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External Flow, Boundary layer theory, Drag and lift, displacement momentum energy thickness, boundary layer separation
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Hope you find it helping.
Do like, Share and Comment.
Aditya Deshpande
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B.TECH. DEGREE COURSE
SCHEME AND SYLLABUS
(2002-03 admission onwards)
MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY,mg university, KTU
KOTTAYAM
KERALA
Module 1
Introduction - Proprties of fluids - pressure, force, density, specific weight, compressibility, capillarity, surface tension, dynamic and kinematic viscosity-Pascal’s law-Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids-fluid statics-measurement of pressure-variation of pressure-manometry-hydrostatic pressure on plane and curved surfaces-centre of pressure-buoyancy-floation-stability of submerged and floating bodies-metacentric height-period of oscillation.
Module 2
Kinematics of fluid motion-Eulerian and Lagrangian approach-classification and representation of fluid flow- path line, stream line and streak line. Basic hydrodynamics-equation for acceleration-continuity equation-rotational and irrotational flow-velocity potential and stream function-circulation and vorticity-vortex flow-energy variation across stream lines-basic field flow such as uniform flow, spiral flow, source, sink, doublet, vortex pair, flow past a cylinder with a circulation, Magnus effect-Joukowski theorem-coefficient of lift.
Module 3
Euler’s momentum equation-Bernoulli’s equation and its limitations-momentum and energy correction factors-pressure variation across uniform conduit and uniform bend-pressure distribution in irrotational flow and in curved boundaries-flow through orifices and mouthpieces, notches and weirs-time of emptying a tank-application of Bernoulli’s theorem-orifice meter, ventury meter, pitot tube, rotameter.
Module 4
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Fluid mechanics notes
B.TECH. DEGREE COURSE
SCHEME AND SYLLABUS
(2002-03 admission onwards)
MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY,mg university, KTU
KOTTAYAM
KERALA
Module 1
Introduction - Proprties of fluids - pressure, force, density, specific weight, compressibility, capillarity, surface tension, dynamic and kinematic viscosity-Pascal’s law-Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids-fluid statics-measurement of pressure-variation of pressure-manometry-hydrostatic pressure on plane and curved surfaces-centre of pressure-buoyancy-floation-stability of submerged and floating bodies-metacentric height-period of oscillation.
Module 2
Kinematics of fluid motion-Eulerian and Lagrangian approach-classification and representation of fluid flow- path line, stream line and streak line. Basic hydrodynamics-equation for acceleration-continuity equation-rotational and irrotational flow-velocity potential and stream function-circulation and vorticity-vortex flow-energy variation across stream lines-basic field flow such as uniform flow, spiral flow, source, sink, doublet, vortex pair, flow past a cylinder with a circulation, Magnus effect-Joukowski theorem-coefficient of lift.
Module 3
Euler’s momentum equation-Bernoulli’s equation and its limitations-momentum and energy correction factors-pressure variation across uniform conduit and uniform bend-pressure distribution in irrotational flow and in curved boundaries-flow through orifices and mouthpieces, notches and weirs-time of emptying a tank-application of Bernoulli’s theorem-orifice meter, ventury meter, pitot tube, rotameter.
Module 4
Navier-Stoke’s equation-body force-Hagen-Poiseullie equation-boundary layer flow theory-velocity variation- methods of controlling-applications-diffuser-boundary layer separation –wakes, drag force, coefficient of drag, skin friction, pressure, profile and total drag-stream lined body, bluff body-drag force on a rectangular plate-drag coefficient for flow around a cylinder-lift and drag force on an aerofoil-applications of aerofoil- characteristics-work done-aerofoil flow recorder-polar diagram-simple problems.
Module 5
Flow of a real fluid-effect of viscosity on fluid flow-laminar and turbulent flow-boundary layer thickness-displacement, momentum and energy thickness-flow through pipes-laminar and turbulent flow in pipes-critical Reynolds number-Darcy-Weisback equation-hydraulic radius-Moody;s chart-pipes in series and parallel-siphon losses in pipes-power transmission through pipes-water hammer-equivalent pipe-open channel flow-Chezy’s equation-most economical cross section-hydraulic jump.
