heating time constant
Cooling time constant
MUTHAYAMMAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Critique on two-wheeler electric vehicle batteriesIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview and critique of battery technologies used in electric two-wheeler vehicles. It discusses four main battery types: lead acid batteries, nickel metal hydride batteries, nickel cadmium batteries, and lithium-ion batteries. For each battery type, the document outlines the basic chemistry and reactions, advantages, disadvantages, and suitability for electric vehicles. It concludes that lithium-ion batteries currently provide the best performance for electric vehicles due to their higher energy density, longer lifespan, and lack of memory effect compared to other battery types. Solid-state batteries are also introduced as a promising technology to overcome safety issues with lithium-ion batteries.
IRJET- A Study on Electric Vehicle BatteryIRJET Journal
The document discusses electric vehicle battery technologies. It begins by providing background on the increasing use of electric vehicles and importance of battery technologies. It then reviews the history of batteries used in electric vehicles, including early lead-acid batteries from 1859 and later nickel-cadmium, lithium-ion, and other battery types. The document focuses on lithium-ion as the current predominant battery for electric vehicles. It also discusses various battery classification based on application and reviews some viable electric vehicle battery technologies specifically, including lead-acid, nickel-based, and lithium-based batteries.
A hybrid electric vehicle combines an electric motor with an internal combustion engine to improve fuel efficiency. There are two main types of hybrid configurations - parallel and series. In a parallel hybrid, both the engine and electric motor can power the wheels directly. In a series hybrid, the engine charges the battery which powers the electric motor to turn the wheels. Fuel cell hybrid vehicles use hydrogen to power an electric motor, providing emissions-free propulsion. Driving at a constant speed, avoiding abrupt stops, and driving more slowly can improve the fuel efficiency of any hybrid vehicle.
Ultracapacitor based energy storage system for hybrid and electric vehiclesAkshay Chandran
Ultracapacitors and its applications in energy storage in vehicles
and hybrid energy storage systems
contents
*Introduction
*Capacitors and Ultracapacitors
*Advantages of ultracapacitors
*Conventional ESS
*HESS(Hybrid Energy Storage Systems)
*Design and Working
*Operation of Proposed Systems
*Conclusion
In this project, main focus is to develop high power density and high efficiency converter with closed loop control for attaining load and line regulation. Complete converter was simulated in PSIM and implemented hardware in CEERI lab.
Battery Management System Introduction - Penelope Bise - June 2013Oldenburg University
The document discusses battery management systems (BMS) and their importance for lithium-ion batteries. A BMS monitors cells to ensure safety, increases battery life, and maintains the battery system in an accurate state. Key BMS functions include balancing cells, estimating state of charge, determining state of health, and protecting the battery from damage. The BMS helps keep individual cells in a secure state and collects data to evaluate battery performance over time.
This document proposes an intelligent battery management solution (iBMS) for electric vehicles that uses artificial intelligence techniques like fuzzy logic and signature pattern analysis. The iBMS provides comprehensive monitoring of battery state of charge, state of health, charging, discharging, and isolation of defective cells. It uses a bi-directional DC-DC converter for charging/discharging and cell cutoff. An AI module with fuzzy logic estimates battery health. The design offers affordable on-board monitoring and diagnostics to extend battery life in EVs and hybrid electric vehicles.
Contents of this presenation entitled 'Introduction of different Energy storage systems used in Electric & Hybrid vehicles' is useful for beginners and students
Constant Temperature Constant Voltage (CT-CV) Charging Technique for Lithium-...lalitpatnaik
1. A new constant-temperature constant-voltage (CT-CV) charging technique is proposed that adjusts the charging current in response to the battery's temperature to reduce charging time without increasing degradation.
2. Experimental results show that CT-CV charging can reduce charging time by 20% compared to constant-current constant-voltage charging while maintaining the same temperature rise.
3. CT-CV charging can also lower the temperature rise by 20% compared to constant-current constant-voltage charging during the same charging period.
This document provides information about batteries, including different types (primary, secondary), chemistries (lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, lithium-ion), and applications (deep cycle, engine starting). It describes the basic components and configurations of lead-acid batteries, including flooded, sealed, and absorbed glass mat designs. Metrics for battery capacity ratings like amp-hours and cranking amps are defined. Guidelines for safe battery charging, maintenance, and electrolyte handling are outlined.
This document provides an overview of ultracapacitors, also known as supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors. It defines ultracapacitors as energy storage devices that store energy electrostatically without chemical reactions. The document describes the construction of ultracapacitors including porous electrodes, an electrolyte, separator, and current collectors. It also explains the formation of an electric double layer and types of ultracapacitors such as double-layer, pseudocapacitors, and hybrid capacitors. Applications mentioned include electronics, electric vehicles, and backup power systems.
