This document summarizes a project on child brides done by four members: Embie Karaali, Kevser Aslan, Merve Arabul, and Ayşe Tuba Mete. It defines key terms like child, child's rights, and child bride. It reviews literature on causes of child marriage like poverty, lack of education, and patriarchal social structures. It analyzes the current situation in Turkey through statistics and examples. Interviews were conducted. Solutions proposed include increasing education, awareness campaigns, and strengthening laws against child marriage.
FINALMapping of Child Marriage Initiatives in South AsiaCarol Boender
This document summarizes regional and country-level initiatives to end child marriage in South Asia. At the regional level, it outlines the South Asia Initiative to End Violence Against Children (SAIEVAC), which aims to prevent child marriage through legal reforms, education access, changing social norms, and supporting married girls. It also mentions the Kathmandu Call for Action and the South Asian Coordinating Group on action against violence against children. The summary then provides an overview of key child marriage programs and policies implemented in each South Asian country. It concludes by classifying the strategies used across initiatives.
The present study made an attempt to gain insights on determinants and psychosocial consequences of early marriage on rural women. Samples of 300 women who married early and have completed 5 to 15 years of married life were taken from 20 villages of district Bhilwara, Rajasthan as it has highest instances of child marriages. In depth investigation employed the use of interview, FGDs, observation and case study method. Research was based in district. Baseline Proforma and SES scale (self developed) was used to get the necessary details regarding the socio-economic status and demographic characteristics of respondents and their families. DEM scale (self developed), PSC Scale (self developed) and life satisfaction scale (Alam & Shrivastava, 1973) were used for data collection. Statistical test i.e. ‘z’ test, ANOVA, Regression & Pearson’s ‘r’ were applied to find out the results.
The findings of the study revealed that age at marriage is governed by various components of socio-economic status with traditions & customs, lack of education, childhood residence and castes. Effect of mass media was not found as hypothesized. Media is only meant for entertainment by rural people. The study also highlighted psycho-social consequences (PSC components) of early marriage. It was found that child marriage increases exploitation of girl child and loss of her adolescence along with denial of education & freedom, inadequate socialization & personal development and violence & abandonment. Access to contraception is highly correlated with age at marriage i.e. the lower the age at marriage lower the knowledge and less access of contraception.
The multiple regression analysis in predicting age at marriage and its determinants reveal that the Beta coefficient reflect the socio- economic status of the family and in which a girl belongs has more considerable contribution in terms of early marriage while traditions and customs follow the socio-cultural perseverance in predicting age at marriage. It is also depicted from the regression analysis that the ill consequences of early marriage in earlier ages have more awful effects on girl child. On the whole, it was found that early marriage itself means exploitation of girl child and loss of adolescence. This factor is highly significant in all studied age groups. They are treated as homely bird which means confined to four walls of house. Overall dissatisfaction level is high with the respondents who get married at the early age. There are significant correlation found between determinants and psycho-social consequences of early marriage and inter-correlation among LS and SES components.
Early marriage of young females a panacea to poverty in the northern region ...Alexander Decker
Early marriage before the age of 18 is common in the Northern Region of Ghana, largely due to poverty. The study found that families often force their daughters to marry early because they cannot afford school fees or other family expenses. Marrying early is seen as a way to reduce the financial burden on families. However, early marriage also means girls have less opportunity to develop skills and education that could help them earn income and escape poverty. The intergenerational transmission of poverty is also an issue, as daughters of mothers who married early often have no choice but to marry early as well, perpetuating the cycle of poverty between generations.
Samuel Scott, IFPRI - From mother to child: Pathways from early marriage to p...POSHAN
Presentation made at an IFPRI event on "What Lies Beneath:
Women’s and Girls’ Wellbeing as a Critical Underpinning of India’s Nutritional Challenge" on December 10, 2018, in New Delhi
Child marriage, SRH and religion presentationAradhana Gurung
A Presentation by Ms. Catherine Breen-Kamkong, Deputy Represenatative, UNFPA Nepal made during the Round Table with Religious Leaders and Adolescents on Child Marriage in Kathmandu, Nepal on 15 September 2013
A February 2014 webinar presentation by Anastasia Gage, MEASURE Evaluation’s Principal Investigator at Tulane University, focusing on her recent study on the effect of communication exposure and social influence on parents’ and guardians’ attitudes towards child marriage in Ethiopia.
This document summarizes a project on child brides done by four members: Embie Karaali, Kevser Aslan, Merve Arabul, and Ayşe Tuba Mete. It defines key terms like child, child's rights, and child bride. It reviews literature on causes of child marriage like poverty, lack of education, and patriarchal social structures. It analyzes the current situation in Turkey through statistics and examples. Interviews were conducted. Solutions proposed include increasing education, awareness campaigns, and strengthening laws against child marriage.
FINALMapping of Child Marriage Initiatives in South AsiaCarol Boender
This document summarizes regional and country-level initiatives to end child marriage in South Asia. At the regional level, it outlines the South Asia Initiative to End Violence Against Children (SAIEVAC), which aims to prevent child marriage through legal reforms, education access, changing social norms, and supporting married girls. It also mentions the Kathmandu Call for Action and the South Asian Coordinating Group on action against violence against children. The summary then provides an overview of key child marriage programs and policies implemented in each South Asian country. It concludes by classifying the strategies used across initiatives.
