Concrete Magazine Article 2021
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This article explains how waffle slab was created. It shows a comparation between solid slab and waffle slab. Waffle slab eliminates the concrete that has no structural function. It also saves steel because it increase the slab´s height.
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Slabs and types
Slab is a thin concrete structure used for flooring that can be square, rectangular, or circular. Slabs vary in thickness from 4-6 inches depending on load and are made of cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and reinforcement bars. There are several types of slabs including one-way slabs which carry load in one direction, two-way slabs which carry load in two directions, joist slabs which have concrete ribs for support, and precast slabs which are constructed off-site and transported. Other slab types include flat plates, flat slabs, waffle slabs, hollow core slabs, and composite slabs which incorporate a steel deck.
Lintel,roof,beam,striar (by sonani jemish).pptx
The document discusses various elements of civil engineering including beams, lintels, stairs, and roofs.
[1] It defines beams and describes the main types as simply supported, fixed, cantilever, continuous, and overhanging. Lintels are defined as horizontal members above openings and the main types are timber, stone, brick, reinforced brick, steel, and reinforced concrete.
[2] Stairs are described as connecting different floors and the main types include straight, doglegged, quarter turn, open newel, three quarter turn, bifurcated, geometric, and circular.
[3] Roofs are defined as covering the space below. Common roof styles are gable, hip,
ARCHES
The document discusses arches and how they transfer force. It defines an arch and explains that arches are pure compression structures that can span large areas by resolving forces into compressive stresses. It describes how arches transfer loads outward to abutments through arch action. The document also lists and defines different types of arches and explains how arches dissipate weight by transferring it outward along the curve from the center of the deck to the abutments through compression.
Scaffolding
Thank you for the presentation on scaffolding. I learned about the different types of scaffolds used in construction such as brick-layer's scaffolds, mason's scaffolds, steel scaffolds, needle scaffolds, and wooden scaffolds. Each type has a specific design and use depending on the construction needs. Proper scaffolding is important for safely supporting workers and materials during building.
Science Project
The document defines and describes 10 different types of structures: beam bridge, truss bridge, suspension bridge, arch bridge, shell structure, frame structure, solid structure, and two additional descriptions of beam and arch bridges. A beam bridge uses a horizontal beam supported at both ends to support weight. A truss bridge uses a lightweight truss structure for stability. A suspension bridge hangs between two ends for support. An arch bridge can withstand heavy loads. A shell structure has a solid outer surface and hollow inner area. A frame structure uses a skeleton frame for support rather than walls. A solid structure is made of solid, strong material.
Building materials and construction Technology(Lintels and Arches)
This document discusses different types of lintels and arches used in building construction. It defines a lintel as a horizontal beam over an opening that carries the weight above it. Lintels are classified by material - timber, stone, brick, steel, and reinforced concrete. Stone lintels are most common and can span up to 2 meters. Reinforced concrete lintels have replaced other types due to strength, fire resistance, and ease of construction. Arches are curved structures that support weight above an opening. Key terms related to arches include intrados, extrados, voussoirs, crown, spandril, abutment, and pier.
Lintels and arches
1. A lintel is a horizontal structural member placed across an opening to support the structure above, while an arch is a structure that spans a space and supports weight below through mutual support of wedge-shaped blocks.
2. Lintels are classified by material including timber, stone, brick, reinforced brick, steel, and reinforced concrete. Arches have various geometries including flat, semi-circular, segmental, parabolic, and more.
3. The key to an arch's strength is that it resolves forces into compression rather than tension. Proper design and construction are needed to ensure the arch remains compressed and does not collapse due to crushing, sliding, or other failures.
