This document discusses biodiversity and its conservation. It begins with defining biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including genetic diversity within species, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. It then discusses the importance of maintaining biodiversity and classifies biodiversity at different levels. The document outlines threats to biodiversity such as habitat loss and overexploitation, and approaches to conservation, including protected areas, captive breeding programs, and focusing on biodiversity hotspots and umbrella species.
Very useful for pre university students and those are seriously preparing for CET,AIIMS and NEET exams. Please give your valuable feedback or leave a message. you find it informative like it and share it
This document discusses biodiversity conservation strategies in India. It outlines in-situ conservation methods like protecting habitats in national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves, and tiger reserves. Ex-situ conservation methods include botanical gardens and gene banks. The key objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity are the conservation of biodiversity, sustainable use of its components, and fair sharing of benefits from genetic resources.
This document discusses biodiversity, endangered species, endemic species, and conservation techniques. It defines biodiversity as the variety of living organisms and ecosystems, and defines endangered species as those near a critical level and increasing each year. Endemic species are those found only in a particular geographical region due to isolation and environmental conditions. Conservation techniques mentioned include proper planning and management of wildlife habitats and populations, establishing sanctuaries and national parks, and legislative trade regulations.
The document discusses biodiversity hotspots, with a focus on India and the state of Kerala. It defines genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity, and explains the criteria for designating areas as biodiversity hotspots. It notes that 25 major hotspots represent only 1.4% of the earth's land but contain 44% of plant and 35% of terrestrial vertebrate species. It provides details on the biodiversity found in India, particularly in Kerala, including the high levels of endemism among plants and animals. It also discusses the economic value of ecosystems in Kerala and conservation efforts underway.
Importance
Intrinsic Value
Extinctions
What is Biodiversity?
Genetic Biodiversity
Species Biodiversity
Ecosystem Biodiversity
Ecosystem Function
Marine Biodiversity
Caribbean Diversity
Extinctions
Threats to Biodiversity
Protection & MPA’s
Biodiversity refers to the variety of all life forms including plants, animals, microorganisms and their genes and ecosystems. It is important for human sustenance, health, well-being and enjoyment of life. However, biodiversity is threatened by habitat loss, invasive species, pollution, climate change and overconsumption. The loss of biodiversity can reduce ecosystem services and genetic diversity, compromising food security. Australia is taking steps to preserve biodiversity through programs, reserves, and acts aimed at conservation and education.
Introduction to Ecology
Concept of Ecology
Branches of Ecology
Scope of Ecology
Laws of Ecology
@ Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, JKKNIU
Presented by: EFFAT, SHUMI, SHUCHE, TAMANNA, TANHA, NAYON.
PPT PDF DOCX.
Very useful for pre university students and those are seriously preparing for CET,AIIMS and NEET exams. Please give your valuable feedback or leave a message. you find it informative like it and share it
This document discusses biodiversity conservation strategies in India. It outlines in-situ conservation methods like protecting habitats in national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves, and tiger reserves. Ex-situ conservation methods include botanical gardens and gene banks. The key objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity are the conservation of biodiversity, sustainable use of its components, and fair sharing of benefits from genetic resources.
This document discusses biodiversity, endangered species, endemic species, and conservation techniques. It defines biodiversity as the variety of living organisms and ecosystems, and defines endangered species as those near a critical level and increasing each year. Endemic species are those found only in a particular geographical region due to isolation and environmental conditions. Conservation techniques mentioned include proper planning and management of wildlife habitats and populations, establishing sanctuaries and national parks, and legislative trade regulations.
The document discusses biodiversity hotspots, with a focus on India and the state of Kerala. It defines genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity, and explains the criteria for designating areas as biodiversity hotspots. It notes that 25 major hotspots represent only 1.4% of the earth's land but contain 44% of plant and 35% of terrestrial vertebrate species. It provides details on the biodiversity found in India, particularly in Kerala, including the high levels of endemism among plants and animals. It also discusses the economic value of ecosystems in Kerala and conservation efforts underway.
Importance
Intrinsic Value
Extinctions
What is Biodiversity?
Genetic Biodiversity
Species Biodiversity
Ecosystem Biodiversity
Ecosystem Function
Marine Biodiversity
Caribbean Diversity
Extinctions
Threats to Biodiversity
Protection & MPA’s
Biodiversity refers to the variety of all life forms including plants, animals, microorganisms and their genes and ecosystems. It is important for human sustenance, health, well-being and enjoyment of life. However, biodiversity is threatened by habitat loss, invasive species, pollution, climate change and overconsumption. The loss of biodiversity can reduce ecosystem services and genetic diversity, compromising food security. Australia is taking steps to preserve biodiversity through programs, reserves, and acts aimed at conservation and education.
Introduction to Ecology
Concept of Ecology
Branches of Ecology
Scope of Ecology
Laws of Ecology
@ Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, JKKNIU
Presented by: EFFAT, SHUMI, SHUCHE, TAMANNA, TANHA, NAYON.
PPT PDF DOCX.
This document provides an overview of biodiversity, its importance, threats, and conservation. It discusses key topics such as what biodiversity is, why it is important both intrinsically and for human well-being through ecosystem services, major threats like habitat loss and climate change, biodiversity hotspots, and methods of conservation including protecting habitats in situ and ex situ conservation. The overall message is that biodiversity is essential to life on Earth but facing severe threats, so conservation efforts are needed to protect species and ecosystems.
This document discusses biodiversity, including its definition, importance, levels, threats, and patterns. It defines biodiversity as the variety of organisms within an ecosystem and notes it involves more than just species counts. It outlines how biodiversity benefits the global economy through agriculture, recreation, and trade. It then describes the three main levels of biodiversity - genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. The document also discusses threats like habitat destruction, overexploitation, pollution, and climate change. It notes patterns involving vulnerable species groups like rare, long-lived, and keystone species. Finally, it contrasts conservation with preservation approaches to biodiversity management.
Biodiversity:
Biodiversity is the variety and differences among living organisms from all sources ,including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystem sand the ecological complexes of which they area part.