The present study made an attempt to gain insights on determinants and psychosocial consequences of early marriage on rural women. Samples of 300 women who married early and have completed 5 to 15 years of married life were taken from 20 villages of district Bhilwara, Rajasthan as it has highest instances of child marriages. In depth investigation employed the use of interview, FGDs, observation and case study method. Research was based in district. Baseline Proforma and SES scale (self developed) was used to get the necessary details regarding the socio-economic status and demographic characteristics of respondents and their families. DEM scale (self developed), PSC Scale (self developed) and life satisfaction scale (Alam & Shrivastava, 1973) were used for data collection. Statistical test i.e. ‘z’ test, ANOVA, Regression & Pearson’s ‘r’ were applied to find out the results.
The findings of the study revealed that age at marriage is governed by various components of socio-economic status with traditions & customs, lack of education, childhood residence and castes. Effect of mass media was not found as hypothesized. Media is only meant for entertainment by rural people. The study also highlighted psycho-social consequences (PSC components) of early marriage. It was found that child marriage increases exploitation of girl child and loss of her adolescence along with denial of education & freedom, inadequate socialization & personal development and violence & abandonment. Access to contraception is highly correlated with age at marriage i.e. the lower the age at marriage lower the knowledge and less access of contraception.
The multiple regression analysis in predicting age at marriage and its determinants reveal that the Beta coefficient reflect the socio- economic status of the family and in which a girl belongs has more considerable contribution in terms of early marriage while traditions and customs follow the socio-cultural perseverance in predicting age at marriage. It is also depicted from the regression analysis that the ill consequences of early marriage in earlier ages have more awful effects on girl child. On the whole, it was found that early marriage itself means exploitation of girl child and loss of adolescence. This factor is highly significant in all studied age groups. They are treated as homely bird which means confined to four walls of house. Overall dissatisfaction level is high with the respondents who get married at the early age. There are significant correlation found between determinants and psycho-social consequences of early marriage and inter-correlation among LS and SES components.
Early marriage of young females a panacea to poverty in the northern region ...Alexander Decker
Early marriage before the age of 18 is common in the Northern Region of Ghana, largely due to poverty. The study found that families often force their daughters to marry early because they cannot afford school fees or other family expenses. Marrying early is seen as a way to reduce the financial burden on families. However, early marriage also means girls have less opportunity to develop skills and education that could help them earn income and escape poverty. The intergenerational transmission of poverty is also an issue, as daughters of mothers who married early often have no choice but to marry early as well, perpetuating the cycle of poverty between generations.
Samuel Scott, IFPRI - From mother to child: Pathways from early marriage to p...POSHAN
Presentation made at an IFPRI event on "What Lies Beneath:
Women’s and Girls’ Wellbeing as a Critical Underpinning of India’s Nutritional Challenge" on December 10, 2018, in New Delhi
Child marriage, SRH and religion presentationAradhana Gurung
A Presentation by Ms. Catherine Breen-Kamkong, Deputy Represenatative, UNFPA Nepal made during the Round Table with Religious Leaders and Adolescents on Child Marriage in Kathmandu, Nepal on 15 September 2013
A February 2014 webinar presentation by Anastasia Gage, MEASURE Evaluation’s Principal Investigator at Tulane University, focusing on her recent study on the effect of communication exposure and social influence on parents’ and guardians’ attitudes towards child marriage in Ethiopia.
This document summarizes a study examining the associations between education levels and child marriage in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan from 1991 to 2011. Demographic and Health Survey data from those countries were analyzed to assess the effect of highest education level (none, primary, secondary, or higher) on age of marriage for women aged 20-24. The results found that primary education was not protective against child marriage in Bangladesh and Pakistan, but was protective against marriage at age 14 in Nepal. Secondary education was protective against marriage at age 14 in Bangladesh and for younger adolescents in Pakistan. In India, primary and secondary education were protective across all age categories for marriage.
A teenager is defined as someone between the ages of 13-19. During puberty, both boys and girls experience physical changes as they reach sexual maturity. Child marriage, defined as marriage under the age of 18, is most common in rural, impoverished areas and is driven by factors like poverty, gender inequality, lack of education, traditional practices, and failure to enforce laws against it. Child marriage has significant negative health, social, and economic consequences for young girls.
The document discusses the declining sex ratio in India and factors contributing to it such as son preference, small family norms, and the use of prenatal diagnostic techniques for sex-selective abortions. Some key points:
- The 2011 Indian census found a sex ratio of 933 females per 1000 males, representing a deficit of around 35 million women.
- Son preference stemming from social and economic factors has resulted in the neglect, abuse and killing of girls in parts of India.
- The use of technologies like amniocentesis and ultrasound for sex determination has led to widespread sex-selective abortions, especially in states with high son preference.
- This has contributed to 60 lakh (6 million) missing girls
Child marriage legitimizes human rights violations and abuses of girls under the guise of culture, honor, tradition, and religion. It continues a sequence of discrimination that begins at a girl’s birth and is reinforced in her community, in her marriage and which continues throughout her entire life. Child marriage, therefore, is a way of dealing with the perceived problems that girls represent for families, the problems that arise from the low value given to women and girls.
