introduction
types of hollow slab systems
bubble deck slab??
materials used
types of bubble deck slab
schematic design
structural properties
production and carryout
advantages,disadvantages
applications
This is a presentation on the future technology called bubble deck technology. The weight of slab is reduced by large amount albeit it serves nearly same purpose for load and deflection.
Bubble deck Technology is the innovative system that eliminates Concrete in the mid section, secondary supporting structure such as beams reinforced concrete columns or structural walls.
Bubble deck slab is a method of virtually eliminating all concrete from the middle of a floor slab, which is not performing any structural function, thereby dramatically reducing structural dead weight. High density polyethylene hollow spheres replace the in-effective concrete in the centre of the slab, thus decreasing the dead weight and increasing the efficiency of the floor. By introducing the gaps leads to a 30 To 50% lighter slab which reduces the loads on the columns, walls and foundations, and of course of the entire building.
The advantages are less energy consumption - both in production, transport and carrying out, less emission - exhaust gases from production and transport, especially CO2 .
This is a presentation on the future technology called bubble deck technology. The weight of slab is reduced by large amount albeit it serves nearly same purpose for load and deflection.
Bubble deck Technology is the innovative system that eliminates Concrete in the mid section, secondary supporting structure such as beams reinforced concrete columns or structural walls.
Bubble deck slab is a method of virtually eliminating all concrete from the middle of a floor slab, which is not performing any structural function, thereby dramatically reducing structural dead weight. High density polyethylene hollow spheres replace the in-effective concrete in the centre of the slab, thus decreasing the dead weight and increasing the efficiency of the floor. By introducing the gaps leads to a 30 To 50% lighter slab which reduces the loads on the columns, walls and foundations, and of course of the entire building.
The advantages are less energy consumption - both in production, transport and carrying out, less emission - exhaust gases from production and transport, especially CO2 .
A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings. Horizontal slabs of steel reinforced concrete, typically between 4 and 20 inches (100 and 500 millimeters) thick, are most often used to construct floors and ceilings, while thinner slabs are also used for exterior paving. Sometimes these thinner slabs, ranging from 2 inches (51 mm) to 6 inches (150 mm) thick, are called mud slabs, particularly when used under the main floor slabs[1] or in crawl spaces.[2]
In many domestic and industrial buildings a thick concrete slab, supported on foundations or directly on the subsoil, is used to construct the ground floor of a building. These can either be "ground-bearing" or "suspended" slabs. The slab is "ground-bearing" if it rests directly on the foundation, otherwise the slab is "suspended".[3] For double-storey or multi-storey buildings, the use of a few common types of concrete suspended slabs are used (for more types refer to the Concrete Slab#Design section below):
Beam and block also referred to as Rib and Block, are mostly used in residential and industrial applications. This slab type is made up of pre-stressed beams and hollow blocks and are temporarily propped until set, typically after 21 days.
A Hollow core slab which are precast and installed on site with a crane.
In high rise buildings and skyscrapers, thinner, pre-cast concrete slabs are slung between the steel frames to form the floors and ceilings on each level. Cast in-situ slabs are used in high rise buildings and huge shopping complexes as well as houses. These in-situ slabs are cast on site using shutters and reinforced steel.
It is special type of concrete that can take the bending stresses.
It consist of special type of materials that makes it flexible. It was developed by the Professor Victor Li at the University of Michigan.
Its engineering name is Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC).
It exhibits the property of a ductile material instead of a brittle material which is shown by the conventional concrete.
This material can bring the revolution because of its some special quality such as flexibility, self-healing, lighter weight, etc. In some countries such as Japan, Korea, U.S.A, etc the flexible concrete is used in many structure.
But in India it is still a new material and requires proper research for its use in India.
Soon we may saw the use of flexible concrete in many structure.
For more info Visit this link: http://civildigital.com/all-about-flexible-concrete-bendable-concrete-engineered-cementitious-composite-ecc/
Image Courtesy:
https://3c1703fe8d.site.internapcdn.net/newman/gfx/news/hires/2016/1-newbendablec.jpg
Composite construction or Composite Structure/FrameAbdul Rahman
Composite structure of steel and concrete has been explained under this ppt with examples, type of structural members, advantages and comparison with other structures like R.C.C structure and Steel structures.
