Thanx to see our report again and here we talked about concrete just like a roadway but enough information to understand about it. things we talked about are advantages and disadvantages, manufacturing, types, test. Here in every point we compared to asphalt. So if you have any questions or if you have noticed anything you can send a message to me to this email
Alirizgar234@gmail.com
Thanx to see our report again and here we talked about concrete just like a roadway but enough information to understand about it. things we talked about are advantages and disadvantages, manufacturing, types, test. Here in every point we compared to asphalt. So if you have any questions or if you have noticed anything you can send a message to me to this email
Alirizgar234@gmail.com
EXCAVATION FOR FOUNDATION - Methods & Temporary Earth Retaining StructuresShivananda Roy
Generally excavation means to loosen and take out materials leaving space above or below ground. Sometimes in civil engineering term earthwork is used which include back-filling with new or original materials to voids, spreading and leveling over an area.
Diaphragm walls are underground structural elements.
It is an in-situ reinforced concrete structure that is constructed panel by panel.
Diaphragm walls are ideal for soft clays and loose sands below the water table where there is a need to control lateral movements.
special concrete and high performance concreteErankajKumar
GROUTING OF CONCRETE, advantage ofGrouting,Characteristics of Grouting, GUNTING OF
CONCRETE, Application of Guniting, Properties of Guniting, advantage and disadvantage of Guniting, UNDERWATER CONCRETING, Properties of underwater concrete, METHODS OF UNDERWATER CONCRETE, advantage and disadvantage of underwater concrete, HOT WEATHERING CONCRETE, precautions, COLD WEATHER CONCRETING, PUMPABLE CONCRETE, Requirements of Mix Design for Pumpable Concrete, Ready Mixed Concrete RMC, Types of Ready Mixed Concrete, advantage and disadvantage of ready mixed concrete, introduction in High performance concrete HPC, selection of materials, behaviour of fresh high performance concrete HPC , behaviour of Hardened High performance concrete HPC when to use High performance concrete HPC , application of HPC , Advantage of HPC , Limitations of HPC
EXCAVATION FOR FOUNDATION - Methods & Temporary Earth Retaining StructuresShivananda Roy
Generally excavation means to loosen and take out materials leaving space above or below ground. Sometimes in civil engineering term earthwork is used which include back-filling with new or original materials to voids, spreading and leveling over an area.
Diaphragm walls are underground structural elements.
It is an in-situ reinforced concrete structure that is constructed panel by panel.
Diaphragm walls are ideal for soft clays and loose sands below the water table where there is a need to control lateral movements.
special concrete and high performance concreteErankajKumar
GROUTING OF CONCRETE, advantage ofGrouting,Characteristics of Grouting, GUNTING OF
CONCRETE, Application of Guniting, Properties of Guniting, advantage and disadvantage of Guniting, UNDERWATER CONCRETING, Properties of underwater concrete, METHODS OF UNDERWATER CONCRETE, advantage and disadvantage of underwater concrete, HOT WEATHERING CONCRETE, precautions, COLD WEATHER CONCRETING, PUMPABLE CONCRETE, Requirements of Mix Design for Pumpable Concrete, Ready Mixed Concrete RMC, Types of Ready Mixed Concrete, advantage and disadvantage of ready mixed concrete, introduction in High performance concrete HPC, selection of materials, behaviour of fresh high performance concrete HPC , behaviour of Hardened High performance concrete HPC when to use High performance concrete HPC , application of HPC , Advantage of HPC , Limitations of HPC
Visit www.seminarlinks.blogspot.com to Download.
The intersection of railway track and the road at the same level is referred to as a level crossing. In the urban areas the level crossing is generally monitored by qualified railway personnel who monitor the train movement and close the level crossing gate to stop the interfering road traffic but such closing of gates leads to congestion in road traffic and also causes loss of time to road users. Road under bridge and road over the bridge are considered as solutions for avoiding level crossings of roads and railway track.
Ice thermal springs guest house Iceland SOAKASHMIR
The design is inspired by the
nature and the local
environment potentials.
• The designers have considered
the consequences of
environment destruction by
human beings and seek a
sustainable futuristic solution
Hydroelectric power, also called hydropower, electricity produced from generators driven by turbines that
convert the potential energy of falling or fast-flowing water into mechanical energy.