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The document defines and provides the significance of 20 dimensionless numbers used in fluid mechanics and heat transfer analyses. It states the variables and equations used to calculate each number, such as the Reynolds number being the ratio of inertia to viscous forces, the Froude number comparing inertia to gravity forces, and the Nusselt number relating convective to conductive heat transfer. The dimensionless numbers described are used to characterize different types of flows and analyze phenomena involving forces, heat and mass transfer, phase changes, lubrication, and more.
Boiling Heat Transfer
This document discusses different types of boiling phenomena including pool boiling and flow boiling. It explains that pool boiling occurs when a stagnant pool of liquid is heated from below, while flow boiling occurs under bulk motion of the fluid. The document also describes the different boiling regimes that can occur during pool boiling, including nucleate boiling, boiling crisis/departure from nucleate boiling, and film boiling. It discusses bubble growth and collapse during boiling and provides diagrams to illustrate boiling heat flux versus temperature difference.
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- Thermodynamic relations for perfect gases including equations of state relating pressure, density, temperature, and specific heats.
- Stagnation properties and how stagnation pressure, temperature, and density relate to static properties for isentropic flow.
- The Mach number, defined as the ratio of flow velocity to local speed of sound, and its importance in determining whether flow is compressible.
- How conservation of energy applies to nozzles, with stagnation properties (pressure, temperature) remaining constant for isentropic flow.
Presentation on Filmwise and Dropwise Condensation
This presentation discusses filmwise and dropwise condensation. Condensation occurs when vapor is cooled below its saturation temperature, causing it to change into liquid when contacting a cooler surface. Dropwise condensation forms discrete droplets on the surface, which grow and slide off. It occurs on highly polished or contaminated surfaces treated with promoters. Filmwise condensation forms a continuous liquid film on the surface as more vapor condenses. The main differences are that dropwise condensation has 10 times higher heat transfer than filmwise, and occurs on non-wetting surfaces while filmwise occurs on wetting surfaces.
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This document provides an introduction and overview of a fluid mechanics course taught by Dr. Mohsin Siddique. It outlines the course details including goals, topics, textbook, and assessment methods. The course aims to provide an understanding of fluid statics and dynamics concepts. Key topics covered include fluid properties, fluid statics, fluid flow measurements, dimensional analysis, and fluid flow in pipes and open channels. Students will be evaluated through assignments, quizzes, a midterm exam, and a final exam. The course intends to develop skills relevant to various engineering fields involving fluid mechanics.
Boundary layer
Boundary layer theory, Boundary layer separation and different methods to control boundary layer separation.
Fluid dynamics
This document discusses key concepts in fluid dynamics, including:
1. Fluid flow, viscosity, and Bernoulli's equation are the main properties of fluid dynamics. Fluid flow is the movement of a fluid and can be steady or turbulent. Viscosity is the resistance of fluid layers sliding past one another.
2. Bernoulli's equation relates pressure, velocity, and elevation in fluid systems. It states that the total mechanical energy (pressure + potential + kinetic energy) remains constant in fluid flow. Higher velocities correspond to lower pressures.
3. Other topics covered include streamlines, continuity equation, rate of flow, factors affecting viscosity, and examples applying Bernoulli's equation. The goal is to analyze pressure and velocity in various
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Simple and organized description of topic's about fluid flow phenomena. Written from various source. Please, pardon me for mistakes.