This presentation is a small description about need of bubble deck slab and how its different from solid slab and hollow core slab with literature reviews taken from different research papers.
Concrete is the most widely used construction material in India with annual consumption exceeding 100 million cubic meters.
High performance concrete is a concrete in which certain characteristics are developed for a particular application and environment, so that it will give excellent performance in the structure in which it will be placed.
A high-strength concrete is always a high performance concrete, but a high-performance concrete is not always a high-strength concrete.
Geopolymer concrete is an innovative, eco-friendly construction material.
It is used as replacement of cement concrete.
In geopolymer concrete cement is not used as a binding material.
Fly ash, silica-fume, or GGBS, along with alkali solution are used as binders.
A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings. Horizontal slabs of steel reinforced concrete, typically between 4 and 20 inches (100 and 500 millimeters) thick, are most often used to construct floors and ceilings, while thinner slabs are also used for exterior paving. Sometimes these thinner slabs, ranging from 2 inches (51 mm) to 6 inches (150 mm) thick, are called mud slabs, particularly when used under the main floor slabs[1] or in crawl spaces.[2]
In many domestic and industrial buildings a thick concrete slab, supported on foundations or directly on the subsoil, is used to construct the ground floor of a building. These can either be "ground-bearing" or "suspended" slabs. The slab is "ground-bearing" if it rests directly on the foundation, otherwise the slab is "suspended".[3] For double-storey or multi-storey buildings, the use of a few common types of concrete suspended slabs are used (for more types refer to the Concrete Slab#Design section below):
Beam and block also referred to as Rib and Block, are mostly used in residential and industrial applications. This slab type is made up of pre-stressed beams and hollow blocks and are temporarily propped until set, typically after 21 days.
A Hollow core slab which are precast and installed on site with a crane.
In high rise buildings and skyscrapers, thinner, pre-cast concrete slabs are slung between the steel frames to form the floors and ceilings on each level. Cast in-situ slabs are used in high rise buildings and huge shopping complexes as well as houses. These in-situ slabs are cast on site using shutters and reinforced steel.
It is special type of concrete that can take the bending stresses.
It consist of special type of materials that makes it flexible. It was developed by the Professor Victor Li at the University of Michigan.
Its engineering name is Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC).
It exhibits the property of a ductile material instead of a brittle material which is shown by the conventional concrete.
This material can bring the revolution because of its some special quality such as flexibility, self-healing, lighter weight, etc. In some countries such as Japan, Korea, U.S.A, etc the flexible concrete is used in many structure.
But in India it is still a new material and requires proper research for its use in India.
Soon we may saw the use of flexible concrete in many structure.
For more info Visit this link: http://civildigital.com/all-about-flexible-concrete-bendable-concrete-engineered-cementitious-composite-ecc/
Image Courtesy:
https://3c1703fe8d.site.internapcdn.net/newman/gfx/news/hires/2016/1-newbendablec.jpg
Composite construction or Composite Structure/FrameAbdul Rahman
Composite structure of steel and concrete has been explained under this ppt with examples, type of structural members, advantages and comparison with other structures like R.C.C structure and Steel structures.
This presentation is a small description about need of bubble deck slab and how its different from solid slab and hollow core slab with literature reviews taken from different research papers.
Concrete is the most widely used construction material in India with annual consumption exceeding 100 million cubic meters.
High performance concrete is a concrete in which certain characteristics are developed for a particular application and environment, so that it will give excellent performance in the structure in which it will be placed.
A high-strength concrete is always a high performance concrete, but a high-performance concrete is not always a high-strength concrete.
Geopolymer concrete is an innovative, eco-friendly construction material.
It is used as replacement of cement concrete.
In geopolymer concrete cement is not used as a binding material.
Fly ash, silica-fume, or GGBS, along with alkali solution are used as binders.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
3. 3/41
BUBBLE DECK SLAB
INTRODUCTION
In building, the slab is very important structural member to make a space and it
is one of the largest member consuming concrete.
As the people getting interest of long span buildings the slab thickness is on the
increase. The increasing of slab thickness makes slab heavier, and it leads to
increase column and base size.
Thus, it makes building consume more materials such as concrete and steel.