Comparitive analysis between timber and concreteSOAKASHMIR
Comparison on the basis of
comprehensive strength
tensile strength
modules of elasticity
density
coefficient of thermal expansion
stress to strain ratio
creep
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
3. FRAME WORK
1) TYPES OF CONCRETE
a) PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE
b) REINFORCED CONCRETE
c) PRE STRESSED CONCRETE
d) FERRO CONCRETE
2) DIFFERENT GRADES USED FOR DIFFERENT STRUCTURES
3) TYPES OF CONCRETE STRUCTURE
a) FRAMED STRUCTURES IN BUILDINGS AND BRIDGES AND ITS CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
b) SHELLED STRUCTURE AND ITS TYPES
4) FEW WORKS OF PIER LUIGI NERVI
4. TYPES OF CONCRETE
BASED ON DESIGN OF CONCRETE
PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE-
• MAIN CONSTITUENTS ARE CEMENT, SAND , COARSE AGGREGATE
AND WATER
CEMENT SAND COARSE AGGREGATE PCC
5. • IT HAS NO REINFORCEMENT
• THIS IS MAINLY USED IN CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS ,
ESPECIALLY IN AREAS WITH LESS DEMAND OF HIGH
TENSILE STRENGTH
• IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS MASS CEMENT CONCRETE
7. • THE CEMENT CONCRETE IN WHICH REINFORCEMENT IS
EMBEDED FOR TAKING TENSILE STRESS
• VIRTUALLY ANY GEOMETRIC SHAPE OR
STRUCTURE CAN BE CREATED WITH RCC
• CONCRETE IS STRONG IN COMPRESSION
BUT WEEK IN TENSION AND STEEL IS
STRONG IN TENSION SO THEIR COMBINATION
GIVES A STRONG STABLE STRUCTURE
REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE
http://happho.com/wp-
content/uploads/2017/02/Wh
at-is-Honeycombing.jpg
9. PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
• Form of concrete used in construction which is pre-stressed
by being placed under compression prior to supporting any
loads beyond its own dead weight. The compression is
produced by the tensioning if high-strength “tendons”.
• Classified into two ways:
1 . Pre-tensioning.
2 . Post-tensioning.
10. Pre-tensioning
• The steel wires or tendon are
tensioned first and the
concrete is poured later.
• Tendons tries to shrink back to
the original length but resisted
by the bond between the
concrete thereby transferring
compressive force to concrete.
Source :https://bit.ly/2tG5e9G
11. • Concrete is poured first, allowed to
harden and then tendons are
tensioned later. Tendons are placed
in sheathing at suitable places in the
member before casting and later
after hardening of concrete.
• Done after the concrete attains
sufficient strength.
• Cables are used in place of wires and
jacks are used for stretching.
Post-tensioning
Source :https://bit.ly/2tG5e9G
12. CONVENTION CENTRE , QATAR
https://biomimeticdesign.files.wordpr
ess.com/2010/11/qnccb.jpg
13. FERROCONCRETE
• FERROCONCERTE IS A FORM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
USING CLOSELY SPACED MULTIPLE LAYERS OF MESH OR
SMALL DIAMETER RODS COMPLETELY INFILTRATED WITH IN
MORTAR
14. APPLICATIONS
• FERROCONCRETE IS RECOMMENDED TO MEET THE
FOLLOWING REQUIREMENTS:
• TO PRODUCE HIGH EARLY STRENGTH IN A WIDE ARIETY OF
CONCRETES, MORTARS AND GROUTS.
• TO FACILITATE THE EARLY DEMOULDING.
• TO REDUCE FORMWORK AT STRIKING TIMES
15. • TO HELP MAINTAIN NORMAL CONCRETE PRODUCTION
DURING COLD WEATHER.