It contains following details:
Biodiversity
Levels or types of Biodiversity
Values of Biodiversity
Hotspots of Biodiversity
Criteria of Determining Hotspots
Threats to Biodiversity
Conservation of Biodiversity
In situ Conservation
Ex situ Conservation
Importance of Biodiversity
Biodiversity and its Conservation methodsNishat Fatima
The document provides information about biodiversity and its conservation. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. It notes that biodiversity is being lost due to factors like habitat destruction, overexploitation, pollution, invasive species, and climate change. The document then discusses approaches to conserving biodiversity, including both in-situ conservation methods like protected areas as well as ex-situ conservation methods like seed banks, gene banks, botanical gardens, and zoos. Overall, the document emphasizes the importance of biodiversity for human life and the need to balance development with conservation through sustainable practices and policies.
The document discusses biodiversity and the factors that lead to its degradation. It defines biodiversity as the genetic diversity within species, diversity of species in an area, and diversity of ecosystems. It then lists the components of biodiversity as the geosphere, biosphere, sociosphere, and socio-cultural environment. It further explains how socio-economic changes like industrialization, urbanization, modernization, and changing lifestyles negatively impact the environment and contribute to overexploitation of natural resources. Issues include pollution, overpopulation, intensive agriculture, and waste. The conclusion states that biodiversity is a measure of biological system health and extinction risk, and the UN designated 2011-2020 as the biodiversity decade.
The document discusses biodiversity, defining it as the variety of life on Earth including diversity within and between species and ecosystems. It describes the different types of biodiversity as genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. Aquatic biodiversity is specifically the variety of freshwater and marine lifeforms and ecosystems. The document outlines factors threatening biodiversity like habitat loss, pollution, and climate change and their impacts. Threats to aquatic biodiversity include overexploitation of resources, pollution, and destruction of natural habitats from urbanization.
VCE Environmental Science: Unit 3: Biodiversity. Introduction that explains the definitions and reasons to conserve biodiversity on a genetic, species and ecosystem level.
This document discusses biodiversity, including its definition, types, distribution, benefits, threats, and conservation. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life forms on Earth, including diversity within and between species and ecosystems. The document outlines the major threats to biodiversity such as habitat loss and overexploitation of resources, and emphasizes the importance of conservation through both in situ and ex situ efforts.
This document provides an overview of wildlife and protected area management topics covered in the PWM 703 course. It includes 7 units that cover introductions to biodiversity concepts and status, policies and legislation, wildlife and habitat management, monitoring biodiversity, and protected area planning and management. The document was compiled by Namrata Khatri and Abiral Acharya for their Masters in Forestry program at IOF, TU in Nepal.
This document discusses biodiversity at genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. It provides examples of species diversity, such as the large number of ant and beetle species. Drivers of biodiversity loss include habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive species, and coextinctions. Conservation approaches involve both in situ methods like biosphere reserves, and ex situ techniques like seed banks and wildlife parks. International agreements aim to reduce biodiversity loss globally by 2010.
This document defines biodiversity and describes its levels and value. It discusses genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. Biodiversity provides consumptive use value through food, medicine, and fuel. It has productive use value when commercially used. Biodiversity also has social, aesthetic, option, and ecosystem service values. Major threats include habitat loss and poaching. Conservation efforts include in situ protection of wildlife and ex situ measures like seed banks and zoos.
This document discusses in situ and ex situ conservation methods. In situ conservation involves protecting species within their natural habitats, such as through nature reserves, while ex situ conservation involves protecting species outside their natural habitats, like in zoos, botanical gardens, and seed banks. Setting up wildlife reserves for in situ conservation requires identifying suitable areas, surveying species, establishing legal protections, managing the habitat, and controlling invasive species and natural succession. Ex situ conservation can be useful when in situ options are no longer viable, but it presents challenges like small gene pools, inbreeding, and an inability for species to evolve with their environments.
Wetlands are areas where water covers the land either permanently or seasonally. They are defined by having wetland vegetation and hydric soils that are saturated with water for long periods. Wetlands provide many benefits and can be classified by their location and type of vegetation. The document provides details on two important wetlands in India - Keoladeo National Park and Sambhar Lake. Keoladeo National Park is an important habitat for over 370 bird species and hosts thousands of migratory birds during winter. Sambhar Lake is India's largest inland saltwater lake and is an ecologically important site for flamingos and other migratory birds. It also produces over 90% of Rajasthan's salt through evaporation
The document discusses various strategies for conservation, including:
1) Wildlife managers aim to maintain animal populations at or below habitat carrying capacity to avoid damage. They also monitor breeding stock levels.
2) To manage habitats, wildlife managers consider historical trends, current conditions, breeding levels, and projections.
3) International efforts to conserve biodiversity include the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity, which entered into force in 1993 and now has 166 parties.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth at all levels of biological organization, including genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. It is classified into three main types: genetic diversity within species, species diversity between species, and ecosystem diversity of biological communities. Maintaining biodiversity is important as different species and ecosystems interact and provide services that support human welfare and survival. Loss of biodiversity can disrupt ecosystem functions and impact both environmental and economic aspects of human societies.
Protected area network :Biosphere reserves Almas Tamake
Protected areas are a cornerstone of in situ conservation and include national parks, bioreserves, and sanctuaries. They are managed areas dedicated to protecting biodiversity. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has established seven categories of protected areas and guidelines for their management. India has over 600 protected areas covering a variety of ecosystems and hosting many endangered species. These areas help maintain biodiversity through conserving habitats and genetic diversity. Biosphere reserves specifically aim to balance conservation and sustainable development through zoning of areas for strict protection and various levels of human involvement. India has established 18 biosphere reserves recognized for their unique biodiversity and ecosystems.
This presentation summarizes India's biodiversity. It notes that India occupies 2.47% of the world's land area but contains 12.53% of the world's biodiversity. India is one of the 17 mega-diverse countries and contains 4 of the world's 34 biodiversity hotspots. The presentation provides details on India's 10 biogeographic zones, highlighting the high biodiversity in the Western Ghats and Eastern Himalayas. It lists examples of endemic species in India, including plants, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. In closing, the presentation thanked the audience for their time.
