A teenager is defined as someone between the ages of 13-19. During puberty, both boys and girls experience physical changes as they reach sexual maturity. Child marriage, defined as marriage under the age of 18, is most common in rural, impoverished areas and is driven by factors like poverty, gender inequality, lack of education, traditional practices, and failure to enforce laws against it. Child marriage has significant negative health, social, and economic consequences for young girls.
The present study made an attempt to gain insights on determinants and psychosocial consequences of early marriage on rural women. Samples of 300 women who married early and have completed 5 to 15 years of married life were taken from 20 villages of district Bhilwara, Rajasthan as it has highest instances of child marriages. In depth investigation employed the use of interview, FGDs, observation and case study method. Research was based in district. Baseline Proforma and SES scale (self developed) was used to get the necessary details regarding the socio-economic status and demographic characteristics of respondents and their families. DEM scale (self developed), PSC Scale (self developed) and life satisfaction scale (Alam & Shrivastava, 1973) were used for data collection. Statistical test i.e. ‘z’ test, ANOVA, Regression & Pearson’s ‘r’ were applied to find out the results.
The findings of the study revealed that age at marriage is governed by various components of socio-economic status with traditions & customs, lack of education, childhood residence and castes. Effect of mass media was not found as hypothesized. Media is only meant for entertainment by rural people. The study also highlighted psycho-social consequences (PSC components) of early marriage. It was found that child marriage increases exploitation of girl child and loss of her adolescence along with denial of education & freedom, inadequate socialization & personal development and violence & abandonment. Access to contraception is highly correlated with age at marriage i.e. the lower the age at marriage lower the knowledge and less access of contraception.
The multiple regression analysis in predicting age at marriage and its determinants reveal that the Beta coefficient reflect the socio- economic status of the family and in which a girl belongs has more considerable contribution in terms of early marriage while traditions and customs follow the socio-cultural perseverance in predicting age at marriage. It is also depicted from the regression analysis that the ill consequences of early marriage in earlier ages have more awful effects on girl child. On the whole, it was found that early marriage itself means exploitation of girl child and loss of adolescence. This factor is highly significant in all studied age groups. They are treated as homely bird which means confined to four walls of house. Overall dissatisfaction level is high with the respondents who get married at the early age. There are significant correlation found between determinants and psycho-social consequences of early marriage and inter-correlation among LS and SES components.
The present study made an attempt to gain insights on determinants and psychosocial consequences of early marriage on rural women. Samples of 300 women who married early and have completed 5 to 15 years of married life were taken from 20 villages of district Bhilwara, Rajasthan as it has highest instances of child marriages. In depth investigation employed the use of interview, FGDs, observation and case study method. Research was based in district. Baseline Proforma and SES scale (self developed) was used to get the necessary details regarding the socio-economic status and demographic characteristics of respondents and their families. DEM scale (self developed), PSC Scale (self developed) and life satisfaction scale (Alam & Shrivastava, 1973) were used for data collection. Statistical test i.e. ‘z’ test, ANOVA, Regression & Pearson’s ‘r’ were applied to find out the results.
The findings of the study revealed that age at marriage is governed by various components of socio-economic status with traditions & customs, lack of education, childhood residence and castes. Effect of mass media was not found as hypothesized. Media is only meant for entertainment by rural people. The study also highlighted psycho-social consequences (PSC components) of early marriage. It was found that child marriage increases exploitation of girl child and loss of her adolescence along with denial of education & freedom, inadequate socialization & personal development and violence & abandonment. Access to contraception is highly correlated with age at marriage i.e. the lower the age at marriage lower the knowledge and less access of contraception.