For decades, several attempts have been made to create biaxial slabs with
hollow cavities in order to reduce the weight.
Most attempts have consisted of laying blocks of a less heavy material like
expanded polystyrene between the bottom and top reinforcement, while other
types including waffle slabs / grid slabs.
4. 4/41
BUBBLE DECK SLAB
INTRODUCTION (Contd..)
Of these types, only waffle slabs can be regarded to have a certain use in the
market. But the use will always be very limited due to reduced resistances
towards shear, local punching and fire.
The revolutionary technology of flat slab construction by using hollow sphere
to replace the ineffective concrete in the centre of the slab has many advantages,
beside it is reduce the material, the load, lower the cost and increasing the span
length it is also a green technology.
8. 8/41
BUBBLE DECK SLAB
BUBBLE DECK SLAB ???
Bubble deck slab is a biaxial hollow core slab invented in Denmark, by Jorgen
Breuning who invented a way to link air space and steel within a voided biaxial
concrete slab.
Bubble deck slab is based on a new patented technique which involves the
direct way of linking air and steel.
It is a new innovative and sustainable floor system to be used as a self
supporting concrete floor.
Void forms in the middle of a flat slab by means of plastic spheres eliminate
35% of a slab's self- weight.
The spheres made of recycled industrial plastic create air voids, while providing
strength through arch action.
9. 9/41
BUBBLE DECK SLAB
BUBBLE DECK SLAB (Contd..)
The system allows for the realization of longer spans, more rapid and less
expensive erection, as well as the elimination of down-stand beams.
According to the manufacturer, Bubble deck slab can reduce total project costs
by three percent.
Through the tests, models and analysis from variety of institution, bubble deck
was proven to be superior to the traditional solid concrete slab.
The reduced dead load makes the long-term response more economical for the
building while offsetting the slightly increased deflection of the slab.
However, the shear and punching shear resistance of the bubble deck floor is
significantly less than a solid deck since resistance is directly related to the
depth of concrete.
10. 10/41
BUBBLE DECK SLAB
BUBBLE DECK SLAB (Contd..)
The ratio of the diameter of the plastic spheres to the thickness of the floor is
such that a 35% saving is achieved on the material or concrete consumption.
This leads to a further advantage, resulting in a saving of 40 to 50% of the
material consumption in the floor construction.
Because of the lower weight of the floor system itself, the supporting
constructions such as columns and foundations can be less heavy.
A Bubble deck slab floor is a flat slab floor, therefore without beams and
column heads.
Currently, this innovative technology has only been applied to a few hundred
residential, high- rise, and industrial floor slabs due to limited understanding
11. 11/41
BUBBLE DECK SLAB
MATERIALS USED
HOLLOW BUBBLES
The bubbles are made using high density polypropylene materials. These are
usually made with nonporous material that does not react chemically with
the concrete or reinforcement bars.
The bubbles have enough strength and stiffness to support safely the applied
loads in the phases before and during concrete pouring.
Bubble diameter varies between 180mm to 450mm. Depending on this; the
slab depth is 230mm to 600mm.
The distance between bubbles must be greater than 1/9th of bubble diameter.
The nominal diameter of the gaps may be of: 180, 225, 270, 315 or 360 mm.
The bubbles may be of spherical or ellipsoidal in shape.
13. 13/41
BUBBLE DECK SLAB
MATERIALS USED(Contd..)
CONCRETE
The concrete used for joint filling in the Bubble Deck floor system must be
above class 20/25.
Usually self-compacting concrete is used, either for the casting of
prefabricated filigree slab, or for the joint filling on the site.
Self compacting concrete can be poured into the slab forms; it flows around
congested areas of reinforcement and into tight sections.
Thereby it allows air to escape and resist segregation.
The nominal maximum size of the aggregate is the function of thickness of
the slab.
The size should be less than 15mm.
14. 14/41
BUBBLE DECK SLAB
MATERIALS USED(Contd..)
REINFORCEMENT BARS
The reinforcement of the plates is made of two
meshes, one at the bottom part and one at the upper
part that can be tied or welded.
The steel is fabricated in two forms - the meshed
layers for lateral support and diagonal girders for
vertical support of the bubbles.
The distance between the bars are corresponding to
the dimensions of the bubbles that are to be used.