This document provides an overview of biodiversity, including its definition, types, distribution, benefits, threats, and conservation. It discusses how biodiversity represents the variety of life on Earth and is vital to sustaining human life. The three types of biodiversity are genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. While biodiversity is threatened by habitat loss and other human impacts, conservation efforts aim to protect biodiversity through protected areas, restoration, and environmental policies.
This document discusses the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity from 1992 and includes sections on an introduction, Article One, and a thank you. It also mentions tailing ponds in Alberta, deforestation, and how Los Angeles contributes both positively and negatively to smog issues.
This document provides an overview of biodiversity, its importance, threats, and conservation. It discusses key topics such as what biodiversity is, why it is important both intrinsically and for human well-being through ecosystem services, major threats like habitat loss and climate change, biodiversity hotspots, and methods of conservation including protecting habitats in situ and ex situ conservation. The overall message is that biodiversity is essential to life on Earth but facing severe threats, so conservation efforts are needed to protect species and ecosystems.
This document discusses biodiversity, including its definition, importance, levels, threats, and patterns. It defines biodiversity as the variety of organisms within an ecosystem and notes it involves more than just species counts. It outlines how biodiversity benefits the global economy through agriculture, recreation, and trade. It then describes the three main levels of biodiversity - genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. The document also discusses threats like habitat destruction, overexploitation, pollution, and climate change. It notes patterns involving vulnerable species groups like rare, long-lived, and keystone species. Finally, it contrasts conservation with preservation approaches to biodiversity management.
Biodiversity:
Biodiversity is the variety and differences among living organisms from all sources ,including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystem sand the ecological complexes of which they area part.
It contains following details:
Biodiversity
Levels or types of Biodiversity
Values of Biodiversity
Hotspots of Biodiversity
Criteria of Determining Hotspots
Threats to Biodiversity
Conservation of Biodiversity
In situ Conservation
Ex situ Conservation
Importance of Biodiversity
Biodiversity and its Conservation methodsNishat Fatima
The document provides information about biodiversity and its conservation. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. It notes that biodiversity is being lost due to factors like habitat destruction, overexploitation, pollution, invasive species, and climate change. The document then discusses approaches to conserving biodiversity, including both in-situ conservation methods like protected areas as well as ex-situ conservation methods like seed banks, gene banks, botanical gardens, and zoos. Overall, the document emphasizes the importance of biodiversity for human life and the need to balance development with conservation through sustainable practices and policies.
The document discusses biodiversity and the factors that lead to its degradation. It defines biodiversity as the genetic diversity within species, diversity of species in an area, and diversity of ecosystems. It then lists the components of biodiversity as the geosphere, biosphere, sociosphere, and socio-cultural environment. It further explains how socio-economic changes like industrialization, urbanization, modernization, and changing lifestyles negatively impact the environment and contribute to overexploitation of natural resources. Issues include pollution, overpopulation, intensive agriculture, and waste. The conclusion states that biodiversity is a measure of biological system health and extinction risk, and the UN designated 2011-2020 as the biodiversity decade.
The document discusses biodiversity, defining it as the variety of life on Earth including diversity within and between species and ecosystems. It describes the different types of biodiversity as genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. Aquatic biodiversity is specifically the variety of freshwater and marine lifeforms and ecosystems. The document outlines factors threatening biodiversity like habitat loss, pollution, and climate change and their impacts. Threats to aquatic biodiversity include overexploitation of resources, pollution, and destruction of natural habitats from urbanization.
VCE Environmental Science: Unit 3: Biodiversity. Introduction that explains the definitions and reasons to conserve biodiversity on a genetic, species and ecosystem level.
This document discusses biodiversity, including its definition, types, distribution, benefits, threats, and conservation. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life forms on Earth, including diversity within and between species and ecosystems. The document outlines the major threats to biodiversity such as habitat loss and overexploitation of resources, and emphasizes the importance of conservation through both in situ and ex situ efforts.
This document provides an overview of wildlife and protected area management topics covered in the PWM 703 course. It includes 7 units that cover introductions to biodiversity concepts and status, policies and legislation, wildlife and habitat management, monitoring biodiversity, and protected area planning and management. The document was compiled by Namrata Khatri and Abiral Acharya for their Masters in Forestry program at IOF, TU in Nepal.
This document discusses biodiversity at genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. It provides examples of species diversity, such as the large number of ant and beetle species. Drivers of biodiversity loss include habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive species, and coextinctions. Conservation approaches involve both in situ methods like biosphere reserves, and ex situ techniques like seed banks and wildlife parks. International agreements aim to reduce biodiversity loss globally by 2010.
This document defines biodiversity and describes its levels and value. It discusses genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. Biodiversity provides consumptive use value through food, medicine, and fuel. It has productive use value when commercially used. Biodiversity also has social, aesthetic, option, and ecosystem service values. Major threats include habitat loss and poaching. Conservation efforts include in situ protection of wildlife and ex situ measures like seed banks and zoos.
This document discusses in situ and ex situ conservation methods. In situ conservation involves protecting species within their natural habitats, such as through nature reserves, while ex situ conservation involves protecting species outside their natural habitats, like in zoos, botanical gardens, and seed banks. Setting up wildlife reserves for in situ conservation requires identifying suitable areas, surveying species, establishing legal protections, managing the habitat, and controlling invasive species and natural succession. Ex situ conservation can be useful when in situ options are no longer viable, but it presents challenges like small gene pools, inbreeding, and an inability for species to evolve with their environments.
Wetlands are areas where water covers the land either permanently or seasonally. They are defined by having wetland vegetation and hydric soils that are saturated with water for long periods. Wetlands provide many benefits and can be classified by their location and type of vegetation. The document provides details on two important wetlands in India - Keoladeo National Park and Sambhar Lake. Keoladeo National Park is an important habitat for over 370 bird species and hosts thousands of migratory birds during winter. Sambhar Lake is India's largest inland saltwater lake and is an ecologically important site for flamingos and other migratory birds. It also produces over 90% of Rajasthan's salt through evaporation
The document discusses various strategies for conservation, including:
1) Wildlife managers aim to maintain animal populations at or below habitat carrying capacity to avoid damage. They also monitor breeding stock levels.