The multiple regression analysis in predicting age at marriage and its determinants reveal that the Beta coefficient reflect the socio- economic status of the family and in which a girl belongs has more considerable contribution in terms of early marriage while traditions and customs follow the socio-cultural perseverance in predicting age at marriage. It is also depicted from the regression analysis that the ill consequences of early marriage in earlier ages have more awful effects on girl child. On the whole, it was found that early marriage itself means exploitation of girl child and loss of adolescence. This factor is highly significant in all studied age groups. They are treated as homely bird which means confined to four walls of house. Overall dissatisfaction level is high with the respondents who get married at the early age. There are significant correlation found between determinants and psycho-social consequences of early marriage and inter-correlation among LS and SES components.
This was a short lecture on teenage pregnancy given during the Phil Pediatric Society Central Visayas chapter Postgraduate Course last November 19, 2015 at the Marriott Hotel, Cebu City.
Child marriage, SRH and religion presentationAradhana Gurung
A Presentation by Ms. Catherine Breen-Kamkong, Deputy Represenatative, UNFPA Nepal made during the Round Table with Religious Leaders and Adolescents on Child Marriage in Kathmandu, Nepal on 15 September 2013
Definition and components of reproductive health?
Demographic trends and fertility determinants
Family planning
Impact of reproductive patterns on child health
Impact of reproductive patterns on women health
Mechanisms to reduce morbidity and mortality
It is a marriage before the age of 18 for both boys and girls, but girls are the most affected
10 million girls under the age of 18 marry each year; that is around …
833,333 a month
192,307 a week
27,397 a day
19 every minute
Or, around one girl every three seconds.
Child marriage
A presemtation against Child marriage
By
Sonu
Govt. sr. sec. school(1002),Hodal,PAlWAL
What does child marriage means for GIRLS
Poverty-More likely to be poor and remain poor
Education-Drop out of school
Inequality-Little say when and whom they will marry
Health- 5 times more likely to marry when children
HIV/AIDS-High risk of HIV/AIDS
Violence
What is Child?
What is Child?A person who, if a male, has not completed twenty one years of age and, if a female has not completed eighteen years of age.
What is Child marriage?
According to UNICEF, child marriage is a formal or informal union before the age of 18.
Child marriage is a curse for our society. This presentation will give you an idea of child marriage, scenario of child marriage in Bangladesh and in the world, causes of child marriage and how we can prevent child marriage including some cases.
Child Marriages continue to be solemnized in a large number of countries. This practice is a serious threat to child protection with adverse impact on their education, health and empowerment. The presentation discusses different issues connected with the problem.
A case study about Teenage pregnancy which is a widespread problem all over the world. Teen pregnancy and childbearing bring substantial social and economic costs through immediate and long-term impacts on teen parents and their children.
This was a short lecture on teenage pregnancy given during the Phil Pediatric Society Central Visayas chapter Postgraduate Course last November 19, 2015 at the Marriott Hotel, Cebu City.
Child marriage, SRH and religion presentationAradhana Gurung
A Presentation by Ms. Catherine Breen-Kamkong, Deputy Represenatative, UNFPA Nepal made during the Round Table with Religious Leaders and Adolescents on Child Marriage in Kathmandu, Nepal on 15 September 2013
Definition and components of reproductive health?
Demographic trends and fertility determinants
Family planning
Impact of reproductive patterns on child health
Impact of reproductive patterns on women health
Mechanisms to reduce morbidity and mortality
It is a marriage before the age of 18 for both boys and girls, but girls are the most affected
10 million girls under the age of 18 marry each year; that is around …
833,333 a month
192,307 a week
27,397 a day
19 every minute
Or, around one girl every three seconds.
Child marriage
A presemtation against Child marriage
By
Sonu
Govt. sr. sec. school(1002),Hodal,PAlWAL
What does child marriage means for GIRLS
Poverty-More likely to be poor and remain poor
Education-Drop out of school
Inequality-Little say when and whom they will marry
Health- 5 times more likely to marry when children
HIV/AIDS-High risk of HIV/AIDS
Violence
What is Child?
What is Child?A person who, if a male, has not completed twenty one years of age and, if a female has not completed eighteen years of age.
What is Child marriage?
According to UNICEF, child marriage is a formal or informal union before the age of 18.