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When a fluid flows over a solid boundary, its velocity matches that of the boundary due to no slip. Near the boundary, a thin region called the boundary layer forms where velocity increases from zero at the boundary to the free stream value. Within this layer, a velocity gradient and shear stress exist due to the changing velocity from the boundary to outside flow. The boundary layer thickness is where velocity reaches 99% of the free stream value, while displacement thickness represents the boundary shift needed to compensate for reduced flow due to the layer. Boundary layer separation can occur where flow detaches from the boundary.
laminar and Turbulent flow
This document discusses laminar and turbulent flow, boundary layer theory, and the Moody chart. It defines laminar and turbulent flow and describes Reynold's experiment. It introduces boundary layer theory, defining boundary layer thickness using nominal, displacement, momentum, and energy thicknesses. It describes how the boundary layer develops over a flat plate from laminar to turbulent. The Moody chart is introduced as relating friction factor, Reynolds number, and surface roughness to predict pressure drop in pipe flow.
Separation of boundary layer
The document discusses boundary layer separation, which occurs when the boundary layer can no longer stick to the surface of a solid body as the fluid flows over it. This is called boundary layer separation and leads to disadvantages like additional resistance to flow and loss of energy. Methods to control separation include accelerating the fluid in the boundary layer, suctioning fluid from the boundary layer, and moving the solid boundary to match the fluid velocity. Boundary layer separation tends to occur at the inner radius of bends due to pressure gradients.
Boundary layer PCS1.pptx Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Dynamics
The document discusses boundary layer theory and flow separation. Some key points:
- A boundary layer exists near surfaces where a fluid is flowing, within which viscous forces are present. Boundary layers can be laminar or turbulent depending on the Reynolds number.
- Flow separation occurs when the boundary layer detaches from the surface, such as when flowing in an adverse pressure gradient. After separation, eddies and vortices form downstream.
- Separation causes increased drag and other problems. Efforts are made to delay separation through surface design, such as dimples on golf balls and vortex generators on aircraft.
- The Strouhal number characterizes vortex shedding and is a function of flow
Boundary layer.pptx
The document discusses boundary layers and flow separation. It defines a boundary layer as the layer of fluid close to a surface where viscous forces are present when there is relative motion between the fluid and surface. It notes that boundary layers can be laminar or turbulent, and the Reynolds number determines which type will form. It then explains that flow separation occurs when the boundary layer detaches from the surface, often due to an adverse pressure gradient causing the flow speed at the surface to reduce to zero or become negative. Flow separation can reduce lift and increase drag on objects like aircraft.
boundary layer good 1.pdf
This document provides an overview of boundary layer theory, including:
1) The boundary layer is the thin layer of fluid near a solid surface where shear stresses exist due to viscosity.
2) Boundary layers can be laminar or turbulent, and develop differently over flat plates.
3) Displacement thickness, momentum thickness, and energy thickness are concepts used to characterize boundary layers.
4) Boundary layer separation can occur when pressure forces increase in the flow direction, overwhelming viscous and inertia forces. Methods to control separation include accelerating the boundary layer, suction, or moving the solid boundary.
Haritha,vorticity..
This document discusses various types of fluid motion in the atmosphere. It begins by defining turbulence as chaotic and irregular fluid motion, in contrast to laminar flow. Turbulence is more likely at high fluid velocities and low viscosities. The onset of turbulence can be predicted using the Reynolds number. Vorticity measures the local spinning motion of a fluid and is related to circulation via Stokes' theorem. Atmospheric waves, including gravity waves and Rossby waves, are periodic disturbances that can propagate through the atmosphere. Gravity waves result from displacement of air masses, while Rossby waves are planetary-scale waves caused by variations in the Coriolis effect with latitude.
Drag force lift force
When a body moves through a fluid, it experiences two forces: drag and lift. Drag acts in the direction of flow and slows the body down, while lift acts perpendicular to flow. These forces depend on factors like the fluid's velocity, density, the body's size and shape, and its orientation to the flow. For streamlined bodies, drag is minimized by reducing pressure drag from separated or turbulent flow. Blunt bodies experience greater pressure drag due to larger separated regions behind them. The boundary layer concept is used to analyze fluid forces on a body by considering the very thin layer of slowed fluid near the body's surface.
mahfooz_deformation in cryst_al
Slip and twinning are two important deformation mechanisms in crystals. Slip involves the sliding of atomic planes over one another along crystallographic planes called slip planes, and occurs when the critical resolved shear stress is exceeded. It is controlled by dislocations. Twinning involves mirror-image reflections on either side of a twinning plane, where successive atomic planes are displaced by increasing amounts. Twinning accommodates deformation by changing the crystal orientation and is important when slip systems are limited. The key differences between slip and twinning are that slip is a line defect controlled by dislocations while twinning is a grain boundary surface defect.