A Review on Thin-shell Structures: Advances and Trends
This paper provides a review of research advances and trends in the area of thin shell structures. The art of building thin-shell structures has been with us since ancient times. In practical civil engineering, the necessity of covering large column free open areas with shell surfaces is often an issue. Over the course of time, this shell form became very popular to engineers due to a number of advantages it offers, and started drawing the attention of a number of researchers. A thin shell is a term not in itself as readily understandable by the layman as the terms dome or vault would be. It is in a sense a word coined on the basis of its structural connotations, as exhibited in the artifacts it creates. There are many interesting aspects of the use of shells in engineering, but one alone stands out as being of paramount importance: it is the structural aspect. At the beginning of this century, under the influence of the art movement and the dominance of industrialized building materials, any remnants of curvilinear architecture were mercilessly banished. Within that period avant-garde art emphatically proclaimed a total repudiation of the traditions and classical revivals that in architecture were symbolized mostly by arches and vaults. Ready-to-use rectilinear steel beams and columns and easy-to build rectilinear concrete forms struck a lethal blow to the curvilinear approach in architecture. Rectilinearity became synonymous with rationality, while curvilinearity came to symbolize decadence. Remember, for instance, the negative stigma given to the baroque for its assumed pomposity in glorifying curves. In practical terms such an attitude in design is clearly manifested in the present cityscapes that are totally free of arches, domes, shells, and any other form that is not rectilinear. With today‟s almost unlimited computer technology and the knowledge that can be gained from understanding the domes and vaults built both in the past and present, it is hoped that this research work on the review aspects of curvilinear forms will contribute to further exploration and encourage the application of thin shells by the engineers and architects to whom it is addressed. Masonry domes, concrete shells, and large steel contemporary domes are presented in historical terms as case studies and in conceptual terms from the architectural and structural point of view.
Recommended
Slabs and types
Slab is a thin concrete structure used for flooring that can be square, rectangular, or circular. Slabs vary in thickness from 4-6 inches depending on load and are made of cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and reinforcement bars. There are several types of slabs including one-way slabs which carry load in one direction, two-way slabs which carry load in two directions, joist slabs which have concrete ribs for support, and precast slabs which are constructed off-site and transported. Other slab types include flat plates, flat slabs, waffle slabs, hollow core slabs, and composite slabs which incorporate a steel deck.
Lintel,roof,beam,striar (by sonani jemish).pptx
The document discusses various elements of civil engineering including beams, lintels, stairs, and roofs.
[1] It defines beams and describes the main types as simply supported, fixed, cantilever, continuous, and overhanging. Lintels are defined as horizontal members above openings and the main types are timber, stone, brick, reinforced brick, steel, and reinforced concrete.
[2] Stairs are described as connecting different floors and the main types include straight, doglegged, quarter turn, open newel, three quarter turn, bifurcated, geometric, and circular.
[3] Roofs are defined as covering the space below. Common roof styles are gable, hip,
ARCHES
The document discusses arches and how they transfer force. It defines an arch and explains that arches are pure compression structures that can span large areas by resolving forces into compressive stresses. It describes how arches transfer loads outward to abutments through arch action. The document also lists and defines different types of arches and explains how arches dissipate weight by transferring it outward along the curve from the center of the deck to the abutments through compression.
Scaffolding
Thank you for the presentation on scaffolding. I learned about the different types of scaffolds used in construction such as brick-layer's scaffolds, mason's scaffolds, steel scaffolds, needle scaffolds, and wooden scaffolds. Each type has a specific design and use depending on the construction needs. Proper scaffolding is important for safely supporting workers and materials during building.
Science Project
The document defines and describes 10 different types of structures: beam bridge, truss bridge, suspension bridge, arch bridge, shell structure, frame structure, solid structure, and two additional descriptions of beam and arch bridges. A beam bridge uses a horizontal beam supported at both ends to support weight. A truss bridge uses a lightweight truss structure for stability. A suspension bridge hangs between two ends for support. An arch bridge can withstand heavy loads. A shell structure has a solid outer surface and hollow inner area. A frame structure uses a skeleton frame for support rather than walls. A solid structure is made of solid, strong material.
Building materials and construction Technology(Lintels and Arches)
This document discusses different types of lintels and arches used in building construction. It defines a lintel as a horizontal beam over an opening that carries the weight above it. Lintels are classified by material - timber, stone, brick, steel, and reinforced concrete. Stone lintels are most common and can span up to 2 meters. Reinforced concrete lintels have replaced other types due to strength, fire resistance, and ease of construction. Arches are curved structures that support weight above an opening. Key terms related to arches include intrados, extrados, voussoirs, crown, spandril, abutment, and pier.
Lintels and arches
1. A lintel is a horizontal structural member placed across an opening to support the structure above, while an arch is a structure that spans a space and supports weight below through mutual support of wedge-shaped blocks.
2. Lintels are classified by material including timber, stone, brick, reinforced brick, steel, and reinforced concrete. Arches have various geometries including flat, semi-circular, segmental, parabolic, and more.
3. The key to an arch's strength is that it resolves forces into compression rather than tension. Proper design and construction are needed to ensure the arch remains compressed and does not collapse due to crushing, sliding, or other failures.