Child marriage is a curse for our society. This presentation will give you an idea of child marriage, scenario of child marriage in Bangladesh and in the world, causes of child marriage and how we can prevent child marriage including some cases.
Child Marriages continue to be solemnized in a large number of countries. This practice is a serious threat to child protection with adverse impact on their education, health and empowerment. The presentation discusses different issues connected with the problem.
A case study about Teenage pregnancy which is a widespread problem all over the world. Teen pregnancy and childbearing bring substantial social and economic costs through immediate and long-term impacts on teen parents and their children.
Teenage pregnancy is pregnancy in human females under the age of 20. A pregnancy can take place after the start of puberty before the first menstrual period but usually occurs after the onset. In well-nourished girls, menarche usually takes place around the age of 12 or 13.
Pregnant teenagers face many of the same obstetrics issues as other women. There are, however, additional medical concerns for mothers aged below 15 years of age. For mothers aged 15–19, risks are associated more with socioeconomic factors than with the biological effects of age. Risks of low birth weight, premature labor, anemia, and pre-eclampsia are connected to the biological age itself, as it was observed in teen births even after controlling for other risk factors (such as utilization of antenatal care etc.).
In developed countries, teenage pregnancies are often associated with social issues, including lower educational levels, higher rates of poverty, and other poorer life outcomes in children of teenage mothers. Teenage pregnancy in developed countries is usually outside of marriage, and carries a social stigma in many communities and cultures. By contrast, teenage parents in developing countries are often married, and their pregnancies welcomed by family and society. However, in these societies, early pregnancy may combine with malnutrition and poor health care to cause medical problems.
Teenage pregnancies appear to be preventable by comprehensive sex education and access to birth control. Abstinence-only sex education does not appear to be effective.
Through generations teenage pregnancy has converted into one of the Philippines' most challenging social issues. Becoming pregnant at such an early age brings multiple obstacles such as, lower expectations of finishing high school, not attending college, and less success in the job industry. Not only do these obstacles regard the teenage parents but harm their unborn child in academic and health issues, for instance tending to score less optimally on assessments of cognitive development and academic achievement, and also tend to exhibit more problem behaviors than other children. Other than social dilemmas there are certain health issues that are more likely to appear in a teenage pregnancy for example the baby is more likely to have a low birth weight, to be born before term, and have developmental delay.
The issue we focus on is premarital sex among teenager that results to teenage pregnancy. Further explanation will be discussed in the parts to follow.
Over the past two decades, there has been increasing recognition that runaway and homeless youth (RHY) constitute a vulnerable population that faces a multitude of problems while away from home and, often, difficulties of equal magnitude in the homes they have left. Many of these youth are thought to have been victimized by sexual abuse and to have left home as a means of escaping abusive families. Although risky behaviors are now well documented, relatively little is known about the scope and prevalence of sexual abuse among the families of origin of RHY, the extent to which such abuse may exceed that of comparable youth in the general population, and the role that sexual abuse plays in the youth‘s decision to leave home. The overall purpose of the study was to begin to delineate the scope of the problem, to stimulate further discussion, and to make recommendations concerning research and policy. This report presents the results of each of these initiatives, synthesizes findings, and presents recommendations. The directed study aims to look into the issues related to sexual abuse in adolescents and recommend remedial and preventive measures.
Child marriage legitimizes human rights violations and abuses of girls under the guise of culture, honor, tradition, and religion. It continues a sequence of discrimination that begins at a girl’s birth and is reinforced in her community, in her marriage and which continues throughout her entire life. Child marriage, therefore, is a way of dealing with the perceived problems that girls represent for families, the problems that arise from the low value given to women and girls.
HAQ: Center for Child Rights
B1/2, Ground Floor,
Malviya Nagar
New Delhi - 110017
Tel: +91-26677412,26673599
Fax: +91-26674688
Website: www.haqcrc.org
FaceBook Page: https://www.facebook.com/HaqCentreForChildRights
Give child marriage the finger
It is every girl’s right to choose if, who and when they marry. Yet every day, 41,000 girls are forced into child marriage.
