Biodiversity refers to the variety of living organisms and ecosystems. Efforts are made to conserve biodiversity both in-situ and ex-situ. In-situ conservation involves protecting species within their natural habitats, such as through nature reserves. Ex-situ conservation involves protecting species outside their natural habitats, such as in zoos, botanical gardens, and seed banks. Examples of organizations that support in-situ conservation are CITES, which regulates international trade of endangered species, and WWF, which raises funds for conservation programs and advises government agencies. Ex-situ conservation has occurred in four phases focusing on testing and introducing genetic resources, conserving a wide variety, ensuring long-term viability through

2. BIODIVERSITY
It is the variety and
variability among living
organisms and ecological
complexes in which they
occur.

4. Efforts of
conservation
of biodiversity
In-situ conservation
Ex-situ conservation

5. In-situ conservation:
 Conservation of species in their natural
habitat
 Applies only to wild fauna and flora but
not to domesticated animals and plants.
 E.g. natural parks, biosphere reserves,
sanctuaries.

7. Examples of in-situ conservation organizations.
CITES :
(The Convention in International Trade in
Endangered Species)
 Set up in 1988 to control
and encourage the
sustainable
exploitation of species.

8.  WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature
formerly World Wildlife Fund)
 Set up in 1961 as a
non-governmental
organisation
 Raises funds for
conservation
 Runs education
programmes
 Provides advice to
government
conservation agencies. WWF

10. Ex-situ conservation:
 Conservation of samples of genetic
diversity away from their habitats(mainly
for endangered species).
 Establishment of gene banks.
 E.g. zoos, botanical gardens, seed banks,
culture collections.

12. EX –SITU EFFORTS IN FOUR PHASES:
I.ERA- 1850 – 1860:Genetic resources tested
introduced.
II.ERA – 1950- 1970 – Wide spectrum of
genetic resources conserved.
III.ERA – 1980 – 2010 – Long term viability
in investment ensured – biotech efforts.
IV. ERA - 2010 – 2030 – Enhanced harvesting
through advanced biotechnology.

13.  MANAGEMENT OF GERMPLASM
COLLECTIONS
 BIOPIRACY OF INDIAN PHYTODIVERSITY
 ECOPLANNING RESPOSBILITIES
 Perform or perish is the latest message
 Global concern
 Need for patenting
 Species conservation.

15. By
Aditya