A Review on Thin-shell Structures: Advances and Trends
This paper provides a review of research advances and trends in the area of thin shell structures. The art of building thin-shell structures has been with us since ancient times. In practical civil engineering, the necessity of covering large column free open areas with shell surfaces is often an issue. Over the course of time, this shell form became very popular to engineers due to a number of advantages it offers, and started drawing the attention of a number of researchers. A thin shell is a term not in itself as readily understandable by the layman as the terms dome or vault would be. It is in a sense a word coined on the basis of its structural connotations, as exhibited in the artifacts it creates. There are many interesting aspects of the use of shells in engineering, but one alone stands out as being of paramount importance: it is the structural aspect. At the beginning of this century, under the influence of the art movement and the dominance of industrialized building materials, any remnants of curvilinear architecture were mercilessly banished. Within that period avant-garde art emphatically proclaimed a total repudiation of the traditions and classical revivals that in architecture were symbolized mostly by arches and vaults. Ready-to-use rectilinear steel beams and columns and easy-to build rectilinear concrete forms struck a lethal blow to the curvilinear approach in architecture. Rectilinearity became synonymous with rationality, while curvilinearity came to symbolize decadence. Remember, for instance, the negative stigma given to the baroque for its assumed pomposity in glorifying curves. In practical terms such an attitude in design is clearly manifested in the present cityscapes that are totally free of arches, domes, shells, and any other form that is not rectilinear. With today‟s almost unlimited computer technology and the knowledge that can be gained from understanding the domes and vaults built both in the past and present, it is hoped that this research work on the review aspects of curvilinear forms will contribute to further exploration and encourage the application of thin shells by the engineers and architects to whom it is addressed. Masonry domes, concrete shells, and large steel contemporary domes are presented in historical terms as case studies and in conceptual terms from the architectural and structural point of view.
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This document discusses different types of lintels and arches used in construction. It describes 6 types of lintels based on materials - timber, stone, brick, reinforced brick, steel, and reinforced cement concrete. It then explains key elements of arches like abutments, piers, intrados, extrados, etc. Arches are classified based on materials, shape, and number of centers. Common shapes include flat, segmental, semi-circular, relieving, and dutch arches. Arches can be one centered, two centered, and up to five centered. Failure of arches can occur due to crushing, sliding of voussoirs, or uneven settlement.
1EBil - Structures - Presentation, tacoma bridge
The document provides information about structures and the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940. It discusses the requirements of structures, including safety, strength, stability, rigidity, resistance, durability and economy. It then summarizes the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, noting that it collapsed after 4 months in use due to oscillations caused by wind speeds of 55-75 km/hr. No one was injured in the collapse. Engineers then investigated how to strengthen suspension bridges.
Arches
An arch is a structure that spans an opening and supports weight by resolving forces into compression. Arches are made of wedge-shaped blocks or bricks that support each other through their mutual weight and pressure. The earliest known arches date back to Mesopotamian architecture in the 2nd millennium BC, though the Romans made extensive use of the technique. Arches function by carrying weight through an outward thrust that must be constrained by internal ties or external bracing at the ends. Common uses of arches include supporting building roofs, bridges, and aqueducts. Arches can have different geometries like flat, semi-circular, or segmental, and can be constructed from materials including stone, brick, concrete
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This document discusses different types of lintels and arches used in construction. It describes various lintel materials like wood, stone, brick, reinforced brick, concrete, and steel. It also defines what an arch is and discusses different arch types including brick, stone, concrete, flat, semi-circular, segmental, relieving, and Dutch arches. Technical arch terms are defined and arch construction materials and methods are compared.
1206768 634528655186611250
The document discusses different types of lintels used in construction. It defines a lintel as a beam equal to the width of a wall that bridges openings. There are five main types of lintels discussed: timber, stone, brick, steel, and reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete lintels have replaced other types due to their strength, rigidity, fire resistance and economy.
1 e bil - structures - 2nd part - types of structures
The document discusses different types of structures including mass structures, frame structures, trusses, shell structures, suspension structures, vaulted structures, and geodesic structures. It provides examples and descriptions of each type as well as their advantages. Mass structures use weight to hold themselves together while frame structures have a skeleton that supports an empty interior space. Trusses form rigid structures using triangles. Shell structures derive strength from an outer layer while suspension structures use cables to support horizontal planes. Vaulted structures use arches to provide space and geodesic domes form shell structures from polygons.