• TO RESIST FIRE UP TO 750 C FOR A PERIOD OF 48 HOURS OR
EVEN MORE
• TO RESIST RUST,ROT,OR BLOW DOWN IN STORMS
16. CONSTRUCTION METHOD
• THE FIRST STEP IS TO
PREPARE THE SKELETAL
FORMWORK ONTO
WHICH THE WIRE
MESH IS FIXED WITH A
THIN TIE WIRE (IN
SOME CASE BY
WELDING )
• A MIN OF TWO LAYER
MES IS REQUIRED AND
DEPENDING ON THE
DESIGN UP TO 12
LAYERSHAVE BEEN
USED https://i.pinimg.com/736x/2e/52/f1/2e52f12a71b2a880
fa451547f2463f54--reinforced-concrete-construction-
materials.jpg
17. • THE SAND CEMENT
AND ADDITIVES ARE
CAREFULLY
PROPORTIONED BY
WEIGHING ,MIXED DRY
AND THEN WATER
• HAND MIXING IS
USUALLY SATISFACTORY
,BUT MECHANICAL
MIXING PRODUCES
MORE UNIFORM
MIXES,REDUCES
MANNUAL EFFORT AND
SAVES TIME
https://encrypted-
tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQBAcr
6S8KSPSa-f47lLUptrPBHi-
FC4fC_W4pAMEMySGc1RjEDZw
18. • AFTER CHECKING THE
STABILITY OF THE FORMWORK
AND WIRE MESH
REINFORMENT,THE MOTAR IS
APPLIED EITHER BY HANDOR
WITH A TROWEL AND
THROUGHLY WORKED INTO
THE MESH TO CLOSE ALL
VIODS . THIS CAN BE DONE IN
A SINGLE APPLICATION THAT
IS FINISHING BOTH SIDES
BEFORE INITIAL SET TAKES
PLACE
https://encrypted-
tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQBAcr
6S8KSPSa-f47lLUptrPBHi-
FC4fC_W4pAMEMySGc1RjEDZw
19. PROPERTIES OF FERROCONCRETE
• IT IS A VERY DURABLE,CHEAP AND VERSATILE MATERIAL
• LOW WATER CEMENT RATIO PRODUCES AN IMPERMEABLE
STRUTURES
• LESS SHRINKAGE,AND LOW WEIGHT
• HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS
• BETTER IMPACT AND PUNCHING SHEAR RESISTANCE
• UNDERGO LARGE DEFORMATION BEFORE CRACKING OR HIGH
DEFLECTIONS
20. USES OF FERROCONCRETE
1.WATER PROOFING
FERRO CONCRETE
MEMBRANE WATER
PROOFING IS A STRUCTURAL
TREATMENT
-IT CAN NOT BE PUNCTURED
-RESISTS WEAR AND TEAR IS
PERMANENT WITH
NEGLIGIBLE MAINTANANCE
-SOLUTION TO CHRONIC
LEAKAGE
https://i.pinimg.com/736x/2e/52/f1/2e52f12a71b2a880fa451547f2463f54--reinforced-concrete-
construction-materials.jpg
25. FERROCEMENT BUILDING
• FERROCEMENT IS USED IN FLOORS
ROOFS WALLS FOR RESIDENTIAL
PLACES AND OFFICE BUILDINGS
AND ARE FABRICATED USING
FERROCEMENT COLUMNS, BEAMS
AND PANEL SYSTEMS THAT HELPS
REDUCTION IN CONSUMPTION OF
CEMENT AND STEEL
• THE WEIGHT OF A
FERROCONCRETE BUILDING IS 50%
LESS THAN THAT OF RCC BUILDING
•
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQBAcr6S8KSPSa-f47lLUptrPBHi-
FC4fC_W4pAMEMySGc1RjEDZw
27. INSITU CONCRETE
• THE CONCRETE IS POURED INTO THE FORMS AT THE
BUILDING SITE
https://media3.picsearch.com/is?C4O-Ybm4DtUNNwlcQ_qFPyyEugdGrJI3MX3FeusdLAA&height=154
28. ADVANTAGES OF INSITU CONCRETE
• ELEMENTS ARE MANUFACTURED IN A CONTROLLED CASTING
ENVIRONMENT AND HAVE IT IS EASIER TO CONTROL MIX,
PLACEMENT AND CURING.
• IT PROVIDES HIGHER DEGREE OF INSULATION.