Creating a PowerPoint presentation on the "Types of Electric Vehicles" can be a useful way to educate your audience about the various electric vehicle (EV) technologies available. Here's a short description for each type of electric vehicle that you can include in your presentation:
Slide 1: Title
Title: "Types of Electric Vehicles"
Slide 2: Introduction
Briefly introduce the topic and its importance.
Mention the environmental and economic benefits of electric vehicles.
Slide 3: Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)
Describe BEVs as vehicles that run solely on electric power.
Highlight their zero-emission nature.
Mention examples like Tesla Model 3 and Nissan Leaf.
Slide 4: Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
Explain PHEVs as vehicles that combine an electric motor and an internal combustion engine.
Emphasize their ability to drive on electric power and gasoline.
Mention examples like the Chevrolet Volt.
Slide 5: Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
Define HEVs as vehicles with both an electric motor and an internal combustion engine.
Explain how they use regenerative braking to charge the battery.
Mention examples like the Toyota Prius.
Slide 6: Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs)
Describe FCEVs as vehicles that use hydrogen fuel cells to generate electricity to power the electric motor.
Emphasize their zero-emission nature and fast refueling times.
Mention examples like the Toyota Mirai.
Slide 7: E-Bikes and E-Scooters
Explain that electric bicycles (e-bikes) and electric scooters (e-scooters) are becoming popular forms of electric mobility.
Discuss their role in last-mile transportation.
Slide 8: Commercial Electric Vehicles
Mention electric buses, trucks, and delivery vans.
Explain how commercial EVs contribute to reducing emissions in urban areas.
Slide 9: Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure
Highlight the importance of charging infrastructure for EV adoption.
Discuss the types of chargers (Level 1, Level 2, DC fast chargers).
Slide 10: Government Incentives
Explain government incentives and subsidies for electric vehicle adoption.
Mention tax credits, rebates, and other benefits.
Slide 11: Environmental Benefits
Discuss how electric vehicles contribute to reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
Highlight the positive impact on local air quality.
Slide 12: Cost of Ownership
Compare the total cost of ownership of electric vehicles to traditional gasoline vehicles.
Mention savings on fuel and maintenance.
Slide 13: Challenges and Future Outlook
Address challenges such as range anxiety, charging infrastructure gaps, and battery disposal.
Discuss the future outlook of electric vehicles and advancements in technology.
Slide 14: Conclusion
1. The document presents information about lead acid batteries, including their construction, types of cells, and working.
2. A lead acid battery consists of lead plates immersed in sulfuric acid electrolyte within a sealed case. During discharge, the plates convert chemical energy to electrical energy through chemical reactions.
3. The battery works by reversing these chemical reactions during charging, restoring the plates and electrolyte to their original state to allow for further use.
This presentation outlines the different storage technology options available to cope up with the intermittent nature of the Renewable energy like wind and solar.
Battery and Super Capacitor based Hybrid Energy Storage System (BSHESS)Er. Raju Bhardwaj
The aim of this presentation includes that battery and super capacitor devices as key storage technology for their excellent properties in terms of power density, energy density, charging and discharging cycles, life span and a wide operative temperature rang etc. Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) by battery and super capacitor has the advantages compare to conventional battery energy storage system (BESS). This ppt describes the hybrid energy storage system that is suitable for use in renewable sources like solar, wind and can be used for remote or backup energy storage systems in absence of a working power grid.
This ppt based on my research work in the field of "Energy Storage Technologies(EST) and Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS)".
A feasible way towards safer, better-performing batteries?
Conventional Li-ion battery technologies, based on flammable liquid electrolytes, are continuously improving. However, faster progress towards greater safety, higher performance, and better cost reduction is desired. A next-generation battery technology like solid-state battery, which uses solid electrodes and solid electrolytes, could potentially satisfy these objectives.