Mechanism of load transfored...PRC-I
Prepared by madam rafia firdous. She is a lecturer and instructor in subject of Plain and Reinforcement concrete at University of South Asia LAHORE,PAKISTAN.
structures
The document discusses different types of bridges and structures. It defines arch bridges as bridges supported by an arch or series of arches. Suspension bridges have roadways hung from cables between tall towers. Truss bridges are supported by trusses to carry heavy loads without collapsing. Beam bridges are the most common type of bridge, supported by one or more beams. Solid structures rely on their own mass to resist forces, while frame structures gain strength from joined components forming triangles. Shell structures have a solid outer surface and hollow inner area.
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This document outlines the topics covered in a graduation project on the behavior and design of masonry structures. It discusses the historical background of masonry construction, properties of masonry materials, common building units used, reinforcement, and loads. Design considerations are presented for masonry beams, shear walls, flexural behavior under various loads, and partially reinforced walls. The project provides information needed to research and design reinforced masonry structures.
Lintel
Reinforced concrete lintels are now widely used as they are fireproof, durable, strong, economical and easy to construct. RCC lintels can be used for varying spans and load conditions without needing relieving arches. They are preferred over other lintel materials like wood, stone and brick due to disadvantages like decay, difficulty obtaining long stones, and weakness in tension. RCC lintels can be precast or cast-in-situ, with precast used for smaller spans up to 2 meters typically. Depth and reinforcement size depends on the span and load, with larger diameters like 12mm rebar used for spans over 3 meters.
Structural System
1. Structural systems include architectural structures like buildings that are assemblages of components designed to support loads through interconnected members.
2. Loads on structures can be static like dead loads or dynamic like wind loads, and forces like tension, compression, bending, and shear act on structural members.
3. Common structural forms include trusses, arches, shells, frames, and cable nets which use specific geometries and materials like steel and concrete to transfer loads.
Folded plate structure
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Scaffolding
Scaffolding is a temporary structure used to support workers during construction. There are various types of scaffolding depending on the job, including single scaffolding used for bricklaying, double scaffolding for masonry work, supported scaffolding which is the most common type, and suspended scaffolding used on tall buildings. Tube and coupler scaffolding consists of vertical posts, horizontal bearers and runners connected by couplers, with diagonal bracing for stability. It is flexible and preferred for irregular work sites. Building ties attach the scaffolding to the structure to provide rigidity.
Design 3 2011 - Design Lecture Structures
This document summarizes different structural design concepts and elements. It discusses the forces that act on structures like gravity, wind, and earthquakes. It also describes different structural systems like trusses, frames, shells and their basic elements like beams, columns, slabs. Additionally, it covers structural requirements, types of structures, materials used and provides examples of typical structures.
Arches and domes
THIS IS A STUDY OF ARCHES AND DOMES. CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES ARE ALSO MENTIONED. comment in the section below, if you want the soft copy! :)
Design of masonry structures 2004
This document summarizes the key aspects of loadbearing masonry construction. It discusses the advantages of masonry, including its ability to provide structure, insulation, and fire protection simultaneously. It also describes the development of modern codes of practice, which have expanded the use of loadbearing masonry beyond empirical rules to the rational design of multi-storey buildings. The document outlines basic design considerations for loadbearing masonry, such as compatible building typologies, and provides a high-level classification of masonry wall systems.
Geotechnical behaviour of shell foundations
The document discusses shell foundations as an alternative to conventional flat foundations. It provides an overview of different types of shell foundations used in practice, including hyperbolic paraboloid, conical, pyramidal, spherical, and elliptical paraboloid shells. Several studies are summarized that have experimentally and numerically analyzed the load-carrying capacity and settlement behavior of various shell foundations in comparison to flat foundations. The studies found that shell foundations generally have higher load capacity, greater stability, and require less material than flat foundations, though they can be more difficult to construct.
Details of RCC Building
Reinforced concrete is a composite material consisting of concrete and steel reinforcement. François Coignet built the first iron reinforced concrete structure in 1853. Reinforced concrete uses the strengths of both materials - concrete is strong in compression and steel is strong in tension. It is used widely in construction for buildings, bridges, tunnels and other structures due to its high strength and durability.