HAQ: Center for Child Rights
B1/2, Ground Floor,
Malviya Nagar
New Delhi - 110017
Tel: +91-26677412,26673599
Fax: +91-26674688
Website: www.haqcrc.org
FaceBook Page: https://www.facebook.com/HaqCentreForChildRights
Causes and Health Consequence of Early Marriage as Perceived by Egyptian Fema...iosrjce
This document summarizes a study that compares the perceived causes and health consequences of early marriage among Egyptian females in rural versus urban areas. A sample of 200 early-married females aged 15-49 were interviewed using a questionnaire. Results showed the average age of marriage was lower in rural (14.94 years) than urban (15.58) areas. Rural females reported more miscarriages and preterm births. Education levels and employment opportunities were lower for rural females. The study aims to understand perceptions that could help address early marriage and improve maternal and child health.
Marry Me, Later: Ending Child Marriage in IndiaDasra
This document discusses child marriage in India and opportunities to address it. Some key points:
- Close to half of girls in India are married before age 18, denying them health, education and other rights.
- Efforts over the past decade have brought greater recognition and government action on the issue. However, child marriage remains underfunded and sustains intergenerational poverty and social issues.
- The report identifies priority intervention areas like education, vocational training, and empowering gatekeepers and recommends 30 high-potential non-profits working in this space. Increased funding and support is needed to scale effective programs that empower girls and reduce child marriage.
Child marriage is a social issue of global concern as it hinders socio-economic development and make several sustainable development goals (SDGs) unachievable. It's a major issue in the tribal populated and backward districts of Odisha.
Child marriage is a curse for our society. This presentation will give you an idea of child marriage, scenario of child marriage in Bangladesh and in the world, causes of child marriage and how we can prevent child marriage including some cases.
A comparative study on child marriage in Bangladesh Issues and Facts বাউন্ডুলে শামীম
Child marriage is a widespread problem globally and remains common in Bangladesh. Some key facts:
- Over 60 million girls worldwide married before 18; 1 in 7 girls marry before 15.
- Bangladesh has the 4th highest rate globally, with over half of girls married by 18.
- Poverty, lack of education, social norms, and easy falsification of age documents contribute to the problem.
- Consequences for girls include health risks, denial of education, domestic violence, and abuse.
- Efforts are needed to increase education, empower girls, engage communities, and strengthen legal protections to reduce child marriage in Bangladesh.
The document discusses child marriage, which is defined as marriage under the age of 18. Child marriage can negatively impact education as young brides have limited support to continue schooling. It also places significant responsibilities on children who are not ready, both physically and mentally. Health risks for child brides include physical damage from early sexual encounters, higher rates of maternal and infant mortality, and greater risk of HIV/STDs. Causes of child marriage include poverty, gender discrimination, tradition, lack of legal protection and awareness. India has a very high rate of child marriage, with 47% of girls married before 18. Niger has the highest rate globally, with 75% of girls married under 18. The document suggests actions individuals can take to help end
The document discusses several issues facing girl children in India, including female infanticide and foeticide, child marriage, inadequate nutrition, disparities in education, trafficking, sexual harassment, and lack of safety. It notes that the practice of eliminating female fetuses has led to millions of missing girls. Child marriage violates girls' rights and can lead to health risks. Girls often receive inferior nutrition compared to boys. Fewer girls receive education due to factors like early marriage and household responsibilities. Trafficking disproportionately affects girls for exploitation and crimes against women are very common in India. The government has implemented various policies and programs to promote girls' welfare and development.
This document summarizes findings from a midline evaluation of the Act With Her Ethiopia program in Oromia, Ethiopia. The evaluation found some positive effects on adolescents' knowledge related to puberty and reproductive health, as well as improved communication between adolescents and parents. However, there were limited impacts on changing gender norms and attitudes, girls' education, and economic empowerment. The asset transfer component also caused some community discord. Overall, the program showed mixed results and the evaluators provide recommendations to improve engagement of communities, parents, mentors, and tailor the program better to local contexts and norms.
A presentation by Nicola Jones at the Global Webinar: Leave No Child Behind – The Way Forward for Education organised by Economic Policy Research Institute
Presentation by Dr Bassam Abu Hamad, Dr Nicola Jones, Prof Sarah Baird and Agnieszka Malachowska at the 4th IAAH MENA region Adolescent Health conference in Egypt
Early Childhood Marriage Intervention Project Proposal v4Dr.Mohammad Alamgir
- The document discusses an intervention program aimed at preventing child marriages in rural areas of Bangladesh.
- The program would target high poverty rural districts and engage community participation to address the root causes of child marriage such as poverty, gender inequality, and lack of opportunities for girls' education.
- The goals are to achieve a sustainable reduction of child marriage in Bangladesh through changing social norms and practices, ensuring equal access to education, and raising the legal marriage age for girls to 18 years.