More information on : https://www.i-micronews.com/batteries-energy-mgmt/product/solid-state-battery.html
Design of an Intelligent Battery Management System (BMS)Aneeshan Sain
This document describes the design of an intelligent battery management system (BMS) for solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. It discusses the need for a BMS to optimize battery usage, minimize damage, and enhance reliability. It then outlines the major subsystems of the BMS, including the solar PV array, DC-DC converter, battery, and controller. Mathematical models of these subsystems were created in MATLAB, including models of the solar PV array, DC-DC converter, lithium-ion battery charging characteristics, and state of charge estimation. Simulation results demonstrating 2-stage and 3-stage constant-current constant-voltage charging are presented. Future work planned includes improving the charge controller and adding maximum power point tracking
Electrical Drives and Control Heating and Cooling CurvesDr.Raja R
Electrical Drives and Control
Heating and Cooling Curves
Relation Ship Between Temperature Rise and Time:
Heating time constant
Cooling time constant
MUTHAYAMMAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Critique on two-wheeler electric vehicle batteriesIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview and critique of battery technologies used in electric two-wheeler vehicles. It discusses four main battery types: lead acid batteries, nickel metal hydride batteries, nickel cadmium batteries, and lithium-ion batteries. For each battery type, the document outlines the basic chemistry and reactions, advantages, disadvantages, and suitability for electric vehicles. It concludes that lithium-ion batteries currently provide the best performance for electric vehicles due to their higher energy density, longer lifespan, and lack of memory effect compared to other battery types. Solid-state batteries are also introduced as a promising technology to overcome safety issues with lithium-ion batteries.
IRJET- A Study on Electric Vehicle BatteryIRJET Journal
The document discusses electric vehicle battery technologies. It begins by providing background on the increasing use of electric vehicles and importance of battery technologies. It then reviews the history of batteries used in electric vehicles, including early lead-acid batteries from 1859 and later nickel-cadmium, lithium-ion, and other battery types. The document focuses on lithium-ion as the current predominant battery for electric vehicles. It also discusses various battery classification based on application and reviews some viable electric vehicle battery technologies specifically, including lead-acid, nickel-based, and lithium-based batteries.
Design & Simulation of Battery management system in Electrical Vehicles Using...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and simulation of a battery management system for electric vehicles using MATLAB. It describes developing an electrical circuit model of a lithium-ion battery in MATLAB and using it to simulate battery parameters like state of charge, voltage, and current under different operating conditions. The goal is to understand the mathematical relationship between input and output battery parameters and evaluate the battery's charging and discharging behavior.
Hybrid Electric Vehicle Charging by Solar Panel using of SupercapacitorsYogeshIJTSRD
In recent years, the demand for electric EV has increased drastically because of the rising pollution from emissions into the atmosphere in recent years. EV’s have simpler architecture, lower noise levels, better stability, and, most significantly, they safeguard the environment. Rapidly increasing population, energy consumption, and the need to reduce emissions through the conventional vehicle have motivated researchers to study the electric hybrid vehicles EHVs . In normal scenario in INDIA in electric vehicles like E cabs and E cars conventional battery is used and the real drawback of conventional batteries is that it drained out fast when used with full capacity and rechargeable is time significantly high usually 7 to 8 hours. A large number of methods have already been already proposed by various researchers that can solve the problem, however, these systems were not efficient enough for draining out the charging in EV. In order to overcome the limitation rapid discharge and slow recharge supercapacitors can be very significant solution of this problems. Using of solar panel is precure our environment which can be most important thing in this developing and growing world the use of solar in vehicle and using electric cars can be safeguard of our society and we can be free from using petroleum fuels which are limited and world can be made safer for our upcoming generations. supercapacitor used as additional energy storage for hybrid wind and photovoltaic system. It charges energy when it is windy or sunny and discharges when there is no power generated from photovoltaic or wind due to the sudden passing clouds disturbance or very low wind speed. Hence, it is necessary to understand the characteristics of the supercapacitor and determine these different electric models. Satya Veer Singh | Poonam Kumari "Hybrid Electric Vehicle Charging by Solar Panel using of Supercapacitors" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45037.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/45037/hybrid-electric-vehicle-charging-by-solar-panel-using-of-supercapacitors/satya-veer-singh
Rechargeable Sodium-ion Battery - The Future of Battery DevelopmentDESH D YADAV
This document provides an overview of rechargeable sodium-ion batteries and their potential as an alternative to lithium-ion batteries. Sodium-ion batteries offer lower costs due to sodium's nearly unlimited supply compared to lithium. However, their commercial development has been hampered by electrode materials that swell significantly during charging and discharging. Researchers have now developed a composite material made of molybdenum disulfide and graphene nanosheets that shows potential as a sodium-ion battery anode by resisting the swelling reaction. This flexible paper electrode is also the first demonstrated to work at room temperature in a sodium-ion battery anode.