Slab & Vault
The document provides information about different types of slabs and vaults used in construction. It discusses 15 types of slabs including flat slabs, conventional slabs, hollow core ribbed slabs, and slabs on grade. It also discusses types of vaults such as barrel vaults, groin vaults, rib vaults, and fan vaults. The document includes a case study about the Metropol Parasol structure in Seville, Spain which uses a wooden grid structure. It also provides a literature case study about a project that used polycarbonate glazed skylights and barrel vaults with insulating panels to provide daylight in a building.
project report on truss bridge
This document provides information about truss bridges, including their history, types, and design principles. It discusses the evolution of bridge construction from natural bridges to modern designs. Key truss designs discussed include the Kingpost, Queenpost, Howe, Pratt, and Warren trusses. The document also covers truss components, optimal truss geometry, design of compression/tension members, and design of vertical and diagonal members. Overall, the document provides a technical overview of truss bridge design and the various truss configurations used in steel bridges.
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The document provides information about structures and the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940. It discusses the requirements of structures, including safety, strength, stability, rigidity, resistance, durability and economy. It then summarizes the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, noting that it collapsed after 4 months in use due to oscillations caused by wind speeds of 55-75 km/hr. No one was injured in the collapse. Engineers then investigated how to strengthen suspension bridges.
Arches
An arch is a structure that spans an opening and supports weight by resolving forces into compression. Arches are made of wedge-shaped blocks or bricks that support each other through their mutual weight and pressure. The earliest known arches date back to Mesopotamian architecture in the 2nd millennium BC, though the Romans made extensive use of the technique. Arches function by carrying weight through an outward thrust that must be constrained by internal ties or external bracing at the ends. Common uses of arches include supporting building roofs, bridges, and aqueducts. Arches can have different geometries like flat, semi-circular, or segmental, and can be constructed from materials including stone, brick, concrete
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1206768 634528655186611250
The document discusses different types of lintels used in construction. It defines a lintel as a beam equal to the width of a wall that bridges openings. There are five main types of lintels discussed: timber, stone, brick, steel, and reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete lintels have replaced other types due to their strength, rigidity, fire resistance and economy.
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Prepared by madam rafia firdous. She is a lecturer and instructor in subject of Plain and Reinforcement concrete at University of South Asia LAHORE,PAKISTAN.
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The document discusses different types of bridges and structures. It defines arch bridges as bridges supported by an arch or series of arches. Suspension bridges have roadways hung from cables between tall towers. Truss bridges are supported by trusses to carry heavy loads without collapsing. Beam bridges are the most common type of bridge, supported by one or more beams. Solid structures rely on their own mass to resist forces, while frame structures gain strength from joined components forming triangles. Shell structures have a solid outer surface and hollow inner area.
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Lintel
Reinforced concrete lintels are now widely used as they are fireproof, durable, strong, economical and easy to construct. RCC lintels can be used for varying spans and load conditions without needing relieving arches. They are preferred over other lintel materials like wood, stone and brick due to disadvantages like decay, difficulty obtaining long stones, and weakness in tension. RCC lintels can be precast or cast-in-situ, with precast used for smaller spans up to 2 meters typically. Depth and reinforcement size depends on the span and load, with larger diameters like 12mm rebar used for spans over 3 meters.
Structural System
1. Structural systems include architectural structures like buildings that are assemblages of components designed to support loads through interconnected members.
2. Loads on structures can be static like dead loads or dynamic like wind loads, and forces like tension, compression, bending, and shear act on structural members.
3. Common structural forms include trusses, arches, shells, frames, and cable nets which use specific geometries and materials like steel and concrete to transfer loads.
Folded plate structure
Folded plate structures are assemblies of flat plates rigidly connected along edges to form a structure without additional beams. They were first used in 1923 for an aircraft hangar. The principle is inspired by folding in nature like leaves and wings. Structural behavior depends on folding pattern and connections. Types include folded plate surfaces, frames, and spatial structures made of materials like concrete, metal, wood, and glass. Applications include roofs, walls, floors, and steel sheet piles. Advantages are light construction and longer spans while disadvantages include complex formwork and labor. Examples are the Air Force Academy Chapel and Yokohama Passenger Terminal. The document recommends using folded plates for portable homeless shelters in Bangladesh.