Early/child marriage is defined as any marriage below the age of 18. The document discusses causes of child marriage such as gender inequality, poverty, negative beliefs, failure to enforce laws, and cultural norms. Effects include rejection of education, health problems for girls, and domestic violence. The authors conducted a survey that found poverty, illiteracy, and tradition are main causes, while education reduces child marriage rates. They conclude generating awareness is needed to curb this practice.
The document discusses child marriage in India, including statistics on prevalence, causes, and impacts. It notes that over 50% of child brides in India live in five states - Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh. Causes of child marriage include societal norms, poverty, lack of education and awareness, and the need to protect the caste system. Impacts include increased maternal and infant mortality, domestic violence, and denial of education for girls. The government has implemented various laws and programs aimed at prohibiting child marriage and empowering girls.
This document provides an overview of spinal cord disorders including epidemiology, classification, pathophysiology, clinical features, and management. It discusses how cervical spondylosis occurs naturally with aging and affects up to 90% of those over 65. Classification includes compressive vs non-compressive and acute vs chronic disorders. Pathophysiology of cervical spondylotic myelopathy involves external compression and vascular factors due to degenerative disc changes. Clinical features vary depending on the location of the spinal cord involvement but may include neck pain, weakness, sensory changes, and bladder/bowel dysfunction.
Walking aids
Occupational Therapy
To learn how to use assistive devices like
canes, walkers, or wheelchairs
To learn techniques to help with daily
activities like dressing, bathing, etc.
Braces or splints to prevent contractures
Adaptive equipment to help with tasks
Surgery
Counseling
Selective dorsal rhizotomy to reduce leg
spasticity
To help cope with the emotional impact and
adjust to physical changes
Orthopedic surgery for contractures or
deformities
Support groups
This document summarizes a study examining the associations between education levels and child marriage in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan from 1991 to 2011. Demographic and Health Survey data from those countries were analyzed to assess the effect of highest education level (none, primary, secondary, or higher) on age of marriage for women aged 20-24. The results found that primary education was not protective against child marriage in Bangladesh and Pakistan, but was protective against marriage at age 14 in Nepal. Secondary education was protective against marriage at age 14 in Bangladesh and for younger adolescents in Pakistan. In India, primary and secondary education were protective across all age categories for marriage.
A teenager is defined as someone between the ages of 13-19. During puberty, both boys and girls experience physical changes as they reach sexual maturity. Child marriage, defined as marriage under the age of 18, is most common in rural, impoverished areas and is driven by factors like poverty, gender inequality, lack of education, traditional practices, and failure to enforce laws against it. Child marriage has significant negative health, social, and economic consequences for young girls.
The document discusses the declining sex ratio in India and factors contributing to it such as son preference, small family norms, and the use of prenatal diagnostic techniques for sex-selective abortions. Some key points:
- The 2011 Indian census found a sex ratio of 933 females per 1000 males, representing a deficit of around 35 million women.
- Son preference stemming from social and economic factors has resulted in the neglect, abuse and killing of girls in parts of India.
- The use of technologies like amniocentesis and ultrasound for sex determination has led to widespread sex-selective abortions, especially in states with high son preference.
- This has contributed to 60 lakh (6 million) missing girls
Child marriage legitimizes human rights violations and abuses of girls under the guise of culture, honor, tradition, and religion. It continues a sequence of discrimination that begins at a girl’s birth and is reinforced in her community, in her marriage and which continues throughout her entire life. Child marriage, therefore, is a way of dealing with the perceived problems that girls represent for families, the problems that arise from the low value given to women and girls.
HAQ: Center for Child Rights
B1/2, Ground Floor,
Malviya Nagar
New Delhi - 110017
Tel: +91-26677412,26673599
Fax: +91-26674688
Website: www.haqcrc.org
FaceBook Page: https://www.facebook.com/HaqCentreForChildRights
Causes and Health Consequence of Early Marriage as Perceived by Egyptian Fema...iosrjce
This document summarizes a study that compares the perceived causes and health consequences of early marriage among Egyptian females in rural versus urban areas. A sample of 200 early-married females aged 15-49 were interviewed using a questionnaire. Results showed the average age of marriage was lower in rural (14.94 years) than urban (15.58) areas. Rural females reported more miscarriages and preterm births. Education levels and employment opportunities were lower for rural females. The study aims to understand perceptions that could help address early marriage and improve maternal and child health.
Marry Me, Later: Ending Child Marriage in IndiaDasra
This document discusses child marriage in India and opportunities to address it. Some key points:
- Close to half of girls in India are married before age 18, denying them health, education and other rights.
- Efforts over the past decade have brought greater recognition and government action on the issue. However, child marriage remains underfunded and sustains intergenerational poverty and social issues.
- The report identifies priority intervention areas like education, vocational training, and empowering gatekeepers and recommends 30 high-potential non-profits working in this space. Increased funding and support is needed to scale effective programs that empower girls and reduce child marriage.
Child marriage is a social issue of global concern as it hinders socio-economic development and make several sustainable development goals (SDGs) unachievable. It's a major issue in the tribal populated and backward districts of Odisha.
Child marriage is a curse for our society. This presentation will give you an idea of child marriage, scenario of child marriage in Bangladesh and in the world, causes of child marriage and how we can prevent child marriage including some cases.