A Study of the Factors that Affect Lithium Ion Battery DegradationPower System Operation
Due in part to concern over atmospheric carbon and global warming, the move from centralized fossil fuel-based power generation to renewable energy-based distributed generation is growing. Since the availability of renewable energy, e.g., photovoltaic and wind, is independent of electrical demand, battery energy storage systems (BESS) are also under development. Several battery types have been studied for use in BESS, but for a variety of reasons, most new energy storage systems are based on lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. Despite their advantages, however, Li-ion batteries degrade relatively rapidly under certain circumstances, which shortens their cycling lifespan, requiring costly replacement. This paper describes the results of a study of the influence of several factors on the degradation of Li-ion battery capacity during repeated charge/discharge cycling, including battery chemistry, ageing, cycling frequency, and temperature.
By Mr. Irish Pereira The current and expected usage of redox flow batteries across the World.
Includes usage of redox batteries in power generation sectors, including market trends.
IRJET- Design of Battery Pack for Electric VehiclesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the design of a battery pack for an electric vehicle with a mass of 1250 kg and a range of 483 km per charge. Key aspects of the design include:
1) Selection of lithium-ion battery cells with cobalt, nickel, and manganese in the cathode and a graphite anode due to their high specific energy and power.
2) Calculation of the required battery pack capacity as 103.4 kWh to achieve the desired range while accounting for 80% efficiency.
3) Configuration of the pack into 14 modules, each containing 540 cells in a 10s54p arrangement, to achieve the target voltage of 517 V and energy of 103.5 k
IRJET- Analysis and Study of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Systems used as an Electricit...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes hydrogen fuel cell systems used for electricity storage with wind farms. It discusses how excess electricity from wind turbines can be used to produce hydrogen through electrolysis, which is then stored and later used to generate electricity through fuel cells when wind power is insufficient. The document evaluates the economics of using such a system, calculating the total capital costs based on costs of the fuel cells, hydrogen storage, and electrolyzer. It determines formulas for sizing the electrolyzer and fuel cell based on the power and duration of discharge and charge cycles. The analysis suggests hydrogen fuel cell systems can provide efficient electricity storage to improve the reliability of renewable energy sources integrated with the grid.
Implementation and Calculation of State of Charge for Electric VehiclesIRJET Journal
This document discusses various methods for estimating the state of charge (SOC) of lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles. It first provides background on the importance of accurately estimating SOC and challenges in doing so. It then reviews different modeling approaches (physical models, data-driven models, equivalent circuit models) and filtering techniques like the Kalman filter and Extended Kalman filter (EKF) that are often used with equivalent circuit models. Several research papers applying EKF approaches to SOC estimation are summarized. The document concludes the EKF provides a good balance between accuracy and complexity and is well-suited for SOC estimation applications.
Implementation and Calculation of State of Charge for Electric VehiclesIRJET Journal
This document discusses various methods for estimating the state of charge (SOC) of lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles. It first provides background on the importance of accurately estimating SOC and challenges in doing so. It then reviews different modeling approaches (physical models, data-driven models, equivalent circuit models) and filtering techniques like the Kalman filter and extended Kalman filter (EKF) that are often used with equivalent circuit models. Several research papers applying the EKF to SOC estimation are summarized. The document concludes the EKF is the best method for its ability to handle noise and provide accurate SOC estimation with low complexity.
Vaibhav Kumar Singh and M Faisal Jamal Khan, Ravensburg-Weingarten University, Germany “Analytical Study and Comparison of Solid and Liquid Batteries for Electric Vehicles and Thermal Management Simulation” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.1 (2019): 27-33.
Subjective and Comparatively Studied of Batteries on Different Parameters Eff...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that conducted a subjective and comparative study of various automobile batteries. The paper analyzed 20 relevant research articles on batteries based on parameters like power output, charging time, cost, and limitations. It ranked the batteries based on these parameters and mapped the highest performing batteries for power output and charging time. The mapping showed that the sodium nickel chloride battery had the highest power output while the aluminum-ion battery had the shortest charging time. A combined experimental study of these two batteries was recommended to achieve high performance and optimize batteries for electric vehicles.
IRJET- Analysis of Hybrid Energy Storage System for Electric VehicleIRJET Journal
This document discusses a hybrid energy storage system for electric vehicles that combines batteries and supercapacitors. It begins by introducing the challenges of battery life and charging times for electric vehicles. It then explains that supercapacitors can help address these issues by supporting batteries during peak demands, improving efficiency, and extending battery life. The document provides details on how batteries and supercapacitors work and their advantages when combined in a hybrid system. It describes the basic configuration of such a hybrid energy storage system for electric vehicles.
This report discusses new advances in technologies like regenerative breaking, mass production that reduces cost, battery management system, and higher battery life and battery efficiency are the few of the techies that made electric cars a within the reach of the common man.