Grade 500 strength or higher is used.
15. 15/41
BUBBLE DECK SLAB
TYPES OF BUBBLE DECK SLAB
TYPE A (FILIGREE ELEMENTS)
TYPE B (REINFORCEMENT
MODULE)
TYPE C (FINISHED PLANKS)
16. 16/41
BUBBLE DECK SLAB
TYPE A (FILIGREE ELEMENTS)
Bubble Deck type A is a combination of constructed and
unconstructed elements.
A 60mm thick concrete layer that acts as both the formwork
and part of the finished depth is precast and brought on site
with the bubbles and steel reinforcement unattached.
The bubbles are then supported by temporary stands on top
of the precast layer and held in place by a honeycomb of
interconnected steel mesh.
17. 17/41
BUBBLE DECK SLAB
TYPE B (REINFORCEMENT MODULE)
Bubble Deck type B is a reinforcement module that consists of a pre-
assembled sandwich of steel mesh and plastic bubbles, or bubble lattice.
These components are brought to the site, laid on traditional formwork,
connected with any additional shear or edge reinforcement, and then
concreted in 2 stages to the full slab depth by traditional methods.
This category of Bubble Deck is optimal for construction areas with tight
spaces such as suspended ground floor slabs and alteration/ refurbishment
projects.
Since these modules can be stacked on top of one another for storage
until needed. This can be manually lifted into position.
19. 19/41
BUBBLE DECK SLAB
TYPE C (FINISHED PLANKS)
The Bubble Deck type C is a shop
fabricated module that includes the plastic
spheres, reinforcement mesh, and concrete
in its form.
This module is manufactured to the final
depth in the form of a plank and is brought
to site.
This class of bubble deck slab is best for
shorter spans and limited construction areas
such as balconies or staircases.
20. 20/41
BUBBLE DECK SLAB
SCHEMATIC DESIGN
Bubble Deck is intended to be a flat, two way spanning slab supported directly
by columns.
The design of this system is generally regulated by the allowed maximum
deflection during service loading.
The dimensions are controlled by the span (L) to effective depth (d) ratio, as
stated by BS8110 or EC2.
The criterion can be modified by a factor of 1.5 that takes into account the
significantly decreased dead weight of the Bubble Deck as compared to a solid
concrete slab.
In addition, larger spans can be achieved with the use of post tensioning as the
L/d ratio can be increased up to 30%.
22. 22/41
BUBBLE DECK SLAB
STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES
FLEXURAL STRENGTH
In terms of flexural strength, the moments of resistance are the same as for
solid slabs, provided this compression depth is checked during design so that it
does not encroach significantly into the ball.
Solid slab can carry only about one-third of its own weight and have problems
with long spans due to its heavy weight.
Bubble Deck slab with same load carrying capacity can be used only 50% of
the concrete required for a solid slab or with the same thickness of Bubble
Deck slab the load carrying capacity can be increased up to two times by using
65% of concrete.
23. 23/41
BUBBLE DECK SLAB
Item Solid Slab Bubble Deck Slab
Strength 100 150
Bending Stiffness 100 300
Volume of concrete for
same strength 100 67
Comparison of bending strength in bubble deck slab and solid slab for
same volume of concrete (in %)
The Bubble Deck slabs have much larger capacity than the theoretical
values for the solid slabs and have considerable smaller deflections under
service load than solid slabs with the same amount of concrete and the
same reinforcement ratio.
The flexural rigidity will be more than six times greater than the
calculated value.
24. 24/41
BUBBLE DECK SLAB
SHEAR STRENGTH
In any flat slab, design shear resistance is usually critical near columns.
Shear strength of any concrete slab is chiefly dependent on the effective mass
of concrete.
Due to the inclusion of plastic bubbles, the shear resistance of a Bubble Deck
slab is greatly reduced compared to a solid slab.
From theoretical models, the shear strength of the Voided slab was determined
to be 60-80% of a solid slab with the same depth.
Near the columns, bubbles are left out, so in these zones a Bubble deck slab is
designed exactly the same way as a solid slab.
Shear resistance of Bubble deck slab is 0.6 times the shear resistance of a solid
slab of the same thickness.