A comparative study on child marriage in Bangladesh Issues and Facts বাউন্ডুলে শামীম
Child marriage is a widespread problem globally and remains common in Bangladesh. Some key facts:
- Over 60 million girls worldwide married before 18; 1 in 7 girls marry before 15.
- Bangladesh has the 4th highest rate globally, with over half of girls married by 18.
- Poverty, lack of education, social norms, and easy falsification of age documents contribute to the problem.
- Consequences for girls include health risks, denial of education, domestic violence, and abuse.
- Efforts are needed to increase education, empower girls, engage communities, and strengthen legal protections to reduce child marriage in Bangladesh.
The document discusses child marriage, which is defined as marriage under the age of 18. Child marriage can negatively impact education as young brides have limited support to continue schooling. It also places significant responsibilities on children who are not ready, both physically and mentally. Health risks for child brides include physical damage from early sexual encounters, higher rates of maternal and infant mortality, and greater risk of HIV/STDs. Causes of child marriage include poverty, gender discrimination, tradition, lack of legal protection and awareness. India has a very high rate of child marriage, with 47% of girls married before 18. Niger has the highest rate globally, with 75% of girls married under 18. The document suggests actions individuals can take to help end
The document discusses several issues facing girl children in India, including female infanticide and foeticide, child marriage, inadequate nutrition, disparities in education, trafficking, sexual harassment, and lack of safety. It notes that the practice of eliminating female fetuses has led to millions of missing girls. Child marriage violates girls' rights and can lead to health risks. Girls often receive inferior nutrition compared to boys. Fewer girls receive education due to factors like early marriage and household responsibilities. Trafficking disproportionately affects girls for exploitation and crimes against women are very common in India. The government has implemented various policies and programs to promote girls' welfare and development.
This document summarizes findings from a midline evaluation of the Act With Her Ethiopia program in Oromia, Ethiopia. The evaluation found some positive effects on adolescents' knowledge related to puberty and reproductive health, as well as improved communication between adolescents and parents. However, there were limited impacts on changing gender norms and attitudes, girls' education, and economic empowerment. The asset transfer component also caused some community discord. Overall, the program showed mixed results and the evaluators provide recommendations to improve engagement of communities, parents, mentors, and tailor the program better to local contexts and norms.
A presentation by Nicola Jones at the Global Webinar: Leave No Child Behind – The Way Forward for Education organised by Economic Policy Research Institute
Presentation by Dr Bassam Abu Hamad, Dr Nicola Jones, Prof Sarah Baird and Agnieszka Malachowska at the 4th IAAH MENA region Adolescent Health conference in Egypt
Early Childhood Marriage Intervention Project Proposal v4Dr.Mohammad Alamgir
- The document discusses an intervention program aimed at preventing child marriages in rural areas of Bangladesh.
- The program would target high poverty rural districts and engage community participation to address the root causes of child marriage such as poverty, gender inequality, and lack of opportunities for girls' education.
- The goals are to achieve a sustainable reduction of child marriage in Bangladesh through changing social norms and practices, ensuring equal access to education, and raising the legal marriage age for girls to 18 years.
Early/child marriage is defined as any marriage below the age of 18. The document discusses causes of child marriage such as gender inequality, poverty, negative beliefs, failure to enforce laws, and cultural norms. Effects include rejection of education, health problems for girls, and domestic violence. The authors conducted a survey that found poverty, illiteracy, and tradition are main causes, while education reduces child marriage rates. They conclude generating awareness is needed to curb this practice.
The document discusses child marriage in India, including statistics on prevalence, causes, and impacts. It notes that over 50% of child brides in India live in five states - Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh. Causes of child marriage include societal norms, poverty, lack of education and awareness, and the need to protect the caste system. Impacts include increased maternal and infant mortality, domestic violence, and denial of education for girls. The government has implemented various laws and programs aimed at prohibiting child marriage and empowering girls.
This document provides an overview of spinal cord disorders including epidemiology, classification, pathophysiology, clinical features, and management. It discusses how cervical spondylosis occurs naturally with aging and affects up to 90% of those over 65. Classification includes compressive vs non-compressive and acute vs chronic disorders. Pathophysiology of cervical spondylotic myelopathy involves external compression and vascular factors due to degenerative disc changes. Clinical features vary depending on the location of the spinal cord involvement but may include neck pain, weakness, sensory changes, and bladder/bowel dysfunction.
Walking aids
Occupational Therapy
To learn how to use assistive devices like
canes, walkers, or wheelchairs
To learn techniques to help with daily
activities like dressing, bathing, etc.
Braces or splints to prevent contractures
Adaptive equipment to help with tasks
Surgery
Counseling
Selective dorsal rhizotomy to reduce leg
spasticity
To help cope with the emotional impact and
adjust to physical changes
Orthopedic surgery for contractures or
deformities
Support groups
This document provides guidance on evaluating patients presenting with paraplegia. It outlines the key components of the clinical history and neurological examination needed to determine the cause and level of spinal cord injury. The history should ascertain details of onset and any associated symptoms. The exam focuses on assessing sensory and motor function at different dermatomal and myotomal levels to localize the lesion. Together this information can indicate if the injury is acute, subacute, or chronic, and identify potential etiologies like trauma, infection, inflammation, compression, or vascular causes. The goal is to arrive at a diagnosis and localization of injury within the spinal cord or vertebrae.