Techno-Economic and Environmental Analysis of Wind-Diesel Power Systemijtsrd
This paper discusses the economic analysis and environmental impacts of integrating a photovoltaic (PV) array into diesel-electric power systems for remote villages. MATLAB Simulink is used to match the load with the demand and apportion the electrical production between the PV and diesel-electric generator. The economic part of the model calculates the fuel consumed, the kilo watt hours obtained per gallon of fuel supplied, and the total cost of fuel. The environmental part of the model calculates the particulate matter (PM), NOx and CO2 emitted to the atmosphere. Simulations were performed for three cases: 1) diesel only; 2) diesel-battery; and 3) PV with diesel-battery using a one-year time period. The simulation results were utilized to calculate the energy payback, the simple payback time for the PV module, and the avoided costs of CO2, NOx, and PM Ghanshyam Jayswal | Gagan Deep Yadav"Techno-Economic and Environmental Analysis of Wind-Diesel Power System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd157.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/157/techno-economic-and-environmental-analysis-of-wind-diesel-power-system/ghanshyam-jayswal
Beyond Lithium-Ion: The Promise and Pitfalls of BYD's Blade Batteries for El...Md. Faishal Rahaman
"Beyond Lithium-Ion: The Promise and Pitfalls of BYD's Blade Batteries for Electric Vehicles" is a review paper published in The International Conference on Energy and Green Computing (ICEGC’ 2023).
To read the full short review paper go through the ResearchGate account below: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Md-Rahaman-106
Smart Battery Management System for Lithium Ion BatteryIRJET Journal
This document discusses a smart battery management system for lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles. It begins with an abstract that outlines the importance of battery management systems in ensuring battery safety through functions like state monitoring, charge regulation, and cell balancing. It then discusses lithium-ion battery chemistry and different cell types like cylindrical, prismatic, and pouch cells. The document focuses on battery management systems, explaining that they monitor battery health metrics like state of charge, state of health, and state of life. It also covers cell balancing techniques and battery cell monitoring systems. Methodologies for determining state of charge and state of health are then outlined.
Implementation of Dynamic Performance Analysis of Electric Vehicular Technologyijtsrd
The choice of this paper is to enhance the reader widespread operational traits with various kinds of batteries, the charge and discharge dynamics of the battery version with six battery sorts, an upgrade and smooth to use battery dynamic model. Comparison among the six sorts of batteries, diverse parameters of the battery and Simulation results deliver the only of a type load situations of the Li Ion battery. The proposed assessment is completed to turn out to be privy to the immoderate overall performance of Li Ion battery evaluate to 6 batteries and its far studies for future paintings of the researchers. This paper introduces a comprehensive analysis of the dynamic overall performance of an electric vehicle system using one in all a kind manipulate algorithms. The whole mathematical models of the electric vehicle and its motor force device are defined in a scientific manner. Furthermore, the vehicle dynamics are tested with several control topologies to investigate the maximum suitable one. Konanki Srinivasa Rao | Inampudi Anil Babu | Mondru Chiranjeevi "Implementation of Dynamic Performance Analysis of Electric Vehicular Technology" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49718.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/49718/implementation-of-dynamic-performance-analysis-of-electric-vehicular-technology/konanki-srinivasa-rao
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‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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durability. The control of charging and discharging
play vital role in the EV operation. This paper
simulates and analyze the mathematical model of
charging and discharging of a lithium-Ion battery. A
PI controller has been used to tune the proper
reference signals for the DC-DC pulse width
modulation block [5], [6]. Based upon the controller
response the PWM block generated the pulses to be
applied to the switches of DC-DC converter used for
battery charging.
To analyze the key parameters i.e., state of charge
(SoC %), battery current, Batteryvoltage associated to
it, various scenarios has been considered and
simulated to draw suitable conclusions. This study
provides the reader the insight of battery charging and
discharging and its control especially for electric
vehicles (EVs) application. The software tool has been
used is MATLAB Simulink version 2020b.
II. Battery properties
A. Types of Energy Storage for EV application
Energy storage systems, usuallybatteries, are essential
for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid
electric vehicles (PHEVs), and all-electric vehicles
(EVs) [8]. The following energy storage systems are
used in HEVs, PHEVs, and EVs.
Lithium-Ion Batteries: Lithium-ion batteries as
shown in Fig 1 are currently used in most portable
consumer electronics such as cell phones and
laptops because of their high energy per unit mass
relative to other electrical energy storage systems.