2) To manage habitats, wildlife managers consider historical trends, current conditions, breeding levels, and projections.
3) International efforts to conserve biodiversity include the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity, which entered into force in 1993 and now has 166 parties.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth at all levels of biological organization, including genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. It is classified into three main types: genetic diversity within species, species diversity between species, and ecosystem diversity of biological communities. Maintaining biodiversity is important as different species and ecosystems interact and provide services that support human welfare and survival. Loss of biodiversity can disrupt ecosystem functions and impact both environmental and economic aspects of human societies.
Protected area network :Biosphere reserves Almas Tamake
Protected areas are a cornerstone of in situ conservation and include national parks, bioreserves, and sanctuaries. They are managed areas dedicated to protecting biodiversity. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has established seven categories of protected areas and guidelines for their management. India has over 600 protected areas covering a variety of ecosystems and hosting many endangered species. These areas help maintain biodiversity through conserving habitats and genetic diversity. Biosphere reserves specifically aim to balance conservation and sustainable development through zoning of areas for strict protection and various levels of human involvement. India has established 18 biosphere reserves recognized for their unique biodiversity and ecosystems.
This presentation summarizes India's biodiversity. It notes that India occupies 2.47% of the world's land area but contains 12.53% of the world's biodiversity. India is one of the 17 mega-diverse countries and contains 4 of the world's 34 biodiversity hotspots. The presentation provides details on India's 10 biogeographic zones, highlighting the high biodiversity in the Western Ghats and Eastern Himalayas. It lists examples of endemic species in India, including plants, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. In closing, the presentation thanked the audience for their time.
This document provides an overview of biodiversity, including its definition, types, distribution, benefits, threats, and conservation. It discusses how biodiversity represents the variety of life on Earth and is vital to sustaining human life. The three types of biodiversity are genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. While biodiversity is threatened by habitat loss and other human impacts, conservation efforts aim to protect biodiversity through protected areas, restoration, and environmental policies.
This document discusses the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity from 1992 and includes sections on an introduction, Article One, and a thank you. It also mentions tailing ponds in Alberta, deforestation, and how Los Angeles contributes both positively and negatively to smog issues.
The document discusses the 1992 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity which aims to conserve biological diversity, promote sustainable use of its components, and share benefits arising from genetic resources. It notes issues like deforestation, tailing ponds, and failing grades in various areas of energy consumption, emissions, waste, and development assistance. The document appears to be a presentation on the convention that includes notes, quotes, and references.
This document summarizes several key international conventions and protocols related to biodiversity conservation, including the United Nations Environment Programme established in 1972, the Earth Summit of 1992 which led to the Convention on Biological Diversity and protocols on biosafety and genetic resources, and the Nagoya Protocol of 2010 which provides a legal framework for access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing. It also briefly outlines the strategic goals and focuses of the Convention on Biological Diversity Conference of Parties 11 held in Hyderabad, India in 2012.
This document provides an overview of the content covered in a biology powerpoint slides presentation on biological diversity for a grade 9 science class. The presentation covers key topics like biodiversity, adaptations, niche, survival, variation, reproduction, DNA, genetics, artificial selection, and biodiversity preservation. It defines important terms and provides examples to illustrate each concept.
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is an international legally binding treaty adopted in 1992. It aims to promote the conservation of biodiversity, sustainable use of biodiversity, and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources. The CBD recognizes that states have sovereign rights over their natural resources, and aims to ensure these resources are used in a sustainable manner. It also promotes cooperation between countries in biodiversity conservation. The CBD has near universal membership, with 196 parties that have agreed to its objectives.
The document discusses the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and challenges to its implementation. It notes that the CBD shifted thinking to ecosystem conservation but that 191 parties have signed it, excluding the US. For the CBD to succeed, it must address the lack of support from northern countries for southern conservation efforts and make conservation more appealing to developing countries. It also discusses issues such as asymmetric wealth distribution between north and south, and that the CBD has no proper funding mechanism.
An introduction to biodiversity conservationMarco Pautasso
This document discusses how human activities impact biodiversity through habitat loss and fragmentation, pollution, climate change, and invasive species. It provides examples of each threat, including habitat loss in the Amazon rainforest over time, air pollution levels in Europe, and the spread of an invasive fire blight epidemic in Switzerland. It also summarizes research on the relationship between human population density or size and measures of biodiversity at global, national, and local scales.
This document presents information on biodiversity conservation. It begins with an introduction that defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including genetic, ecosystem, and species variation. It then discusses literature on conservation of northwest Atlantic harp seals, dynamics of ant biodiversity patterns, and using recycled sugar factory effluent for fish cultivation. The methodology section notes that over 1.4 million species have been identified but many remain unknown, and discusses biodiversity hotspots. Major Indian legislation related to biodiversity is also mentioned. Results discuss benefits of biodiversity like oxygen, food, water, and medicine. Threats include habitat destruction, pollution, climate change, and overexploitation. The document estimates there are over 8 million terrestrial
This document discusses implementing the Nagoya Protocol in microbiology through the development of the TRUST system. TRUST stands for Transparent User-friendly System of Transfer and aims to manage the impact of the CBD and Nagoya Protocol on scientific and administrative activities related to microbial resources. It consists of four main elements: 1) updated MOSAICC guidelines; 2) refined Material Accession and Transfer Agreements; 3) the Global Catalogue of Microorganisms (GCM) database; and 4) cooperative networks of culture collections. The GCM provides a comprehensive database for microbial resources, associated data, and tracking of strain possession, location, and use. Together these tools work to increase transparency and facilitate access and benefit-sharing
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, including genetic diversity within species, species diversity between ecosystems, and ecosystem diversity within biomes. Loss of biodiversity is caused primarily by habitat destruction from human activities like agriculture, deforestation, and urbanization. This disrupts ecosystems and causes extinction of plants and animals. Other threats include overexploitation, pollution, invasive species, and climate change. Maintaining biodiversity is important for ecological stability and provides benefits to humans like food, medicine, and aesthetic value.