25. 25/41
BUBBLE DECK SLAB
SHEAR STRENGTH (Contd…)
If this is exceeded by the applied shear, at a column for example, we leave
out the balls and use the full solid shear values.
Using Euro code 2, we would calculate the applied shear at 2d and
subsequent perimeters from the column face as per the code requirements,
as well as at the column face itself.
We would then compare this to our calculated resistance. If the applied
shear is less than the un-reinforced hollow slab resistance, no further check
is required.
If the applied shear is greater than the hollow slab resistance we omit balls
and make it solid and then check the solid part.
The shear capacity is measured for two ratios of a/d (distance from imposed
force to support divided by deck thickness).
26. 26/41
BUBBLE DECK SLAB
SHEAR STRENGTH (Contd…)
If the resistance is still greater than the solid slab resistance and less than the
maximum allowed, we provide shear reinforcement.
Punching shear the average shear capacity is measured to 91 % compared to
the calculated values of a solid deck.
Shear Capacity in
% of Solid deck
a/d =2.15 a/d = 3
Solid Deck 100 100
Bubble Deck 91 78-81
Comparison of shear capacity in girders with solid deck and bubble deck
27. 27/41
BUBBLE DECK SLAB
DURABILITY
The durability of bubble deck slab is not fundamentally different from ordinary
solid slabs.
The concrete is standard structural grade concrete and combined with adequate
bar cover determined in accordance with EC2 or BS8110 provides most control
of durability commensurate with normal standards for solid slabs.
When the filigree slabs are manufactured, the reinforcement module and balls
are vibrated into the concrete and the standard and uniformity of compaction is
such that a density of surface concrete is produced which is at least as
impermeable and durable, arguably more so, to that normally produced on site.
28. 28/41
BUBBLE DECK SLAB
DEFLECTION
Span depth ratio calculations for deflections are very approximate and are not
appropriate in flat slabs of irregular layout except for the most simple or
unimportant cases.
FE modelling, including non- linear cracked section analysis is used to
calculate the deflection using normal structural concrete with a Young's
Modulus,Ec multiplied by 0.9 and a tensile strength, fc multiplied by 0.8 to
reduce the crack moment.
Slab Type
Max. Load
(kN)
Max. Deflection (mm)
Solid Slab 190 7.95
Bubble Deck Slab 195 7.61
29. 29/41
BUBBLE DECK SLAB
VIBRATION
RC slab structures are generally less susceptible to vibration problems
compared to steel framed and light weight skeletal structures, especially using
thin slabs.
Bubble deck slab is light and is not immune from vibration in all cases so this
must be checked just as it should be in appropriate solid slab applications.
Where deflections are large, as indicated by the static design, it is often an
indication that the structure is Sensitive to vibration issues.
The lighter weight of Bubble deck slab may be exploited if it can usefully alter
the modal frequencies of a slab - generally raising them compared to a solid
slab.
30. 30/41
BUBBLE DECK SLAB
FIRE RESISTANCE
The fire resistance of the slab is a complex matter but is chiefly dependent on
the ability of the steel to retain sufficient strength during a fire when it will be
heated and lose significant strength as the temperature rises.
In an intense, prolonged fire, the ball would melt and eventually char without
significant or detectable effect.
Fire resistance depends on concrete cover nearly 60-180 minutes.
Smoke Resistance is about 1.5 times the fire resistance.
Depth of smoke is less than 10 m on both sides.
Balls simply carbonize. No toxic gasses will be released.
31. 31/41
BUBBLE DECK SLAB
PRODUCTION AND CARRYING OUT
STAGE 1:
PRODUCTION
OF PLASTIC
BUBBLES
STAGE 2:
PRODUCTIONOF
THE BUBBLE-
LATTICE
STAGE 3:
INSTALLING
DIAGONAL
GIRDERS
32. 32/41
BUBBLE DECK SLAB
STAGE 4:
PREPARATION
OF CONCRETE
FOR FILIGREE
STAGE 5:
THE BUBBLE-
LATTICE IS
LOWERED INTO
THE CONCRETE
STAGE 6:
VIBRATION
OF THE
CONCRETE
PRODUCTION AND CARRYING OUT
33. 33/41
BUBBLE DECK SLAB
STAGE 7:
FINISHING OF
A FILIGREE-
ELEMENT
STAGE 8:
TRANSPORTATION
OF BUBBLE DECK
FILIGREE
ELEMENTS
STAGE 9:
CONCRETING,
COMPACTING
AND SURFACE
FINISHING
PRODUCTION AND CARRYING OUT
34. 34/41
BUBBLE DECK SLAB
ADVANTAGES
MATERIALAND WEIGHT REDUCTION
Bubble Deck slab uses 30-50% less concrete than normal solid slabs
STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES
The dead load to carrying capacity of a solid slab is 3:1 while a Bubble deck of
the same thickness has a 1:1 dead load to carrying capacity ratio.