They also have a high power-to-weight ratio, high
energy efficiency, good high-temperature
performance, and low self-discharge. Most
components of lithium-ion batteries can be
recycled, but the cost of material recoveryremains
a challenge for the industry.
Fig 1 A typical battery pack for EV application
The U.S. Department of Energy is also supporting the
Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Prize to identify
solutions for collecting, sorting, storing, and
transporting spent and discarded lithium-ion batteries
for eventual recycling and materials recovery [9].
Most of today's PHEVs and EVs use lithium-ion
batteries, though the exact chemistryoften varies from
that of consumer electronics batteries. Research and
development are ongoing to reduce their relatively
high cost, extend their useful life, and address safety
concerns regarding overheating.
Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries: Nickel-metal
hydride batteries, used routinely in computer and
medical equipment, offer reasonable specific
energy and specific power capabilities. Nickel-
metal hydride batteries have a much longer life
cycle than lead-acid batteries and are safe and
abuse tolerant. These batteries have been widely
used in HEVs. The main challenges with nickel-
metal hydride batteries are their high cost, high
self-discharge and heat generation at high
temperatures, and the need to control hydrogen
loss.
Lead-Acid Batteries: Lead-acid batteries can be
designed to be high power and are inexpensive,
safe, and reliable. However, low specific energy,
poor cold-temperature performance, and short
calendar and cycle life impede their use.
Advanced high-power lead-acid batteries are
being developed, but these batteries are only used
in commercially available electric-drive vehicles
for ancillary loads.
Ultra capacitors: Ultra capacitors store energy in
a polarized liquid between an electrode and an
electrolyte. Energy storage capacity increases as
the liquid's surface area increases. Ultra capacitors
can provide vehicles additional power during
acceleration and hill climbing and help recover
braking energy. They may also be useful as
secondary energy-storage devices in electric-drive
vehicles because they help electrochemical
batteries level load power.
Battery parameters
The key parameters to study the battery operating
characteristic and properties are listed below [10]:
A. Storage Capacity: It determines for number of
hours for which the battery can be discharged at a
constant current to a defined cut-off voltage. It is
represented by the Coulomb SI unit (Amperes per
second) but since this unit is usually very small,
the Ampere-hour (Ah) unit is used instead (1 Ah
represents 3600 C). The value of this capacity
depends on the ambient temperature, the age of
the battery, and the discharge rate. The higher the
discharge rate, the lower the capacity, although it
affects each battery technology differently.
Additional to the Ampere-hour unit, the storage
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capacitycan also be defined in Watt-hours (Wh=V
x Ah), where 1 Wh represents 3600 J.
B. Energy Density: The energy density is the amount
of energy that can be stored, per cubic meter of
battery volume, expressed in Watt-hour per cubic
meter (Wh/m3 ). This is a very important
parameter to select a specific battery technology
for transportation applications, where space
availability is critical.
C. Specific Power: This parameter is defined as the
power capacity per kilogram of battery, in W/kg.
Some battery technologies offer high energy
density but low specific power, which means that
even though they can store a large amount of
energy, they can only supply a small amount of
power instantly. In transportation terms, this
would mean that a vehicle could run for a long
distance, at low speed. On the contrary, batteries
with high specific power usually have low energy
density, because high discharge currents usually
reduce the available energy rapidly (e.g., high
acceleration).
D. Cell Voltage: The cell voltage is determined by
the equilibrium thermodynamic reactions that take
place inside the cell; however, this value is often
difficult to measure and therefore, the open circuit
voltage (OCV) measured between the anode and
cathode terminals is used instead. For some
battery technologies (e.g., lead-acid), the OCV can
be used as a basic estimate of the state of charge
(SoC). Another measure often used is the closed-
circuit voltage (CCV), which depends on the load
current, state of charge, and cell’s usage history.
Finally, batterymanufacturers provide the nominal
voltage value, from the cell’s characterization and
therefore, cannot be experimentally verified.
Fig 2 Typical discharge curves of lead acid as a
function of C-rate
E. Charge and Discharge Current: During the
discharging process in a battery, electrons flow
from the anode to the cathode through the load, to
provide with the required current and the circuit is
completed in the electrolyte. During the charging
process, an external source supplies with the
charging current and the oxidation takes place at
the positive electrode while the reduction takes
place at the negative electrode. For practical
purposes, the term C-rate is used to express the
charge or discharge current relative to the rated
capacity. For example, a discharge rate of 1 C
means that the battery will be fully discharged in 1
h. Charge and discharge rates of a battery are
governed by C-rates.