These girls are taken out of school and can face a life of isolation and even abuse. Thousands will die in childbirth or suffer horribly as a result of falling pregnant before their bodies are ready.
- See more at: http://www.plan-uk.org/because-i-am-a-girl/ring/#sthash.GquMQcY0.dpuf
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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2. A teenager, or teen, is a young person
whose age falls within the range from thirteen
through nineteen (13–19). They are called
teenagers because their age number ends in
"teen".
Someone aged 18 or 19 is also considered a
young adult.
A teenager is any person who is between the
ages of 13 and 19; during this important stage
of human development, boys and girls reach
puberty, although this may happen at different
ages, depending on a boy or girl's specific
hereditary factors.
3. Changes Boys Go Through During Puberty
During puberty, boys will go through the following
changes:
• The growth of hair: Under the arms, in the pubic
region, and sometimes on the chest or face (beard
and moustache)
• Deepening voice; the voice will "break" and
become more like a man's voice
• Sexual feelings and erections, "wet dreams", etc
4. Changes Girls Go Through During Puberty
• Menstrual periods will begin during the teenage
years (although they may start before and after the
teens, in very rare cases)
• Hair grows under the arms, on the legs, and in the
pubic region
• Sexual feelings will develop; these may manifest
themselves as intense "crushes"
5. Definition
The legally or formally recognized union of a
man and a woman (or , in some jurisdictions,
two people of the same sex) as partners in a
relationship.
A union between persons that is recognized by
customs or religious traditions as a marriage.
A forced marriage is defined as a marriage
"conducted without the valid consent of one or
both parties and is a marriage in which duress -
whether physical or emotional - is a factor"
6. Teen marriage is
typically defined as the
union of
two adolescents, joined
in marriage from the age
range of 13–19 years
old.
7. Teen marriage, which has existed for centuries, is a
complex issue, rooted deeply in gender inequality,
tradition and poverty.
The practice is most common in rural and
impoverished areas, where prospects for girls can be
limited.
In many cases, parents arrange these marriages and
young girls have no choice.
8. Many factors contribute to teen marriage such
as love, teen pregnancy, religion, security, family
and peer pressure, arranged marriage, economic
and political reasons, and cultural reasons.
Studies have shown that teenage married couples
are often less advantageous, may come from
broken homes, may have little education and work
low status jobs in comparison to those that marry
after adolescence
9. Teen marriage: Still with us
One third of the world’s girls are married before the
age of 18 and 1 in 9 are married before the age of 15.
In 2010, 67 million women 20-24 around the world
had been married before the age of 18.
Between 2011 and 2020, more than 140 million girls
will become child brides, according to United Nations
Population Fund (UNFPA).
If present trends continue, 142 million girls will be
married before their 18th birthday over the next
decade.
10. That’s an average of 14.2 million girls annually
will marry under the age of 18 year.
That’s around …
1,166,666 a month
269230 a week
38,461 a day
27 every minute
Or, around one girl every two seconds
Furthermore, of the 142 million girls who will
marry before they are 18, 50 million will be under
the age of 15.
11. In countries like Niger, Chad, Mali,
Bangladesh, Guinea and the Central African
Republic (CAR), the rate of early and forced
marriage is 60 per cent and over.
Child brides are particularly prevalent in South
Asia (46 per cent) and in sub-Saharan Africa
(38 per cent).
While countries with the highest prevalence of
child marriage are concentrated in Western and
Sub-Saharan Africa, due to population size, the
largest number of child brides reside in South
Asia.
12.
13.
14. Nepal is one of the ten countries to have high
child marriage prevalence.
Nepal holds 8th position among the countries
worldwide to have high prevalence of child
marriage, as reported by 'The Status of the
World's Children-2011, UNICEF
15.