The document discusses several key conventions related to conservation of biological diversity:
1) The Ramsar Convention of 1971 created a framework for national action and international cooperation for wetland conservation and sustainable use.
2) CITES of 1973 regulates international trade in endangered species to ensure it does not threaten species survival. It lists species in three appendices based on protection needs.
3) The Convention on Migratory Species of 1979 aims to conserve terrestrial, aquatic and avian migratory species throughout their ranges.
4) The 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity is an international treaty for biodiversity conservation and created the Nagoya and Cartagena Protocols on access to genetic resources and biosafety.
The Convention on Biological Diversity was held in Rio De Janiero, Brazil in 1992 with the goal of protecting biological diversity worldwide. It established principles for the conservation of biological diversity between countries and the sustainable use and fair sharing of genetic resources. The convention created a governing body called the Conference of Parties to oversee decision making and implementation of the convention by member countries through national strategies and financial support for developing countries. The convention aimed to reduce biodiversity loss by 2010 but has yet to fully achieve its goals.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of living organisms on Earth, including genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. It is being threatened by habitat loss, pollution, and overexploitation of species. Key biodiversity hotspots that face serious threats are the Western Ghats and Eastern Himalayas in India. Conservation efforts include protected areas like national parks and sanctuaries for in situ conservation and ex situ conservation in zoos and seed banks.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth at all levels, from genes to ecosystems. High levels of biodiversity are important for ecosystem functioning and human well-being. However, biodiversity is being lost due to threats like habitat loss, overexploitation, pollution, and climate change. Conservation approaches include protected areas as well as international agreements like CITES and the Convention on Biological Diversity, which aim to protect threatened species and ecosystems.
How to Make Awesome SlideShares: Tips & TricksSlideShare
Turbocharge your online presence with SlideShare. We provide the best tips and tricks for succeeding on SlideShare. Get ideas for what to upload, tips for designing your deck and more.
SlideShare is a global platform for sharing presentations, infographics, videos and documents. It has over 18 million pieces of professional content uploaded by experts like Eric Schmidt and Guy Kawasaki. The document provides tips for setting up an account on SlideShare, uploading content, optimizing it for searchability, and sharing it on social media to build an audience and reputation as a subject matter expert.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth at all levels, from genes to ecosystems. Maintaining biodiversity is important because all living things depend on each other in ecosystems. India is one of the most biodiverse countries in the world, with high levels of species, genetic, and ecosystem diversity. However, biodiversity in India faces threats from habitat loss, overexploitation, pollution, and climate change. Conservation approaches include protected areas, international treaties like CITES and CBD, and both in-situ and ex-situ conservation methods.
This document provides an overview of biodiversity including its definition, types, distribution, benefits, threats, and conservation. It discusses how biodiversity provides essential ecological services and balance in nature. However, biodiversity is being threatened by habitat loss, overexploitation, pollution, and other human-caused factors. International conventions have aimed to promote biodiversity conservation and sustainable use. The document also analyzes biodiversity in India, finding many species are threatened. Overall, the document stresses the importance of biodiversity for human survival and the need for cooperative conservation efforts.
This document discusses biodiversity, including its definition, types, distribution, benefits, threats, and conservation. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life forms on Earth, including diversity within and between species and ecosystems. The three main types of biodiversity are species diversity, ecosystem diversity, and genetic diversity. Most biodiversity is located in tropical regions and biodiversity hotspots like India's Eastern Himalayas and Western Ghats. Biodiversity provides many benefits but is threatened by habitat loss, overexploitation, pollution, and climate change. Conservation efforts include protected areas, restoration, environmental education, and international agreements.
This document discusses biodiversity, including its definition, types, distribution, benefits, threats, and conservation. It provides an overview of key topics related to biodiversity such as the three types of biodiversity (diversity of species, ecosystems, and genes), where biodiversity is most concentrated globally, major threats driving loss of biodiversity, and international conventions aimed at protecting biodiversity.
The document discusses biodiversity, including its definition, types, distribution, threats, and conservation. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life forms on Earth, including diversity within and between species and ecosystems. The three main types of biodiversity are genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. Most biodiversity is located in tropical regions. Threats include habitat loss, overexploitation, pollution, and climate change. Conservation efforts include protected areas, restoration, environmental education, and international agreements like the Convention on Biological Diversity.
This document provides an overview of biodiversity, including its definition, types, distribution, benefits, threats, and conservation. It discusses how biodiversity represents the variety of life on Earth and is vital to sustaining human life. The three types of biodiversity are genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. While biodiversity is threatened by habitat loss and other human impacts, conservation efforts aim to protect biodiversity through protected areas, restoration, and environmental policies.
This document discusses biodiversity conservation. It defines biodiversity as the variety of plant and animal life on Earth. There are three main types of biodiversity: species diversity, genetic diversity, and ecosystem diversity. Most biodiversity is found in tropical regions. India has two biodiversity hotspots. Biodiversity provides many benefits and is essential for ecosystem services, but it faces threats from habitat loss, overexploitation, pollution, and climate change. The Convention on Biological Diversity was signed in 1992 to promote biodiversity conservation. Efforts are needed to conserve biodiversity through protected areas and ex situ conservation methods to ensure human welfare.
This document provides an overview of biodiversity and its conservation. It discusses the following key points:
1. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life forms within an ecosystem and notes that biodiversity is important for ecosystem health.
2. It describes three types of biodiversity: genetic diversity within species, species diversity within communities, and ecosystem diversity of different habitats.
3. It outlines the significance of biodiversity, including providing ecosystem services, resources, economic benefits, and supporting other species.
4. It discusses threats to biodiversity such as habitat loss and ways to conserve biodiversity, including both in-situ and ex-situ conservation methods.
1) The document discusses three levels of bio-diversity: genetics, species, and ecosystem diversity.
2) Genetic diversity refers to variation in genetic makeup between individuals of a species. Species diversity refers to the number and variety of species in an ecosystem. Ecosystem diversity refers to the variety of habitats, biological communities, and ecological processes within and among ecosystems.