• BETTER WORKING CONDITIONS FOR THE BUILDING
OPERATIVES
29. DISADVANTAGES OF INSITU
CONCRETE
• NEEDS HIGH LABOUR NUMBERS
• ERACTION OF FORMWORK IS TIME CONSUMING
• THE QUALITY CONTROL IS DIFFICULT
• ONCE THE CONCRETE IS CAST ITS DIFFICULT TO DO ANY
MODIFICATIONS
30. PRECAST
CONCRETE
Precast concrete is a
construction product by
casting concrete in a
reusable mould or form
which is then cured in a
controlled environment
and then transported to
the construction site.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Prefabricated_house_constr
31. PRECAST CONCRETE PROCESS
1. Production of reinforced cages
and main connections . 2. Assembly of moulds
https://bit.ly/2KhlHvm https://bit.ly/2KhlHvm
32. 3. Mix being poured. 4. Compaction of concrete
using poker vibrator .
https://bit.ly/2KhlHvm https://bit.ly/2KhlHvm
36. GRADES OF CONCRETE AND THEIR USE
DESCRIPTION OF WORK RATIO OF CEMENT , FINE
AGGREGRATE AND
COURSE AGGREGRATE
GRADE OF COMCRETE
CONCRETE IN COLIMNS
AND BEAMS
1:1:2 M25
PILES, PRECAST WORK OR
DENSE CONRETE
1:1.5:3 M20
RCC BEAMS SLABS AND
COLIUMNS
1:2:4 M15
FOUNDATIONS FOR
BUILDINGS
1:3:6 M10
38. FRAMED STRUCTURES
THE STRUCTURE FORMED BY NETWORK OF COLUMNS AND
CONCRETE BEAMS THAT FORMS THE STUCTURAL SKELTON OF
THE BUILDING
https://media2.picsearch.com/is?HABVqg5n
39. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF FRAMED
STRUCTURES
• EXCAVATION: ITS THE PROCESS OF REMOVING
EARTH TO FORM CAVITY IN THE GROUND
• https://media2.picsearch.com/is?HABVqg5n
40. FOUNDATIONS
FOUNDATIONS ARE DESIGNED SO THAT LOADS OF STRUCTURE
ARE TRANSFERED TO THE SOIL IN SUCH A WAY THAT SOIL IS
ABLE TO WITHSTAND THE LOADS
http://civilblog.org
41. FORMWORK
• PROCESS OF CREATING A TEMPORARY MOULD INTO WHICH
CONCRETE IS POURED AND FORMED
https://media1.picsearch.com
42. TYING OF STEEL
• TYING IS CARRIED OUT BY USING STIRRUPS,DOWELS .THEY
HOLD THE REINFORCEMENT INTO CERTAIN CONFIGURATION
theconstructor.org
43.
44. MIXING AND POURING OF
CONCRETE
• THE CONCRETE IS PREPARED BY MIXING CEMENT,SAND,STONE
CHIPS , WATER INTO A MIXER AND THEN POURED INTO THE
FORMWORK UNTILL RIGHT LEVEL IS REACHED
https://media5.picsearch.com/is?TIrKjAfTc7c4itT-PLARI8tAj1RTXem
45. CURING OF CONCRETE
IT IS THE PROCESS IN WHICH THE CONCRETE IS PROTECTED
FROM LOSS OF MOISTURE AND KEPT WITHIN A REASONABLE
TEMPERATURE
46. • CONCRETE GAIN ITS STRENGTH ALONG WITH THE PASSING OF
TIME DUE TO HYDRATION REACTIONS INORDER TO
COMPLETE THE HYDRATION PROCESS OF CEMENT WE HAVE
TO KEEP THE CONCRETE STRUCTURE WET AND MOIST TO
ENSURE THAT THERE IS NO LARGE SCALE ESCAPE OF WATER
FROM THE MIX DUE TO EVAPORATION WHICH MAY
DETERIORATE THE QUALITY OF CONSTRUCTION.EEN CEMENT
COMPONENTS AND WATER
47. C0NCRETE BRIDGES
1) BEAM AND SLAB BRIDGE
• IT IS THE MOST SIMPLEST
STRUCTURAL FORMS FOR
BRIDGES
• IT IS SUPPORTED BY AN
ABUTMENT OR PEIR AT THR
EACH END
• SOMETIMES MORE THEN
TWO PIER SUPPORT THE
BRIDGE DEPENDING UPON
THE USE, SPAN AND
FUNCTION OF THE BRIDGE
49. CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
• A CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
HAS ONE OR MORE
TOWERS , FROM WHICH
THE CABLES SUPPORT THE
DECK BRIDGE
• MATERIAL: 1)STEEL ROPE
2)POST TENSIONED
CONCRETE
3)CONCRETE POST GIRDER
4)STEEL OR CONCRETE PYLON
https://cdn.britannica.com/78/22078-004-A5CAA0CE.gif
52. BOX GRIDER BRIDGE
• MAIN BEAM COMPRISES OF
GIRDERS IN THE SHAPE
OF HOLLOW BOXES.