16. According to the report, African countries are in
the front run to have high child marriage
prevalence where Niger, Chad, Mali, Bangladesh,
Guinea, Central African Republic, Mozambique
and Nepal runs from first position to the eight
spontaneously.
Similarly, excerpting the findings from Nepal
Health Demographic Survey (NDHS-2011), the
event highlighted that 55 percent women aged 25-
49 were married by the age of 18 in 2011 making
the country second highest after Bangladesh
where it is 66 per cent.
17. Nepal census 2011 shows an overwhelming
progress in literacy, the rate of which rose to 65.9
percent from the 57.4 in 2001.
However, the marriage status still paints a gloomy
picture.
Among women age 25-49, 55 percent were
married by age 18, and 74 percent were married
by age 20.
Median age at marriage for women and men are
17.5 and 21.6 respectively.
Source : NDHS 2011
18. As per the UNICEF report 2011 with 51
percent of Nepali girls marrying before 18,
Nepal stands second among the top 10
countries in the world in terms of child
marriage prevalence, a report says.
19.
20. The causes of early and forced marriage are
complex, interrelated and dependent on
individual circumstances and context. But the
practice is driven by these main factors:
Poverty-
In families on a low income, girls may be
viewed as an economic burden.
The perception of girls’ potential to earn an
income as comparatively poor pushes girls out
of their homes and into marriage.
21. Girls living in poor households are almost twice
as likely to marry before 18 than girls in higher
income households.
More than half of the girls in Bangladesh, Mali,
Mozambique and Niger are married before age
18. In these same countries, more than 75
percent of people live on less than $2 a day.
22. Gender inequality –
• women and girls
often occupy a lower
status in societies as a
result of social and
cultural traditions,
attitudes, beliefs that
deny them their rights
and stifle their ability
to play an equal role in
their homes and
communities
23. Lack of Education-
Girls with higher levels of schooling are less
likely to marry as children. In Mozambique,
some 60 percent of girls with no education are
married by 18, compared to 10 percent of girls
with secondary schooling and less than one
percent of girls with higher education.
Educating adolescent girls has been a critical
factor in increasing the age of marriage in a
number of developing countries, including
Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan and Thailand.
24. Negative traditional or religious practices –
Dowry system
in many countries the importance of preserving
family ‘honour’ and girls’ virginity is such that
parents push their daughters into marriage well
before they are ready.
There is a belief that marriage safeguards
against ‘immoral’ or ‘inappropriate behavior.’
Some people in Ethiopia’s Amhara region
believe that menstruation is induced by
intercourse.
25. Some also fear that if girls receive an
education, they will be less willing to fulfill
their traditional roles as wife and mother.
In some cultures, child marriage is encouraged
to increase the number of pregnancies and
ensure enough children survive into adulthood
to work on family land and support elderly
relatives.
Failure to enforce laws
sometimes families are not even aware they are
breaking the law.
In some countries early marriage is so
prevalent, prosecutions are seldom brought.
26. Conflicts, disasters and emergencies
disasters and emergencies increase economic
pressures on households and many families
that wouldn’t previously have considered early
marriage turn to it as a last resort.
27. Trafficking: Poor families
are tempted to sell their girls
not just into marriage, but
into prostitution, as the
transaction enables large
sums of money to change
hands.
Some families use marriage
to build and strengthen
alliances, to seal property
deals, settle disputes or pay
off debts.
28. Physical consequences
Child brides are likely to become pregnant at an
early age and there is a strong correlation between
the age of a mother and maternal mortality.
Fertility among women ages 15 to 19 years is 81
per 1000.
Girls ages l0-14 are five times more likely to die in
pregnancy or childbirth than women aged 20-24
and girls aged 15-19 are twice as likely to die.
29. Teenage marriage makes girls far more vulnerable
to the profound health risks of early pregnancy and
childbirth – just as their babies are more
vulnerable to complications associated with
premature labor.
According to the UN, complications from
pregnancy and childbirth are the leading causes of
death for girls aged 15-19 years in developing
countries.