CONSTRUCTION AND TIME SAVINGS
Onsite constructions can be minimized since Bubble Deck slabs can be
precasted.
COST SAVINGS
GREEN DESIGN
35. 35/41
BUBBLE DECK SLAB
DISADVANTAGES
Costing much money for transport these structures to construction sites.
Sometimes the thin concrete layer may be broken during transportation.
It is essential to use huge capacity crane to lift these structure to the planned
position and it is also very difficult for crane to access the desired position.
Costing more steel used to fabricate stiffeners which are used to move and
lift deck structure.
36. 36/41
BUBBLE DECK SLAB
MILLENIUM TOWER
Located at Rotterdam, Netherlands
The first high rise building erected with Bubble
Deck filigree-elements
The second highest building in Netherlands
34 stories and 131 meter high
Bubble Deck was chosen, in spite of being a
completely new product, because of its advantages
in cost, construction time and flexibility and
because of environmental issues.
Built in 1998-2000.
37. 37/41
BUBBLE DECK SLAB
APPLICATIONS
The Construction applications include:
Commercial offices including high rise buildings, Hotels
Buildings for storing retail and bulky goods, Industrial - warehouses and
factories
Multi- unit residential buildings
Airports, Car parks
Special structures (marine, stadiums, rail platforms, etc.)
Every component can be recycled. Easy demolition
Substantial reduction in materials and transportation;
Less emission and energy consumption
38. 38/41
BUBBLE DECK SLAB
CONCLUSIONS
As per studies, the Bubble Deck configuration gives much improved flexural
capacity, stiffness and shear capacity of at least 70% when the same amount of
concrete and the same reinforcement is used as in the solid slab, realizing 30-
50% concrete economy, in comparison with the solid slab.
Another advantage of Bubble Deck system is the significant cost saving,
because of the possibility of obtaining great spans with less support elements.
By using the hollow elliptical balls, the better load-bearing capacity in Bubble
Deck can be achieved.
Numerous applications in various countries, highlights the viability and the
efficiency of this system.
Concrete usage is reduced as 1kg of recycled plastic replaces 100kg of concrete.
39. 39/41
BUBBLE DECK SLAB
CONCLUSIONS (Contd..)
This avoids the cement production and allows reduction in global CO2
emissions. Hence this technology is environmentally green and sustainable.
Reducing material consumption made it possible to make the construction time
faster, to reduce the overall costs.
Besides that, it has led to reduce dead weight up to 50%, which allow creating
foundation sizes smaller.
Therefore, this technology is very prospective in modern construction and
perhaps future of civil engineering belongs to this new kind of hollow slab if it
is applied effectively.
In the last years, more than 1,000,000m² were built in several countries in the
world by using the Bubble Deck system.
40. 40/41
BUBBLE DECK SLAB
REFERENCES
Churakov A,(2014) Biaxial hollow slab with innovative types of voids, Technical paper-
sciencedirect, 6 (21), 70-88.
David A, Fanella Mustafa Mahamid and Michael Mota,(2017), Flat plate–voided
concrete slab systems, design, serviceability, fire resistance, and construction,
ascelibrary.org, 3(22), 1943-5546.
Ashish Kumar Dwivedi, Prof. H. J Joshi, Rohit Raj, Prem Prakash Mishra, Mamta
Kadhane and Bharati Mohabey,(2016) Voided slab design, Review Paper, International
Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation, 1(4), 2321-2705.
Bhagyashri G, Bhade and S.M Barelikar, (2016), An experimental study on two way
bubble deck slab with spherical hollow slab, International Journal of Recent Scientific
Research, 7(6), 11621-11626.