This document discusses the anatomy and functions of the spinal cord, including sensory and motor functions. It describes the ascending tracts that carry sensory information in the dorsal, lateral, and ventral white columns. Several spinal cord syndromes are summarized, including complete transverse cord lesion, Brown-Sequard syndrome, central spinal cord lesion, posterior column syndrome, and anterior spinal syndrome. Causes and features of each syndrome are provided. Treatment options for spinal cord injuries are mentioned, such as glucocorticoids, neurotrophins, stem cell implantation, and future brain computer interface devices.
La paraplejía es una enfermedad en la que la parte inferior del cuerpo queda paralizada y sin funcionalidad, normalmente como resultado de una lesión medular o enfermedad congénita como la espina bífida. Las causas incluyen lesiones traumáticas como fracturas vertebrales, tumores, mielitis transversa y esclerosis múltiple. Los grados de paraplejía se clasifican por la ubicación de la lesión medular y determinan la capacidad funcional residual del paciente.
Paraplegia is defined as impairment of motor function in the lower extremities, with or without sensory involvement, and is usually caused by involvement of the spinal cord, nerves supplying the lower limbs, or muscles directly. It is classified as spastic or flaccid depending on the affected part of the nervous system and resulting muscle tone. Common causes include spinal cord injuries, infections, tumors, and vascular disorders. A thorough history, neurological examination, and imaging tests are used to diagnose the condition and determine the specific cause and level of spinal involvement.
The document discusses paraplegia, which is an impairment of motor or sensory function in the lower extremities. It describes the different types as spastic or flaccid paraplegia. The causes of spastic paraplegia are then outlined, including both cerebral and spinal causes such as cerebral diplegia, parasagittal meningioma, compressive spinal disorders like disc prolapse, and non-compressive disorders like motor neuron disease. The causes of flaccid paraplegia are also listed, including lesions of the anterior horn cells, peripheral nerves, or myoneural junction disorders.
The document provides an overview of a company that designs customized investment solutions for clients using institutional investing principles. It details the experience of key personnel, the company philosophy of following best practices, and the investment process of discovery, design, implementation, and monitoring. The goals are to create value for investors through a blend of passive and active strategies, optimize fees, focus on risk management, and improve annual returns 1-3% without unnecessary risk.
The document discusses various devices and tasks that are considered indispensable, including a washing machine for saving time on laundry, keeping food, being contactable, cooking, attending classes, and ironing clothes well. The document was written by Mónica Almeida on May 23, 2011.
Barcelona is a city located on the northeast coast of Spain with a population of over 1.6 million inhabitants. It is divided into 10 districts and known for its Mediterranean climate, Catalan culture, and as an international center of art and design. Barcelona offers a variety of cultural activities like music, theater, museums and festivals year-round and is considered a top tourist destination for its architecture, nightlife, and cuisine.
Cloud computing allows storing and processing files from anywhere through internet servers. Tag galaxy searches photos through visual tags guiding users to intended images, rendering categories as a 3D planet chain. Cha Cha looks up information through text, internet, or phone, such as finding cheap products by texting Cha Cha.
“Identifying Value Co-creation in Innovation Ecosystems Using Social Network Analysis,” Inaugural Lecture: Innovation Forum. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. August 2, 2010.
Star of Turkish Education system: Village Institutions: What kind of Turkey would e have if they still exist?
Classroom management style at village Institutions (Köy Enstitüleri). Reasons of decreasing extra-curriclar activities and outcomes of the closing of Village Institutions on teachers Education system.
MetTel is a leading integrated communications provider that was founded in 1996 and is headquartered in New York City. It has a proven executive management team and full-service communications capabilities. MetTel has a national reach with over 300,000 access lines across 48 contiguous US states and DC. It has strategic relationships with major carriers. MetTel provides competitive pricing options, integrated communications solutions, premier client care, and industry focus across multiple sectors.
This document promotes the creation of presentations using Haiku Deck, an online presentation tool. It features photos from various photographers and encourages the viewer to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation on SlideShare. In a few images, photographers are credited for their work.
This document provides guidance on using problem solving to address behavior problems in the classroom. It outlines several problem solving tools like fishbone diagrams and matrix diagrams. It also discusses effective teacher responses like talking to students individually. The document recommends following a multi-step process for problem solving, such as defining the problem, identifying causes, suggesting solutions, and following up. Overall, the document emphasizes establishing positive relationships and using a structured approach to help students develop problem solving skills to resolve behavior issues.
NASA astronaut Douglas Wheelock shared stunning photos taken from the International Space Station during his time as commander from September 2010 to November 2010. Some of the photos show Earth's natural beauty like the Bahamas, Great Barrier Reef, and Patagonia. Other photos capture cities on the night side of Earth like Athens and Cairo. Wheelock enjoyed sharing these views of Earth from the ISS with followers on Twitter.
Tunis is the capital and largest city of Tunisia. It has a population of over 2 million people and is located in northeast Tunisia on the Gulf of Tunis. Tunis has a Mediterranean climate and its economy is centered around textiles, olive oil, and tourism. It is also a hub for politics, culture, and industry in Tunisia.