Of the 16 million adolescent girls who give birth
every year, about 90% are already married.
UNICEF estimates some 50 000 die, almost all in
low and middle-income countries.
30. Still births and newborn deaths are 50% higher
among mothers under 20 than in women who
get pregnant in their 20s.
In many poor countries, most young girls,
regardless of age, are forced to demonstrate
their fertility once they are married.
These children, because that’s what they are,
are discouraged from using contraceptives or
might have to ask their husbands’ permission,
or they have no knowledge of or access to what
they need.
31. Effects on Health
Girls ages l0-14 are five times more likely
to die in pregnancy or childbirth than
women aged 20-24 and girls aged 15-19 are
twice as likely to die.
Child brides face a higher risk of
contracting HIV because they often marry
an older man with more sexual experience.
Girls ages 15 – 19 are 2 to 6 times more
likely to contract HIV than boys of the same
age in sub-Saharan Africa.
32. Child marriage makes girls far more vulnerable
to the profound health risks of early pregnancy
and childbirth – just as their babies are more
vulnerable to complications associated with
premature labor.
According to the UN, complications from
pregnancy and childbirth are the leading causes
of death for girls aged 15-19 years in
developing countries.
Of the 16 million adolescent girls who give
birth every year, about 90% are already
married. UNICEF estimates some 50 000 die,
almost all in low and middle-income countries.
33. Still births and newborn deaths are 50% higher
among mothers under 20 than in women who
get pregnant in their 20s.
In many poor countries, most young girls,
regardless of age, are forced to demonstrate
their fertility once they are married.
These children, because that’s what they are,
are discouraged from using contraceptives or
might have to ask their husbands’ permission,
or they have no knowledge of or access to what
they need.
34. Vulnerability to HIV/AIDS
Child brides may also suffer vulnerability to
HIV/AIDS.
Being young and female in Africa is a major risk
factor for infection and young girls are being
infected at a considerably disproportional rate to
that of boys.
According to Bongaarts (2007), girls who marry
as virgins under age 18 face a distinctly elevated
HIV risk because these marriages tend to shift
girls directly from a protected state of virginity
into an unprotected (and often unwilling) state of
frequent sexual relations.
35. Violence
Girls who marry before 18 are more likely to
experience domestic violence than their peers
who marry later. A study conducted by ICRW
in two states in India found that girls who were
married before 18 were twice as likely to report
being beaten, slapped or threatened by their
husbands than girls who married later.
Child brides often show signs symptomatic of
sexual abuse and post-traumatic stress such as
feelings of hopelessness, helplessness and
severe depression.
36. Developmental consequences
Child Marriage also has considerable implications
for the social development of child brides, in
terms of low levels of education, poor health and
lack of agency and personal autonomy.
The cyclical nature of early marriage results in a
likely low level of education and life skills,
increased vulnerability to abuse and poor health,
and therefore acute poverty.
37. Psychological and social consequences
It is a huge responsibility for a young girl to
become a wife and mother and because girls are
not adequately prepared for these roles.
This heavy burden has a serious impact on their
psychological welfare, their perceptions of
themselves and also their relationship.
38. Women who marry early are more likely to
suffer abuse and violence, with inevitable
psychological as well as physical
consequences.
Young girls who marry before the age of 18
have a greater risk of becoming victims of
intimate partner violence than those who marry
at an older age. This is especially true when the
age gap between the child bride and spouse is
large.
39. Child marriage marks an abrupt and often
violent introduction to sexual relations.
The young girls are powerless to refuse sex
and lack the resources or legal and social
support to leave an abusive marriage.
40. Married adolescents are typified by:
High levels of unprotected sexual relations
Large age gaps with sexual partners
Intense pressure to become pregnant
Highly limited or absent peer networks
Restricted social mobility/freedom of movement
Little access to modern media (TV, radio,
newspapers)
Limited education attainment and no schooling
options
Source: Haberland, Chong, Bracken, 2003.
