It contains definition types ,values,list of hot spots and ten most endangered animals and plants in the world.

1. Dr.Narkhede Raju K.
Asst.Professor
Dept of Env. Science
Maharashtra Udayagiri Mahavidyalaya ,Udgir Dist.latur Maharashtra
For B.Sc. Third Year SRTMU Nanded

2. Biodiversity
Bio-Living Diversity –variety
The term biological diversity is first coined by Thomas
lovejoy in 1980
Biodiversity is a measure of the relative diversity among
organisms present in different ecosystems.

3. Biodiversity levels
Genetic: it is the presence of diversity of genes among the
species. There is genetic variability among the populations
and the individuals of the same species.
Ex – Colour of the rose.
Species diversity :It is the diversity of species. Itcan be seen by
number of plants ,animals in an area.
Ecosystem Diversity :The diversity at a level of organization
Diversity among the plants' and animals in the forest, Lakes
Rivers and Oceans

4. Values of Biodiversity
• It is in terms of commercial utility, ecological services,
social & aesthetic Values
• Given by McNeely et al. 1990.

5. Consumptive Value
The diversity of organisms provide food, clothing
,shelter, medicine , paper, sports goods, beverages,
tourism and raw material for business prospects.
About 90% of present day food crops have been
domesticated from wild plants
Particular wild animals are also source of food.
Drugs & Medicines:75% world’s population is
dependent on plants or plant extracts for medicines

6. Consumptive Value
Tetracyclin- from bacterium ,Quinine – from Cinchona
Tree- medicine for Malaria, Digitalin- from foxglove- for
Heart Ailments ,vinblastin & vincristine – Anti-Cancer
Alkaloids
Fuel: . Firewood collected by individuals are direct
consumptive value

7. Productive Values
• These are commercially usable values where the
product is marketed & sold
• Musk Deer- production of Musk , Silk Worm- Silk,
wool from sheep, lac from insects.
• Many industries are dependent on these products, e.g.
pulp & paper industry, silk industry, ivory work, pearl
industry, leather industry.

8. Social Values
•Customs,religionandpyscho-spiritualaspectsof thepeopleare
associatedwithsocialvalue
•Numberof plants areconsidered holy&sacred.Eg.Tulsi, mango,
banyan, etc.
•Social life,songs, dances,customsarewovenwithrounding
wildlife
•Cow, snake,owl, bull havespecialvalueinbiodiversity

9. Ethical Value
• “All Life must be preserved” based on “Live and let live”.
• This means we don’t use the species directly or
indirectly, but we feel sorry about the loss of a species.
• E.g. Passenger Pigeon or Dodo
• They have a existence value
• Also interfering in the natures build like cloning of
animals including human being, genetically
engineered microbes

10. Aesthetic Value
• It is related to the beauty of Biodiversity
• The pleasure, excitement and visual peace of any area
• Concept of Eco-tourism is helpful in preventing natural
ecowealth conditions and natural biodiversity.

11. Option Value
• This includes the potentials of biodiversity that are
presently unknown and need to be explored.
• Important ecosystem services and uses for plants and
animals are still unknown and await discovery.
• This biological resources will be of imporatnce in future if
not today
• Eg. Marine animals – anti cancer drugs

12. Ecosystem ValueServices done by the ecosystem
• regulation of water flows
• purification/detoxification of soil, water, air
• nutrient cycling
• controls on pests & pathogens
• pollination of flowers & crops
• biodiversity maintenance
• climate regulation (evapotranspiration, reflectivity, &
carbon sequestration)

13. India – as a Mega-Diversity Nation
• India is one of the twelve-mega-biodiversity countries of
the world.
• With only 2.4 per cent of the land area, India already
accounts for 7 to 8 percent of the recorded species of the
world.
• Over 47,000 species of plants and 81,000 species of
animals have been recorded by the Botanical Survey of
India and the Zoological Survey of India,

14. India – as a Mega-Diversity Nation
• Marine Diversity: India has 7500 Km long coastline
having (mangroves, estuaries, coral reefs, black waters)
rich biodiversity.
• Around 340 species of corals are found in India
• Rich in Mollusks, crustaceans, polychaetes, corals
• 93 major wetlands, Large Forest Cover.