3) Maintaining biodiversity is important for ecological balance and stability, economic benefits from natural resources, and continuing scientific research. However, biodiversity is threatened by habitat loss, pollution, overexploitation, and invasive species. Conservation efforts include protected areas and ex-situ preservation of endangered species.
Biodiversity and its conservation. In situ conservation of biodiversity. Threats to biodiversity. Endangered and endemic species of India, germplasm conservation
This document defines biodiversity and discusses its types, values, distribution, and importance for balancing nature. It outlines threats like habitat loss and overexploitation, as well as conservation efforts. Key points include that biodiversity encompasses genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity, and provides values like consumption, production, social/cultural, and ecosystem services. Most biodiversity is in tropical regions. Anthropogenic threats endanger many species, but conventions aim to promote conservation.
The document discusses biodiversity, including its definition, types (species, ecosystem, genetic), distribution around the world, importance for balance of nature, benefits, threats, conservation efforts, status in India, and international conventions. It notes that biodiversity provides food, fuel, medicine and more, regulates climate and supports ecosystems, but is threatened by habitat loss and other human impacts. Conservation requires protecting habitats and species, restoring ecosystems, environmental education, and international cooperation.
This document discusses biodiversity, defining it as the variety of species, genes, ecosystems, and ecosystem processes on Earth. It notes that biodiversity exists at the genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. Species diversity refers to the number and abundance of species, comprising species richness and evenness. Genetic diversity is the variety of genetic material within and between species. Ecosystem diversity is the variety of different ecosystem types in a region. The document emphasizes that biodiversity is essential due to its consumptive, non-consumptive, and ecological values. It highlights that India has significant biodiversity at the species and ecosystem levels despite its small geographic area. Major threats to biodiversity include habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive species
Biodiversity refers to the variety of living organisms on Earth. It exists at genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. India is one of the most biodiverse countries due to its varied landscapes and climates. However, biodiversity faces threats from habitat loss, pollution, overexploitation, and invasive species. Conservation efforts involve both protecting ecosystems (in situ) and preserving species outside their natural habitats (ex situ), such as in zoos, botanical gardens, and seed banks. India uses national parks, sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves for in situ conservation of its rich biodiversity.
This document discusses biodiversity, which refers to the variety of life on Earth. It describes the three types of biodiversity - genetic, species, and ecological - and explains their importance. Biodiversity is important for sustaining life as every species plays a role in ecosystems. It also has economic importance as it provides resources like food, materials for products, and tourism. Conserving biodiversity is important for maintaining ecological stability and preserving cultures and spiritual heritage.
This document discusses biodiversity and its impacts on the environment. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including three main types: species diversity, genetic diversity, and ecosystem diversity. The document outlines several important roles of biodiversity, such as providing food and medicine. However, biodiversity faces threats like habitat loss, pollution, and climate change. Preserving biodiversity requires actions like creating wildlife reserves and breeding programs. The document also defines the environment and its components, noting that all living things depend on the environment for survival. Environmental challenges include issues like population growth, poverty, and pollution.
This document discusses biodiversity, including its definition, types, distribution, benefits, threats, and conservation. It notes that biodiversity represents the variety of life on Earth and is essential for human survival. There are three types of biodiversity: genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. Most biodiversity is concentrated in tropical regions and biodiversity hotspots. While biodiversity provides many benefits, it faces threats from habitat loss, overexploitation, pollution, and climate change. Conservation efforts include both in situ and ex situ strategies to protect biodiversity for current and future generations.
This document provides an overview of biodiversity. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including genetic diversity within species, species diversity within biological communities, and ecosystem diversity within and across landscapes. It discusses how biodiversity has evolved over 3.5 billion years and increased rapidly during the Cambrian explosion. While species diversity in the oceans has increased logistically, diversity on land has grown exponentially. The document also outlines different types of biodiversity like taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity, and genetic diversity. It notes that most terrestrial diversity is found in tropical forests and that an estimated 8.7 million species exist on Earth. The document concludes by discussing threats to biodiversity like habitat destruction and climate change, as well as conservation
This document provides an overview of a course on biodiversity conservation. The course aims to provide students with knowledge of basic biodiversity concepts and for students to be able to identify biodiversity resources and challenges, describe ecological functions, and design conservation solutions. The document outlines the expected learning outcomes, course content including definitions and descriptions of biodiversity, threats to biodiversity, and conservation methods. It also lists the instructional materials, assessment methods and recommended reference materials for the course.
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3. Index:
Biodiversity:
Biodiversity meaning.
Need of biodiversity.
Classification of biodiversity.
Biodiversity at international level.
Biodiversity at national level.
Causesof biodiversity:
Threats to biodiversity.
Effects of biodiversity.
Conservationof biodiversity:
Methods to prevent biodiversity.
Conservation approaches.
Conclusion.
Sunday, May 3, 2015
3
6. Definition:
‘Biological diversity’ or biodiversity is that part of nature which
includes the differences in genes among the individuals of a
species, the variety and richness of all the plant and animal
species at different scales in space, locally, in a region, in the
country and the world, and various types of ecosystems, both
terrestrial and aquatic, within a defined area.
The word BIODIVERSITY
originates from the Greek word BIOS = LIFE
and Latin word DIVERSITAS = VARIETY or DIFFERENCE.
The whole word BIO DIVERSITY generally therefore means:
VARIETY OF LIFE.
Sunday, May 3, 2015 6
7. Why is biodiversity
important?
Everything that lives in an ecosystem is part of the web of
life, including humans. Each species of vegetation and each
creature has a place on the earth and plays a vital role in the
circle of life. Plant, animal, and insect species interact and
depend upon one another for what each offers, such as food,
shelter, oxygen, and soil enrichment.
Maintaining a wide diversity of species in each ecosystem is
necessary to preserve the web of life that sustains all living
things. In his 1992 best-seller, "The Diversity of Life," famed
Harvard University biologist Edward O. Wilson -- known as
the "father of biodiversity," -- said, "It is reckless to supposeSunday, May 3, 2015 7
9. Species
diversity is the
effective
number of
different
species that are
represented in
a collection of
individuals
Geneticdiversity, the level of biodiversity refers
to the total number of genetic characteristics in the
genetic makeup of a species.