This document outlines initial criteria for best practices in mainstreaming disability in development based on the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). It discusses mainstreaming as including persons with disabilities in all development efforts through both disability-specific and inclusive actions. The document presents criteria such as non-discrimination, participation, accessibility, capacity building, data collection, and partnerships to evaluate best practices. It aims to provide case studies illustrating these criteria from different regions and themes of inclusive development.
Bakar Fakih and Mwifadhi Mrisho (2016). Hear my voice: old age and disability...Sightsavers
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You may be stressed about revealing your cancer diagnosis to your child or children.
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4. CONTENTS
Definition of the problem
Literature review
Brainstorming
Fishbone
Matrix diagram
Diagram
Data analysis
Conclusion
Recommendation
Gantt card
References
Thanks
5. DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM
What is PARAPLEGIA? How it happens? What are
effects?
The paraplegia stems from traffic and job accidents,
sportive injury, the pounding firearms, diving
headfirst in shallow sea or it can be related to
tumors, infections and soft tissue injuries that injure
spinal cards.
6. There are 150.000 people with paraplegia in
Turkey. The 90% of these people have to live with
wheelchairs and are dependent on the help of
another person.
All of them causes the loss of sense and the
abilities of movements. These harms are
permanent and cannot be cured by the current
medical ways.
7. LITERATURE REVİEW
According to Result of The
Survey on Problems and
Expectations of People with
Disability (2010)
KAYNAK;
Republic of Turkey Ministry of Family and Social
Policies
Turkish Statistical Institute
http://www.eyh.gov.tr/upload/Node/8703/files/survey
_on_problems_and_expectations_of_disabled_peo
ple_2010.pdf
8. 8.40%
5.90%
0.20%
8.80%
29.20%
3.90%
25.60%
18%
Registered people with disability by type of
disability, 2010.
Visual disability
Hearing disability
Language and speech
disability
Orthopedic disability
Intellectual disability
Mental and emotional
disability
Chronic illness
Multiple disability
12. INDIVIDUALS’ WITH DISABILITY OPINIONS ABOUT PHYSICAL
ENVIRONMENTAL ARRANGEMENTS OF INHABITED PLACES,
WHETHER ARE APPROPRIATE FOR THEIR DISABILITIES OR NOT,
2010.
25.40%
19.30% 20.20%
70.80% 71.90%
63.80%
3.80%
8.80%
16.10%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
Accessing
floors, mobility
in the building
Sidewalks,
walk
ways and
crosswalks
Public
buildings
Appropriate
Not appropriate
No idea
14. ARTICLE 2: ‘THE BOOKLET FOR RIGHTS OF
THE PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES‘
- According to legislation
of people with disability;
The definitions, gradings
and classifications
depend on the
international disability
classification.
RESOURCE;
Hüseyin ALSANCAK, Hülya TOMRUK,
Nuray ÇATANA, Aydın TÜRKEKUL, Nil
DOLAMAÇ
http://www.sosyalhizmetler.pol.tr/Documents/sos
yal%20hizmetler.pdf
15. IF THEIR HEALTH REPORT IS OVER %40;
Getting disability ID card
Taking advantage of Special Rehabilitation Services
Benefiting from care and maintenance services
Getting qualifying certificate as H class
Receiving a disability pension
Applying on tax exemption for customs, income,
real estate, motor vehicles value added tax.
Benefiting from the rights of the people with
disability which is provided by the local
governments.
16. THE PEOPLE WHO HAVE DISABILITY ID CARD
CAN PAY REDUCED PRICES AT
Railway 50% ,airway
40% ,intercity bus 30%
Cinema, theatre etc.
Turkcell & vodafone
40%
Steamboat
Museum and historical
side
Water bill in Ankara
17. ACCORDING TO LEGISLATION OF PEOPLE
WITH DISABILITY;
All governmental
buildings, roads,
pavements, pedestrian
zones, open and green
fields, parks and social
buildings have to be
designed appropriately
for people with
disability. Municipalities
have to control on the
suitability of these areas
.
18. HEALTH EXPENDITURES
The green card
The price of nurture
Education for them
‘There is no reason to prevent education of the people
with disability.
Entrance exams
Special education
19. OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION &
EMPLOYMENT
There is no restriction for the people with
disability to choose a job related to their
abilities.
Government have to meet their
rehabilitation expenditures.
If there are more than 50 employees in a
public sector then 3 percent of these
employees have to be people with disability.
20. BRAINSTORMING
Bias
Lack of education
Architectural barrier
Financial problems
Lack of empathy
The deficiency in communication
between healthy people and
disabled ones.
Being excluded from the business
life.
Transportation troubles
The ignorance of people with
disability in society
Government policies
The awareness of their rights
25. 1) CAN YOU SCORE THE FOLLOWING CONFLICT RESULTS
WHICH PEOPLE WITH DISABILITY ENCOUNTER ACCORDING
TO ORDER OF IMPORTANCE? (MOST IMPORTANT:4 LESS
IMPORTANT:1)
Economic
28%
Architectural
31%
Social
20%
Educational
21%
26. 2) DO YOU THINK THAT WHETHER PEOPLE ARE BIASED OR
NOT WHEN YOU ARE TALKING WITH YOU?