41. 59.8
43.6
71.9
16.9 12.6
20.5
0
20
40
60
80
South and East
Africa
West and Central
Africa
Latin America and
Caribbean
Percent
Married
Unmarried
Source: Bruce and Clark,
2004.
Percent of sexually active girls aged
15-19 who had unprotected sex last
week
42. 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
14-15 16-17 18-19 20-21 22-23 24-25
Age at Marriage
MeanSpouse/PartnerAge
Difference
South America Central America/Caribbean
Middle East South Central/South East Asia
Former Soviet Asia West/Middle Africa
East/Southern Africa
Mean Spouse/Partner Age Difference,
by Woman’s Age at First Marriage
Source: Mensch, 2003
43. 42
2
14
4
20
9
0
20
40
60
80
100
Condom Use Among Girls Wishing to Avoid Pregnancy
Unmarried, Burkina Faso
Married, Burkina Faso
Unmarried, Kenya
Married, Kenya
Unarried, Zambia
Married, Zambia
Percent
Sources: Clark, 2004; Bruce and Clark, 2003.
44. Education of 15-19-year-old-girls, by marital
and parenting status
0
20
40
60
80
100
Brazil Kenya Nigeria
Percentenrolledin
school
Married -
Without children
Unmarried -
Without children
Married - With
children
Unmarried - With
children
45. As per the Country Code 2010 (Marriage
Chapter), the legal age of marriage is 20 for
both man and woman and 18 for woman where
marriage is solemnized (formalize) with the
consent of the woman’s parents or guardians.
The government has not bothered to stop child
marriage despite these legal provisions.
A law banning child marriages is not enough, it
has to be coupled with efforts to make sure
girls go to school and implementation of laws
are done strictly.
46. Child marriage and MDG are inter-linked to
each other.
The one reason that country may miss the
gender-linked Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs) of the United Nations is the
persistence of child marriage.
While MDG 2 pushes for universal primary
education, MDG3 seeks to promote gender
equality and empower women, MDG 4, that is
concerned with reducing child mortality, MDG
5 that aims to improve maternal health.
47. Educating and empowering girls
Supporting young people to become activists for
change
Mobilizing and educating communities
Bringing men and traditional leaders on board
Enacting and enforcing laws that set a legal
minimum age for marriage
48. Raising awareness in the media
Providing Youth Friendly Health Services.
Ending teen marriage requires the consolidated
efforts of all organizations.
Government should take a strong initiative to
implement the legal provisions and ensure a safe
environment for every woman.
49. http://relationships.blurtit.com
http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenager
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_marriage
http://www.icrw.org/publications/child-
marriage-factsheets
http://marriage.about.com/cs/teenmarriage/a/
teenmarriage.htm
http://www.lawcommission.gov.np
Child protection from violence, exploitation and abuse,
unite for children, UNICEF
Child Marriage: Facts, Causes and Consequences,
Discrimination, Sexual Abuse, Trafficking and Repression
50. NEPAL: The hidden costs of early marriage,
humanitarian news and analysis, a service of the UN
Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
Child protection from violence, exploitation and
abuse, unite for children, UNICEF
Child Marriage: Facts, Causes and Consequences,
Discrimination, Sexual Abuse, Trafficking and
Repression
file:///F:/mph1/child%20marriage/Child%20marriage%
20%20%20Children's%20Rights%20Portal.htm
Child Marriage: Causes & Impacts, Alex Whiting –
WNN MDG Stories
51. Child marriages on decline in Nepal: UN
reportSunday, 14 October 2012 11:47
Early marriage affecting girl's education,
healthSunday, 18 November 2012 10:01
Early and forced marriage - facts, figures and what
you can do, PLAN
Child marriage in Nepal: A religiously promoted
practice, Laxmi Tamang
WHO Report
Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2011,
Report, MoHP, New Era, Measure, DHS, USAID
The Muluki Ain (General Code)