Lintels and Beams
How to bed and level different types of lintels such as concrete, steel and combination Lintels, also how to construction a welsh arch. How to select a lintel
Shell Structures
Shell structures are constructed systems that use curved surfaces to efficiently resist loads through membrane stresses. They come in many forms including freeform, mathematically defined, and form-found shells. Singly curved shells use arch or beam action while doubly curved shells use hoop stresses and arch lines. Materials like masonry, timber, concrete, and steel can be used. Construction involves building continuous surfaces or discrete prefabricated elements. The structural behavior relies on membrane theory where loads are distributed through in-plane forces along curved surfaces. Examples discussed include Félix Candela's hyperbolic paraboloid vault structures and Frei Otto's pioneering gridshell structures.
Scaffolding
Scaffolding is a temporary structure used to support workers during construction. There are various types of scaffolding depending on the job, including single scaffolding used for bricklaying, double scaffolding for masonry work, supported scaffolding which is the most common type, and suspended scaffolding used on tall buildings. Tube and coupler scaffolding consists of vertical posts, horizontal bearers and runners connected by couplers, with diagonal bracing for stability. It is flexible and preferred for irregular work sites. Building ties attach the scaffolding to the structure to provide rigidity.
Design 3 2011 - Design Lecture Structures
This document summarizes different structural design concepts and elements. It discusses the forces that act on structures like gravity, wind, and earthquakes. It also describes different structural systems like trusses, frames, shells and their basic elements like beams, columns, slabs. Additionally, it covers structural requirements, types of structures, materials used and provides examples of typical structures.
Arches and domes
THIS IS A STUDY OF ARCHES AND DOMES. CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES ARE ALSO MENTIONED. comment in the section below, if you want the soft copy! :)
Design of masonry structures 2004
This document summarizes the key aspects of loadbearing masonry construction. It discusses the advantages of masonry, including its ability to provide structure, insulation, and fire protection simultaneously. It also describes the development of modern codes of practice, which have expanded the use of loadbearing masonry beyond empirical rules to the rational design of multi-storey buildings. The document outlines basic design considerations for loadbearing masonry, such as compatible building typologies, and provides a high-level classification of masonry wall systems.
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The document discusses shell foundations as an alternative to conventional flat foundations. It provides an overview of different types of shell foundations used in practice, including hyperbolic paraboloid, conical, pyramidal, spherical, and elliptical paraboloid shells. Several studies are summarized that have experimentally and numerically analyzed the load-carrying capacity and settlement behavior of various shell foundations in comparison to flat foundations. The studies found that shell foundations generally have higher load capacity, greater stability, and require less material than flat foundations, though they can be more difficult to construct.
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1 e bil - structures - 2nd part - types of structures
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Similar to Concrete Magazine Article 2021
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Reinforced concrete is a composite material consisting of concrete and steel reinforcement. François Coignet built the first iron reinforced concrete structure in 1853. Reinforced concrete uses the strengths of both materials - concrete is strong in compression and steel is strong in tension. It is used widely in construction for buildings, bridges, tunnels and other structures due to its high strength and durability.
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The document provides information about different types of slabs and vaults used in construction. It discusses 15 types of slabs including flat slabs, conventional slabs, hollow core ribbed slabs, and slabs on grade. It also discusses types of vaults such as barrel vaults, groin vaults, rib vaults, and fan vaults. The document includes a case study about the Metropol Parasol structure in Seville, Spain which uses a wooden grid structure. It also provides a literature case study about a project that used polycarbonate glazed skylights and barrel vaults with insulating panels to provide daylight in a building.
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Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) is a composite material made of cement concrete reinforced with steel bars. Some key points:
- François Coignet built the first reinforced concrete structure, a four story house in Paris in 1853.
- RCC is used in the construction of columns, beams, footings, slabs, dams, water tanks, tunnels, bridges, walls and towers due to its high strength and durability.
- The steel reinforcement provides tensile strength, while the concrete primarily resists compressive forces and protects the steel from corrosion. Together they form a very strong, stable structural material.
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Presentation123
1. Columns are vertical structural elements that transmit loads from above to the foundation below through compression.
2. Concrete columns are commonly used in buildings to support beams, floors, and roofs. They can be cast-in-place or prefabricated and take different shapes like circular, rectangular, or square.
3. Reinforced concrete columns contain steel reinforcement, usually longitudinal bars and lateral ties or spirals, to strengthen the column and improve its load-bearing capacity. The type and amount of reinforcement depends on the size and load on the column.
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This document discusses pile foundations. It describes different types of piles including steel, concrete, timber, and composite piles. It discusses estimating pile length, installation methods, load transfer mechanisms, and methods for estimating pile capacity. Key points covered include the use of piles when upper soil layers are weak, to resist horizontal forces, in expansive soils, and for uplift resistance. Equations are provided for estimating allowable load capacity of different pile types.