The capacity of a battery is commonly rated at 1C,
meaning that a fully charged battery rated at 1Ah
should provide 1A for one hour. The same battery
discharging at 0.5C should provide 500mA for two
hours, and at 2C it delivers 2A for 30 minutes. Losses
at fast discharges reduce the discharge time and these
losses also affect charge times. Fig 2 illustrates the
discharge times of a lead acid battery at various loads
expressed in C-rate.
F. A C-rate: The C-rate of 1C is also known as a
one-hour discharge; 0.5C or C/2 is a two-hour
discharge and 0.2C or C/5 is a 5-hour discharge.
Some high-performance batteries can be charged
and discharged above 1C with moderate stress.
Table 1 illustrates typical times at various C-rates.
G. State of Charge: The state of charge (SoC) defines
the amount of stored energy relative to the total
energy storage capacity of the battery. Depending
on the battery technology, different methods are
used to estimate this value.
H. Depth of Discharge: Often referred to as DoD (in
%), this parameter expresses the battery capacity
that has been discharged relative to the maximum
capacity. Each battery technology supports
different maximum recommended levels of DoD
to minimize its impact on the overall cycle life.
I. Cycle Life: The cycle life determines the number
of charge/discharge cycles that the battery can
experience before it reaches a predetermined
energy capacity or other performance criteria. The
current rate at which the battery is
charged/discharged as well as environmental
conditions (e.g., temperature and humidity) and
the DoD can affect this number, since it is
originally calculated bythe manufacturer based on
specific charge and discharge conditions.
J. Self-discharge: This parameter defines the
reduction in energy capacity of the battery under
no-load conditions (e.g., open circuit), because of
internal short-circuits and chemical reactions. This
parameter can be affected by environmental
conditions such as temperature and humidity, as
well as the DoD and the battery’s
charge/discharge history. Additionally, this
parameter is particularly important for long-term
shelf storage of batteries.
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K. Round-Trip Efficiency: Due to internal losses and
material degradation, not all the energy supplied
to the battery during charging can be recovered
during discharge. The amount of energy that can
be taken from the battery during the discharging
process over the energy supplied determines the
round-trip efficiency. This efficiency is sensitive
to the charging and discharging currents. At
higher currents, thermal losses increase and
therefore the efficiency is reduced
III. Battery parameters
Before Objective behind this study is to understand
the concept of power flow and control in a typical
battery. For this purpose, a Simulink model of battery
charging, and discharging has been developed in
MATLB Simulink using SimPowerSystem library.
The mathematical simulation models of various
component from Simulink are utilized to develop the
model and study the various dynamics during battery
operations such as charging/discharging. Following
models have been imported from Simulink library to
make the circuit shown in Fig 3.
Battery (Li-Ion)
DC voltage Source
Bi-directional DC-DC converter
Common Loads for two different sources
Fig 3 Circuit diagram for power flow control
between battery and applied DC voltage source
Simulink model in Fig. 3 implements a generic
battery model for most popular battery types.
Temperature and aging (due to cycling) effects can be
specified for Lithium-Ion battery type. Fig. 4 shows
the battery parameter assumed in MATLAB
Simulink.
Fig. 4 (a) Discharge parameters (Left) (b)
Nominal parameters (right)
The characteristics of the battery considered for this
purpose is shown in Fig. 5. This includes the
discharging characteristics, volt-Ampere-hour
characteristics below and above rated current ratings.
It has been plotted using MATLAB tool and
considering various characteristics.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 5 Characteristics of Li-Ion battery (a)
Discharge characteristics with Nominal
Currents (b) Discharge characteristics for above
and below to the nominal amperes (c) Volt-
Ampere characteristics for above and below to
the nominal amperes
IV. Battery charge control
The charging of battery takes place in two different
modes: Constant Current (CC) Mode and Constant
Voltage (CV) Mode
A. Constant Current (CC) Mode
In this mode of operation there are two methods to
generate the reference current and PWM control
signal i.e., Current based control and Voltage based
control described below.
(a) Current based Control: To study the dynamics of
battery charging the circuit of Fig. 3 is built in
MATLAB Simulink and simulated to observe the
three parameters i.e., SoC (State of Charge), Voltage
and Charging Current. A common load is assumed
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which is supplied by two voltage sources i.e., a battery
(Li-Ion) and a DC voltage source. To demonstrate the
charging of the battery, the batteryoperating current is
assumed to be negligible since it is under charging
mode.