Yes
65%
No
35%
0% 0%
27. 3) DO YOU THINK THAT THE RIGHTS ARE ENOUGH FOR
PEOPLE WITH DISABILITY? IF YOU THINK THAT THESE
RIGHTS ARE INADEQUATE, PLEASE EXPLAIN SHORTLY.
Yes
12%
No
88%
28. 4) DO YOU THINK THE PLACEMENT OF THE
PEOPLE WITH DISABILITY IN MEDIA IS ENOUGH?
Yes
25%
No
75%
29. 5) DO YOU TAKE SALARY FOR PEOPLE WITH
OBSTACLES? IF YOU DO NOT TAKE, WHY?
Yes
50%
No
50%
30. 6) DO YOU LIKE THE ATTITUDES OF PEOPLE IN
NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS TOWARDS YOU?
Yes
50%
No
50%
31. 7)ARE THERE RAMP FOR WHEELCHAIR IN FRONT OF YOUR
HOME?
Yes
48%No
52%
33. 9) DO YOU HAVE PROBLEMS IN TERMS OF FAMILIAL
RELATIONSHIPS? IF YOU HAVE ANY, PLEASE SHORT
EXPLAIN.
Yes
61%
No
39%
34. 10) DO YOU HAVE A WHELLCHAIR? IF YOU HAVE, HOW DO
YOU OBTAIN IT?
Myself
12%
Government
25%
Sponsor
25%
Others
38%
35. CONCLUSION
As a result, we have learned that
architectural and educational obstacles
are main conflicts for the people with
disability. When we firstly handle with
these obstacles, there will be no
differences between us. They are not
disabled people, actually, we restrict them
unconsciously.
36. RECOMMENDATION
To enable access to all mainstream systems and services
To invest in specific programs and services for people with
disabilities
To adopt a national disability strategy and plan of action
To involve people with disabilities
To improve human resource capacity
To provide adequate funding and improve affordability
To increase public awareness and understanding
To improve disability data collection
To strengthen and support research on disability
37. WHAT IS TOFD?
TOFD was found in 1998 with the aim of solution of
medical, financial, professional and social problems
and the prevention of new people with paraplegia.
This foundation has about 2100 members, 1350 of
them are paraplegia in several levels.
This association also makes many organizations in
order to increase awareness of people about
people with disability contribute their needs and
include them in society.
47. STEPS MONTHS 12 March 2014 19 March 2014 26 March 2014 2 April 2014 9 April 2014 May
2014
PLAN
Determination of the problem
Approval of the problem area by Dr.Köksal
Literature Review
Identifying targets
Determination of the Main and Root
Causes (Fishbone)
Deternmine the main causes to be
studies & Ask for the approval (Dr.
Köksal)Ana sorunların onaylanması
Probable solutions, developing strategies
Preparing data collection tools
DO Collecting data
CHECK Analysis of data
ACT
Solutions, suggestions, conclusion
PPT preparation
Self-assessment
PAYLAŞ Presentation
Fınal Video taking and presenting it
to Dr. köksal
GANNT CARD
EXPECTED OBSERVED
48. REFERENCES
DLF(2014) Are You a Parent of a Disabled Child? Retriewed
from: http://www.dlf.org.uk/
TUIK,Survey on Problems and Expectations of Disabled
People(PDF document) Retriewed from lecture notes online
websites:
http://www.eyh.gov.tr/upload/Node/8703/files/survey_on_probl
ems_and_expectations_of_disabled_people_2010.pdf
4pm(2013)Special Treatment for a Goldfish in Need
Retriewed from: http://blog.4pm.ie/special-treatment-for-a-
goldfish-in-need/
Dicker(2014)Disney Princesses with Disabilities Redefine
‘Standards of Beauty’ Retriewed from:
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/27/disabled-disney-
princesse_n_4673988.html
Bestrongbefit(2013)Thank
you!Gracias!Mahalo!Merci!Grazie!Arigato! Retriewed from:
http://bestrongbefit.wordpress.com/2013/04/23/thank-you-
gracias-mahalo-merci-grazie-arigato/
49. Disability Arts Online(2010) Crippen. Retriewed from:
http://www.disabilityarts.org/crippen-cartoon-
blog?filter=disabled+vote&filterfrom=keywords&keywordfilter=
1&item=615&itemoffset=11
Flippingkids(2009)Shakespeare’s Pun.Retriewed from:
http://flippinkids.blogspot.ch/2009/11/shakespeares-pun.html
Evenbreak(2012) Engaging with People with Unhidden
Impairments. Retriewed from:
http://www.evenbreak.co.uk/blog/disability-etiquette-part-
engaging-people-unhidden-impairments/
Access2(2014)Does the DDA apply?-Who is Affected by The
Disability Discrimination Act(DDA)? Retriewed
from:http://www.access2.com/Page/AccessibilityDDAApply.as
px
42Gunslinger(2010)Character and Scene Development.
Retriewed
from:http://42gunslinger.wordpress.com/category/character-
and-scene-development/