Ecosystem
diversity refers to
the diversity of a
place at the level
of ecosystems.
The term differs
from biodiversity,
which refers to
variation in species
rather than
ecosystems.
Sunday, May 3, 2015 9
10. • Includes the differences
in DNA composition
among individuals
within a given species.
• Adaptation to particular
environmental conditions may
weed out genetic variants that
are not successful.
• But populations benefit from
some genetic diversity, so as
to avoid inbreeding or disease
epidemics.
Genetic
diversity
Includes diversity above
the species level.
Bbiologists have viewed
diversity above the
species level in various
ways. Some alternative ways to
categorize it include:
Ecosystem diversity
species = a particular type of
organism; a population or group
of populations whose members
share certain characteristics and
can freely breed with one another
and produce fertile offspring
› Species diversity = the number
or variety of species in a
particular region
› Species richness = number of
species
› Evenness, or relative abundance
= extent to which numbers of
different species are equal or
skewed
SPECIES
DIVERSITY
Community
diversity
Habitat diversity
Landscape
diversity Sunday, May 3, 2015
10
16. •India is known for its rich heritage of biodiversity.
• India is one of the 17 mega-diverse countries in the world.
• With only 2.4 % of the world’s area, India accounts for 7–8 % of the world’s
recorded plant and animal species.
• India’s ten biogeography zones possess an exemplary diversity of ecological
habitats like alpine forests, grasslands, wetlands, coastal and marine ecosystems,
and desert ecosystems.
• Amongst the existing biota, 91,307 species of animals of which 2,557 Protista,
12,470 general invertebrates, 69,903 arthropods, 4,994 vertebrates, and 45,500
species of plants as well as 5,650 microbial species have been documented in its
10 bio-geographic regions.
• India has four out of thirty-four global biodiversity hotspots, which is an indicator
of high degree of endemism (of species) in India.
• About 5,150 plant species and 1,837 animal species are endemic to India.
•India’s biodiversity includes wild relatives of agricultural crops and domesticated
animals.
Sunday, May 3, 2015 16
17. India has 16 major types and 251 subtypes of forests.
Indigenous medicine systems utilize nearly 6,500 native plants for both human and
animal healthcare.
India’s diverse preponderance of native tribal and ethnic groups has contributed
significantly in the conservation and diversification of biodiversity. Its cultural and ethnic
diversity includes over 550 tribal communities of 227 ethnic groups spread over 5,000
forested villages. India proudly upholds the tradition of nature conservation.
In 252 B.C., the Emperor Asoka established protected areas (PAs) for mammals, birds,
fish and forests through a proclamation. Jim Corbett National Park covering an area of
325 sq km came into being as the India’s first and world’s third National Park in 1936.
India has currently 4.79 % of total geographic area under an elaborate network of PAs,
which includes 99 National Parks, 513 wildlife sanctuaries, 43 conservation reserves, 4
community reserves and 3 biodiversity heritage sites.
India has a National Wildlife Action Plan, which envisages 10 % of the geographical
area of the country under PA coverage.
Sunday, May 3, 2015 17
19. BENEFITS OF BIODIVERSITY
Consumptivevalue:
Food/Drink
Fuel
Medicine
Batter crop varieties
Industrial Material
Non-ConsumptiveValue:
Recreation
Education and Research
Traditional value
Ecological services:
Balance of nature
Biological productivity
Regulation of climate
Degradation of waste
Cleaning of air and water
Cycling of nutrients
Control of potential pest and disease causing species
Detoxification of soil and sediments
Stabilization of land against erosion
Carbon sequestration and global climate change
Maintenance of Soil fertility
Sunday, May 3, 2015 19
20. Flora and fauna diversity depends on-
Climate
Altitude
Soils
Presence of other species
Most of the biodiversity concentrated in Tropical region.
BIODIVERSITY
HOTSPOTS:
A region with high biodiversity with most of spices being
Endemic.
India have two Biodiversity Hotspots- East Himalayan Region
and Western Ghats
Sunday, May 3, 2015 20
21. THREATSTO BIODIVERSITYNatural causes:
Narrow geographical area
Low population
Low breeding rate
Natural disasters
Anthropogenic causes:
Habitat modification
Overexploitation of selected species
Innovation by exotic species.
Pollution
Hunting
Global warming and climate change
Agriculture
Domino effect
Sunday, May 3, 2015 21
23. Each species is classified within
a hierarchy reflecting
evolutionary relationships.
Two related species might be in
the same genus; two related
genera in the same family, etc.
Species and
taxonomy
Sunday, May 3, 2015 23
31. Within species, diversity exists in
subspecies, or geographic
variations.
The tiger, Panthera tigris, had 8
subspecies.
5 persist today, including
Panthera tigris altaica, the
Siberian tiger.
Diversity of subspecies Endangered golden lion
tamarin, endemic to Brazil’s
Atlantic rainforest, which has
been almost totally
destroyed.
Sunday, May 3, 2015 31
33. • Various treaties have helped conserve biota.
• A major one is CITES, the Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, prepared in 1973.
• It bans international trade and transport of body parts of endangered
organisms.
Conservation approaches: International
treaties
Sunday, May 3, 2015 33
34. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), from the Rio Conference in 1992, aims to:
• Conserve biodiversity
• Use it sustainably
• Ensure fair distribution of its benefits
The CBD has been signed by 188 nations, but not by the United States.
Conservationapproaches: International treaties
Biodiversity is the variety of life forms on earth and the essential interdependence
of all living things.
As defined in convention on Biological diversity singed at Rio De Jenerio
(Brazil) in 1992 by 154 countries, the Biodiversity defined as “the variability among
living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other
aquatic eco-systems and the ecological complexes of which the area part- this
include diversity with in species, between species and of ecosystem.”
According to IUCN in 1998, “the variety and variability of species of their
population, the variety of species of their life forms, the diversity of the complex
association with species with their interaction and their ecological process which
influences perform.”