• THE BOX GRIDER NORMALLY
COMPRISES OF EITHER
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE OR
A COMPOSITE OF STEEL AND
REINFORCED CONCRETE.
• THE BOX IS TYPICALLY
RECTANGULAR OR
TRAPEZIODAL IN SHAPE. https://image.slidesharecdn.com/-
160311180805/95/application-of-
plate-girders-in-steel-construction
54. ARCH BRIDGE
• ARCH BRIDGES ARE
SUPPORTED BY ABUTMENTS
AT EACH END OF AN ARCH
• ARCH BRIDGES WORK BE
TRANSFERRING THE
WEIGHT OF THE BRIDGE
AND ITS LOADS PARTIALLY
INTO HORIZONTAL THRUST
RETAINED BY THE
ABUTMENTS AT THE EITHER
SIDE.
http://www.dynamicscie
nce.com.au/tester/soluti
ons991/flight/strucuture
sandforces/arch.gif
56. WANXIAN BRIDGE ,A REINFORCED
CONCRETE BRIDGE OVER THE YANGTZE
RIVER WITH A CONCRETE SPAN OF 420m.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikip
edia/commons/thumb/4/48/Witanx
ian_Yangtze_River_Bridge.JPG/1200
px-
Wanxian_Yangtze_River_Bridge.JPG
57. SUSPENSION BRIDGE
• CONSISTS OF FOUR
ESSENTIAL PARTS: TOWER,
ANCHORAGE, CABLE AND
DECK.
• CABLES ARE CURVED AND
CONTINUOUS BETWEEN
TOWERS
• THE DECK USUALLY
SUPPORTED ON STIFFENING
TRUSSES IS HUNG FROM
SUSPENSION CABLES.
https://i2.wp.com/69.89.31.155/~
ginahagl/wp-
content/uploads/2013/11/suspens
ionbridge-pbs.gif
60. SHELLED SRUCTURES
• SHELLED STRUCTURE – A THIN , PLATE
STRUCTURE SHAPED TO TRANSMIT APPLIED
FORCES BY COMPRESSIVE, TENSILE , AND SHEAR
STRESSES THAT ACT IN THE PLANE OF THE
STRUCTURE.
• USUALLY CONSTRUCTED OF CONCRETE
REINFORCED WITH STEEL MESH.
• SHELL CONSTRUCTION BEGAN IN 1920S. SHELL
EMERGED AS A MAJOR LONG-SPAN CONCRETE
STRUCTURE AFTER WORLD WAR II (1939-1945)
61. FRAME WORK OF KRESGE AUDITORIUM
(1954-1955) ON MIT CAMPUS, CAMBRIDGE
Source:
https://images.adsttc.com/media/i
mages/5326/8301/c07a/805c/d80
0/0268/large_jpg/MIT4_kresge-in-
process-med.jpg?1395032823
62. SHELL STRUCTURES ARE SOMETIMES DESCRIBED AS :
SINGLE CURVATURE - A SHELL WITH ONE CURVED SURFACE.
- EG. VAULTS
DOUBLE CURVATURE- A SHELL WITH DOUBLY CURVED SURFACE.
- EG. DOMES
63. THIN CONCRETE SHELLS
• LIGHTWEIGHT CONSTRUCTION COMPOSED OF RELATIVELY
THIN SHELL MADE OF RCC, WITHOUT THE USE OF INTERNAL
SUPPORT.
• TYPES – BARREL SHELLS AND VAULTS
FOLDED PLATE
HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID ( HYPAR)
DOME
64. BARRELS SHELL AND VAULTS
STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR-
VAULTS: IT IS SAME AS CONNECTED PARALLEL ARCHES WHICH
TRANSMIT THE LOADS TO ITS SUPPORTS.
• MATERIAL USED SHOULD BE ABLE TO RESIST
COMPRESSION AND THE THICKNESS IS USUALLY HIGHER.
• SHAPE SHOULD BE AS SIMILAR TO THE
ARCH AS POSSIBLE TO ACHIEVE
OPTIMUM STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR.