In this mode a reference current is provided which is
further utilized as a reference to the PI controller. The
output response of the PI controller is utilized by DC-
DC pulse width modulation (PWM) block to generate
the switching signals for switches (MOSFETs). The
PWM signal pulse width is 5 micro-seconds and
frequency is 10 kHz. Fig. 6 shows the Simulink blocks
for the PI controller and PWM signal generator.
Fig 6. Proportional Integral Controller and
current based control
The Fig. 7 shows the charging characteristics for
current based control. The Charging current is the
reference current, and it can be clearly observed from
the figure that SoC % is increasing for the constant
reference current.
Fig. 7 Characteristics during battery charging in
constant current mode (a) SOC% (top), (b)
Reference current (middle) and (c) Voltage of
the battery (bottom).
From Fig. 7 it can be inferred that the voltage of the
battery is also increasing while charging. There are
two reference current applied as input at different time
instants, firstly 8A and after that 10 A. As the
reference current increases the SoC% increases and so
the voltage across the battery also increases. Here the
reference current is applied externally and not
generated internally just to demonstrate the charging
of the battery. The permissible maximum current is
22A. The pulse width modulation (PWM) method is
used to generate the switching signals for the two
MOSFETS. The two signals are complementary to
each other as shown in Fig. 8.
Fig. 8 The waveform of the PWM switching
signals to MOSFETS
While charging the battery up to 80% SoC there is
hardly any significant difference in modes (CC or
CV), while after this point i.e., the mode of charging
matters. Now the constant current and constant
voltage modes can be observed separately.
PI controller gains
Reference Current
generation method
Kp Ki
Current Based 0.005 10
Voltage Based 40 2000
Firstly, the open circuit voltage (OCV) at 80% SoC
level has been recorded. To get this open circuit the
battery and set the SoC % to 80%. The OCV is found
to be 25.98 Volts at this SoC level. Table I shows the
proportional ( ) and integral gains ( ) for
generating the reference current based upon the
current based and voltage-based control.
(b) Current based Control: In this mode the battery
voltage is compared to the OCV i.e., 25.98 and the
difference is sent to PI controller to generate the
reference current. Fig. 9 shows the schematic of the
control for reference current generation and PWM
switching according to this current.
Fig. 9 Reference current generation using
battery voltage
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Fig 10. Reference current, voltage, and state of
charge for voltage-based control
B. Constant Voltage Mode
When the battery gets charged up to 80% of SoC the
voltage becomes constant, and the charging enters into
constant voltage mode.
Fig. 11 Constant voltage mode showing the
reference current decreasing as the time
increases
Due to this the reference current and the battery
current starts decreasing as shown in the Fig. 11 while
the voltage remains constant.
C. Discharge characteristics of the Battery
The above circuitry of Fig. 3 is modified to realize the
discharging characteristics of the batteryand dynamic
parameters are recorded for analysis. Fig. 12 shows
the dynamic parameters of a battery while
discharging. It includes, the SoC%, Voltage of the
battery, current of the battery, and power for source,
load, and battery.
Fig. 12. Discharge characteristics of a battery
with dynamic parameters
D. Combined Operation of charging & dis-
charging
The charging and discharging mode are combined to
analyse the results. Fig. 13 shows the dynamic
parameters for different mode of charging and Fig. 14
is trend of the key parameters such as SoC%, voltage,
reference current during charging and discharging.
Fig 13 Simulink Diagram for
charging/discharging combined mode of
operation
The charging and discharging operation are controlled
together in this scenario. A logical selector switch is
used which compares the signal coming from the
source. If this signal is greater than zero, then
charging operation is performed else discharging
operation executes.
7. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD51935 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 6 | September-October 2022 Page 681
Fig 14 Dynamic parameters for
charging/discharging combined mode of
operation
From Fig. 14 it can be observed that when a charging
command is received then the SoC starts increasing
and therefore the voltage of the batteryincreases while
when a discharging command is received then the
voltage across the battery begins to fall and the SoC %
starts decreasing, keeping the voltage across the load
at constant level.
Cconclusion
The battery mathematical model is utilized to study
the dynamic behavior of charging and discharging
especially for EV applications. The main components
involved in this operation are DC-DC switched
converter, a load, a DC source, and a Li-Ion battery.
The battery characteristics has been summarized and
further analyzed while considering different scenarios.
The two modes of charging i.e., constant current and
constant voltage has been studied. In constant current
mode, the reference current generation has been done
by two different methods i.e., current based and
voltage based. Three scenarios have been simulated
and recorded as per the objective i.e., charging alone,
discharging and both together considering a command
signal. The effective study of charging and
discharging of Li-Ion battery is carried out which will
provide the readers an in depth insight of the
technology.
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