Sunday, May 3, 2015 34
35. BIODIVERSITYCONVENSIONS
The first convention on biodiversity organized at Rio De Janerio, capital of Brazil from
June 5 to 16, 1992 named as United Nation Conference On Environment and Development
(UNCED), batter known as Rio Summit to maintain ecological balance and enrich
biodiversity. The agreement on biodiversity signed by 150 countries including three
programmes-
To ensure conservation of biodiversity
Sustainable use of biodiversity
Rational and equitable share of profit to accrue from use of genetic resources.
The second convention organized at Johannesburg in 2002 called World Summit On
Sustainable Development (WSSD) where the Biodiversity and Sustainable Ecosystem
Management was the issue.
Sunday, May 3, 2015 35
36. The International Conference held on Biodiversity in Relation to Food & Human Security in
a warming planet 15-17 February, 2010 in Chennai.
International Conference on Wildlife & Biodiversity Conservation held on 3 to 5 June, 2010
at Dal lake, Srinagar, Kashmir.
Indian Biodiversity Congress (IBC) & Indian Biodiversity Expo(IBE) will be held on 27-31
December at Thriuvananthapuram, Kerala
Sunday, May 3, 2015 36
37. CONSERVATIONOF BIODIVERSITY: INSITUANDEX-SITU
In-situ conservation:
Conservation of a species is best done by protecting
its habitat along with all the other species
that live in it in nature.
Ex-sittu conservation:
However, there are situations in which an endangered species is so close to extinction that
unless alternate
methods are instituted, the species may be rapidly
driven to extinction.
Biodiversity inventories
Conserving Biodiversity in protected Habitats-
In situ conservation
Ex situ conservation
Seed Bank, Gene Bank, Pollen Bank, DNA
Bank
Restoration of Biodiversity
Imparting Environmental Education
Enacting, strengthening and enforcing Environmental
Legislation
Population Control
Reviewing the agriculture practice
Controlling Urbanization
Conservation through Biotechnology
Sunday, May 3, 2015 37
38. Biodiversity Conservation
In situ
Sacred
groves
and lakes
Biosphere
Reserves
Terrestrial
Marine
National
parks,
wildlife
sanctuaries
Ex situ
Sacred plant
home garden
Seed Bank, Gene
bank,
Cryopreservation
Botanical
garden,
Zoological
garden, Aquaria
Sunday, May 3, 2015 38
39. • Extinction = last member of a species dies and the species vanishes
forever from Earth
• Extirpation = disappearance of a particular population, but not the
entire species globally
• These are natural processes.
On average one species goes extinct naturally every
500–1,000 years—this is the background rate of extinction.
• 99% of all species that ever lived are now extinct.
Biodiversity loss and species
extinction
Sunday, May 3, 2015 39
40. Biophilia = human love for and attachment to other living things; “the
connections that human beings subconsciously seek out with the rest of
life”:
• Affinity for parks and wildlife
• Keeping of pets
• Valuing real estate with landscape views
• Interest in escaping cities to go hiking, birding, fishing, hunting,
backpacking, etc.
Benefits of biodiversity:Biophilia
Sunday, May 3, 2015 40
41. Do we have an ethical responsibility to prevent species
extinction?
On one hand, as humans we need to use resources and consume
other organisms to survive.
On the other hand, we have conscious reasoning ability and are able
to make conscious decisions.
Ethics?
Sunday, May 3, 2015 41
42. • Scientific discipline devoted to understanding the factors, forces,
and processes that influence the loss, protection, and restoration of
biological diversity within and among ecosystems.
• Applied and goal-oriented: conservation biologists
intend to prevent extinction.
• This discipline arose in recent decades as biologists grew alarmed
at the degradation of natural systems they had spent their lives
studying.
Conservation biology
Sunday, May 3, 2015 42
43. • Explains how species diversity patterns arise on islands, as a result of:
• Immigration
• Extinction
• Island size
• Distance from the mainland
• The theory originally developed as basic science for oceanic islands.
• Then it was found to apply to islands of habitat (fragments) within terrestrial
systems, for conservation biology.
Equilibriumtheory of island
biogeography
Sunday, May 3, 2015 43
44. • This has worked so far for the
California condor
(in photo, condor hand puppet feeds
chick so it imprints on birds, not
humans).
• But this is worthless if there is not
adequate habitat left in the wild.
• Many endangered species are being bred in zoos, to boost populations and
reintroduce them into the wild.
Conservationapproaches: Captive breeding
Sunday, May 3, 2015 44
45. • When habitat is preserved to meet the needs of an “umbrella species,”
it helps preserve habitat for many other species. (Thus, primary species
serve as an “umbrella” for others.)
• Large species with large home ranges (like tigers and other top predators) are
good umbrella species.
• So are flagship species, or charismatic species that win public affection, like the
panda.
Conservation approaches:
Umbrella species
Sunday, May 3, 2015 45
46. Biodiversity hotspot
= an area that supports
an especially high
number of species
endemic to the area,
found nowhere else in
the world
Conservationapproaches: Biodiversity
hotspots
Sunday, May 3, 2015 46
47. Global map of
biodiversity
hotspots, as
determined by
Conservation
International.
Conservationapproaches: Biodiversity
hotspots
47Sunday, May 3, 2015
48. • Many environmentalists from developed nations who want to establish reserves in developing
nations have been viewed with resentment by local people.
• But today many efforts work with local communities to get them invested in the conservation of their
own natural resources.
• This community-based conservation makes efforts more complex, but will probably be more
successful in the long run.
Conservationapproaches: Community-based
conservation
Conservationapproaches: Economic incentives
Debt-for-nature swaps = a non-governmental organization (NGO) raises money and offers to pay off
debt for a developing country, in exchange for parks, reserves, habitat protection
Conservation concession = an NGO offers money to a developing nation’s government for a
concession to some of its land—for conservation, rather than for resource extraction
Sunday, May 3, 2015 48
49. CONCLUSION
Biodiversity is our life. If the Biodiversity got lost at this rate then in
near future, the survival of human being will be threatened. So, it is
our moral duty to conserve Biodiversity as well our Environment.
Long-term maintenance of species and their management requires
co-operative efforts across entire landscapes. Biodiversity should be
dealt with at scale of habitats or ecosystems rather than at species
level.
Sunday, May 3, 2015 49