65. BARREL SHELL: IT CARRIES LOADS LONGITUDINALLY AS A
BEAM AND TRANSVERSALLY AS AN ARCH.
• MATERIAL USED SHOULD HAVE THE TENDENCY TO RESIST
BOTH COMPRESSION AND TENSION STRESSES.
• FOR RCC THE SPAN TO THICKNESS RATIO CAN BE
INCREASED BY PLACING THE BARS WHERE THE TENSION
FORCES ARE NEEDED.
Source
http://www.arch.ttu.edu/courses/20
08/fall/3501perl/montfort/Hyper%2
0Parabolic%20Paraboloid%20Segme
nted%20Line%20forces%20layout.jp
g
66. HERSHEY SPORTS ARENA IN PENNSYLVANIA
SHORT BARREL SHELL
Source:
https://study.com/academy/lesson/thin-
shell-concrete-structures-
construction.html
67. FOLDED PLATE
• ASSEMBLIES OF FLAT PLATES RIGIDLY CONNECTED TOGETHER
ALONG THEIR EDGES.
• STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR –
THE EXTERNAL FORCES ARE TRANSFERRED
TO THE SHORTED EDGE OF ONE
FOLDING ELEMENT, THEN THE
REACTION AS AN AXIAL FORCE
IS DIVIDED BETWEEN THE ADJACENT
ELEMENTS AND THEN TRANSFERRED
TO THE BEARINGS.
69. HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID
(HYPAR)
• A SURFACE WHICH IS CURVED IN TWO DIRECTIONS I-E IT HAS
A CONVEX FORM ALONG ONE AXIS AND CONCAVE FORM
ALONG THE OTHER AXIS.
• THE CURVATURE OF THE SHAPE REDUCES ITS TENDENCY TO
BUCKLE IN COMPRESSION WHICH MEANS THAT THEY CAN
ACHIEVE EXCEPTIONAL STIFFNESS.
• BY BEING BRACED IN 2 DIRECTIONS THEY EXPERIENCE NO
BENDING AND ARE ABLE TO WITHSTAND UNEQUAL LOADING
(DEAD OR LIVE).
70. MEISO- NO- MORI MUNCIPAL FUNERAL HALL, JAPAN
Source-
https://i.pinimg.com/736x/d1
/2a/bf/d12abf51e31194fa3e9
4f9dca34f3e6c--toyo-ito-
sanaa.jpg
71. DOME
• A ROUNDED ROOF WITH A CIRCULAR BASE WHICH HAS
DOUBLE CURVATURE AND THE RESULTING STRUCTURE IS
MUCH STIFFER AND STRONGER THAN A SINGLE CURVED
SURFACE (BARREL SHELL).
• EXPERIENCES COMPRESSIVE
FORCES FROM TOP TO
ITS MID-HEIGHT.
Source
http://kaoaz.co/wp-
content/uploads/bfigure8e-
concrete-dome-construction-
techniques-home-design-7-hoop-
and-meridional-forces-stresses-
in-a-spherical-6i.png
72. EYE OF THE STORM , SULLIVANS ISLAND, SOUTH
CAROLINA
Source:
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-
2Vfm4I3W8q0/VypWTileUpI/AAAA
AAAAh_k/9cvSc17jEdYU4MkDUulY
jJdxGzwCi2P0QCLcB/s1600/Charle
ston%2BDay4%2BEye%2Bof%2Bth
e%2BStorm%2BHouse%2B%2528
Medium%2529.jpg
• BEYOND MID-HEIGHT A TRANSITION WITH TENSION
FORCES OCCUR GRADUALLY UNTIL THE BASE WHERE
LARGE TENSILE FORCES PREDOMINATE WHICH ARE
RESISTED BY REINFORCED CONCRETE IN THE FORM
OF TENSION RINGS OR TENSION BELTS.
73. Pier Luigi Nervi
(21 June 1891 – 9 January 1979)
• HE WAS AN ITALIAN ENGINEER
AND ARCHITECT
• HE STUDIED CIVIL
ENGINEERING AND PRACTISED
AS A BUILDING ENGINEER
• HIS AESTHETICALLY PLEASING
DESIGNS OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE WERE USED FOR
MAJOR PROJECTS AND ALSO
GAINED HIM NAME IN THE
ARCHITECTURAL FIELD.