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Acm Unit 2
This document provides information on various structural elements used in construction including beams, slabs, arches, vaults, trusses, frames, and domes. It describes the basic components, characteristics, types, and applications of each element. For example, it states that a beam is an element that resists bending forces, a slab is a horizontal surface element reinforced with steel bars, an arch distributes vertical loads into sideways forces through wedge-shaped blocks, and a dome is a curved ceiling structure similar to a hemisphere. The document also provides diagrams to illustrate different structural configurations.
Alternative building materials m 4
Understand environmental issues due to building materials and the energy consumption in manufacturing building materials and the alternative building technologies which are followed in present construction field.
Alternativebuildingmaterials m 4-ppt
The document discusses alternative building materials and methods. It describes using arches in foundations as an alternative to conventional spread footings. It also discusses various alternatives for wall constructions, including rammed earth, cavity walls, composite masonry, confined masonry, and insulating concrete forms. Ferrocement and ferroconcrete building components are also presented as alternative materials. Top-down construction and Mivan construction techniques are introduced as well.
Prestressed concrete
At the beginning of the twentieth century, “Prestressed Concrete” soon became the single most significant new direction in structural engineering according to Billington (2004).
This unique concept gave the engineer the ability to control the actual structural behavior while forcing him or her to dive more deeply into the construction process of the structural material. It gave architects as well as engineers a new realm of reinforced concrete design pushing not only the structural but also the architectural limits of concrete design to a level that neither concrete nor structural steel could achieve. Ordinary reinforced concrete could not achieve the same limits because the new long spans that “Prestressed Concrete” were able to achieve could not be reached with reinforced concrete. Those longer spans required much deeper members, which quickly made reinforced concrete uneconomical. Additionally, steel structures weren’t able to create the same architectural forms that the new “Prestressed Concrete” could.
1.2.1: Prestressed Concrete Concept ,Idea & Designs
P.H.Jackson – 1888 – USA.
The concept of Prestressed Concrete appeared in 1888 when P.H. Jackson was granted the first patent in the United States for Prestressed Concrete design as a method of Prestressed construction in concrete pavement.
Jackson’s idea was perfect, but the technology of high strength steel that exhibited low relaxation characteristics was not yet available. This was the reason Prestressed Concrete was not used as building material in the early years. For example, metallurgists had not yet discovered high strength steel, which combined the needed high compressive forces in a minimal amount of steel with low relaxation characteristics that minimized creep and post-stress deformations in the prestressing steel; therefore, the idea hibernated until Freyssinet reexamined it in the early twentieth century, the first to actively promote prestressed concrete.
RCC Elements column, beam.
RCC elements as: column, beam, slab, staircase, lintal, chajja, canopy, coffer slab and pargola. # Puneet Chhonker Mo.7455006961
Bubble deck slab
introduction
types of hollow slab systems
bubble deck slab??
materials used
types of bubble deck slab
schematic design
structural properties
production and carryout
advantages,disadvantages
applications
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- 1. NATURE OF THE WAFFLE SLAB www.atex.com.br As of common knowledge, solid slabs have a constant height (hM) once the slab`s volume is completely filled with concrete. Concrete resists to compression and steel resists to traction. However, in 1854 the British engineer Willian Boutland Wilkinson experimented removing from the solid slab part of the traction section’s concrete that had no structural function. After such a pioneer and successful idea, it was concluded that solid slabs have unnecessary concrete that is poured only to fill a gap, therefore increasing the structural weight. This new type of slab was named waffle slab due to its shape, with ribs and toppings. Solid slab: Waffle slab: The weight decrease mentioned above results in expressive savings of the use of concrete and steel, summing around 30% in slabs. Slabs usually corresponds to about 60% of a building's structure, and as structures represents approximately 30% of the works` cost, the use of waffle slabs result in savings of about 5,4% in the works` total costs (30% x 60% x 30% = 5,4%), not to mention savings in other elements of the works, such as columns, fundations and CO₂. Example: Let´s consider a solid slab 13,5m x 13,5m and hM =32cm If we keep the same inertia and transform this solid slab into a Waffle slab 13,5m x 13,5m and hM=42,5 + 5,0 cm with Atex900x425 mould, we will achive these following results:
- 2. NATURE OF THE WAFFLE SLAB www.atex.com.br