15. Endemism

16. Global Biodiversity
• Currently about 1.9 million species are known,
• Currently there are more than 91,520 species on The IUCN
Red List,
• more than 25,820 are threatened with extinction,
including
• 41% of amphibians,
• 34% of conifers,
• 33% of reef building corals,
• 25% of mammals and 13% of birds.

17. Indian Biodiversity
• India is one of the 12 mega diversity countries of the world.
• 2.4% of the land area, accounting for 7-8% of the species
of the world.
• 10th among plant rich countries
• 11th in number of endemic species of higher vertebrates
• 6th in terms of centres of diversity

18. Indian Biodiversity
Ministry of Environment and Forests records
• 47000 plants: 7% of global.
• 91000 species of mammals: 6.5% of global.
• Large numbers have ENDEMIC - ORIGINATED in India
• 5000 flowering plants..
• 340 corals

19. Types of Biodiversity
• This type of biodiversity can be characterized in
richness of four types based on their spatial distribution
• Point Richness- species that are found at one single
point
• Alpha (α)- richness) – number of species found in
small homogeneous area.

20. Types of Biodiversity
• Beta (β )– richness) - refers to rate of change in species
composition across different habitats. Cumulative no. of
species increases in heterogeneous habitats.
• Gamma (γ )- Richness – refers to the rate of change
across large composition gradients

21. Biodiversity Hotspots
• A biodiversity hotspot are characterized by high
concentrations of endemic species and are
experiencing unusually rapid rates of habitat
modifications or loss.
• Areas which exhibit high species richness as well as
endemism are termed as Hotspots of Biodiversity.
• Myers introduced this term, now there are 35 out of
these two are in India.

22. Biodiversity Hotspots
• About 40% terrestrial & 25 % vertebrate are endemic found
in this hotspots
• After tropical rain forests the second highest number
endemic species are found in Mediterranean
• These hotspots are threatened by human activities. More
than 1 billion people most whom are desperately poor
people, live in these areas

23. Biodiversity Hotspots

24. List of Hotspots
Sr. No Name of Hotspots Sr. No Name of Hotspots
1 Tropical Andes 19 Indo-Burma
2 Mesoamerican Forests 20 South Central China
3 Caribbean 21 Western Ghats
4 Brazil’s Atlantic Forest 22 South-Western Australia
5 Choc/Darien of Panama Western Ecuador 23 New Caledonia
6 Brazil’s Cerrado 24 New Zealand
7 Central Chile 25 Polynesia/Micronesia
8 California Floristic Province 26 The Madrean Pine-Oak woodlands
9 Madagascar 27 Maputaland-Pondoland Albany
10 Eastern Arc & Coastal forest of Tanzania/
Kenya
28 The eastern Afromontane
11 Western African Forest 29 The Horn Africa
12 Cape Floristic Province 30 The Irano-Anatolian
13 Succulent Karoo 31 The Muntains of Central Asia
14 Mediterranean Basin 32 Eastern Himalaya
15 Caucasus 33 Japan
16 Sundaland 34 East Melanesiaan Islands
17 Wallacea
18 Phillipines

25. Ten Most Endangered animals and
Plants in The World
 Amur Leopard Gorillas

26. Sea Turtle Orangutan

27. Sumatran
Elephant Saola

28. Tiger Rhino

29. Pangolin Vaquita

30. Monkey Puzzle
plant Bois Dentelle

31. Green Pitcher
Plant Rafflesia

32. Base ball PlantDragon Tree

33. Welwitschia
Mirabilis
Venus Flytrap

34. Cork Baobab Tree