The document discusses molecular genetics in prokaryotes, focusing on mechanisms of genetic material exchange such as conjugation, transformation, and transduction. It explains how these processes can lead to drug and antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Additionally, it outlines the differences between generalized and specialized transduction, including the types of bacteria involved and the conditions of each process.

1. KUNAL
17373016
1st YEAR IInd SEMESTER
MOLECULAR GENETICS

2. Eg. PROKARYOTES Eg. REPRODUCTION
TRANSDUCTIONCONJUGATION TRANSFORMATION

3. Exchange of genetic material b/w bacteria
 Drug resistance.
Genetic material exchanged via Viruses.
 Drug resistance
Uptake of naked DNA molecule or fragment
from the medium by a cell and incorporation
into recipient.
 Antibiotic resistance
 Pesticide resistance in crops

5. Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacteria through
direct cell-to-cell contact, or through a bridge-like connection between the two cells.
It occurs in both gram positive and gram negative cells but the mechanism is quite
different.

6. C
O
N
J
U
G
A
T
I
O
N

8. The transfer of genetic material from one cell to another cell by a bacteriophage
is called Transduction .
• Transduction has been found to occur in variety of prokaryotes , including
certain species of Bacteria : Escherichia , Pseudomonas, Salmonella ,
Staphylococcus , etc.
• The bacteriophage containing the bacterial DNA is called transduced DNA .

9. Generalized Transduction-
Transduction in which potentially
any donor bacterial gene can be
transferred.
 Occurs during lytic cycle.
 Replicate Immediately.
 No viral DNA.
Specialized Transduction -
Transduction in which only certain
donor genes can be transferred.
 Occurs during lysogenic cycle.
 Replicate later.
 Viral and bacterial DNA.