Fluid Mechanics - Introduction.pdf
Fluid mechanics concepts and properties are introduced. Key points include:
- Fluids continuously deform under shear stress, while solids resist deformation. Fluid properties like density, viscosity, and surface tension are defined.
- Pressure in static fluids is the same in all directions at a point (Pascal's law) and decreases with height due to gravity.
- Viscosity measures a fluid's resistance to flow and can vary between Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. Surface tension causes minimization of surface area.
- Capillarity describes how liquids rise in narrow spaces due to cohesive and adhesive forces. Kinematic viscosity relates absolute viscosity to density.
Kuliah thermofluid ke viia
1) The document discusses heat transfer via external forced convection, specifically over flat plates, cylinders, spheres, and tube banks. It provides equations and correlations for calculating the Nusselt number, heat transfer coefficient, friction factor, and drag coefficient in these situations.
2) Key aspects covered include the transition from laminar to turbulent flow, variations in the local heat transfer coefficient, and the effects of surface roughness.
3) Flow over tube banks is also analyzed, considering both inline and staggered tube arrangements. Correlations are given for calculating the average Nusselt number in these tube bank configurations.
Fold .pptx
Folds are undulations or bends in rock layers caused by compressional forces. Key elements of folds include the wavelength, amplitude, hinge point, hinge line, and limbs. Folds can be classified based on their shape, orientation, and other geometric properties. Folds form as a result of tectonic and non-tectonic processes and can be recognized based on field observations like bedding repetition patterns and thickness variations.
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Boundary layer PCS1.pptx Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Dynamics
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一比一原版(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Height and depth gauge linear metrology.pdf
Height gauges may also be used to measure the height of an object by using the underside of the scriber as the datum. The datum may be permanently fixed or the height gauge may have provision to adjust the scale, this is done by sliding the scale vertically along the body of the height gauge by turning a fine feed screw at the top of the gauge; then with the scriber set to the same level as the base, the scale can be matched to it. This adjustment allows different scribers or probes to be used, as well as adjusting for any errors in a damaged or resharpened probe.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...
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Blood finder application project report (1).pdf
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
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Accident detection system project report.pdf
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
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Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...
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Call For Paper -3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advan...
* Registration is currently open *
Call for Research Papers!!!
Free – Extended Paper will be published as free of cost.
3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024)
July 13 ~ 14, 2024, Virtual Conference
Webpage URL: https://aiad2024.org/index
Submission Deadline: June 22, 2024
Submission System URL:
https://aiad2024.org/submission/index.php
Contact Us:
Here's where you can reach us : aiad@aiad2024.org (or) aiadconference@yahoo.com
WikiCFP URL: http://wikicfp.com/cfp/servlet/event.showcfp?eventid=180509©ownerid=171656
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Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...
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Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
一比一原版(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
LLM Fine Tuning with QLoRA Cassandra Lunch 4, presented by Anant
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Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surface
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
原版制作(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证一模一样
原件一模一样【微信：bwp0011】《(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证》【微信：bwp0011】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问微bwp0011
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【微bwp0011】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微bwp0011】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdf
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
AI-Based Home Security System : Home security
Home security is of paramount importance in today's world, where we rely more on technology, home
security is crucial. Using technology to make homes safer and easier to control from anywhere is
important. Home security is important for the occupant’s safety. In this paper, we came up with a low cost,
AI based model home security system. The system has a user-friendly interface, allowing users to start
model training and face detection with simple keyboard commands. Our goal is to introduce an innovative
home security system using facial recognition technology. Unlike traditional systems, this system trains
and saves images of friends and family members. The system scans this folder to recognize familiar faces
and provides real-time monitoring. If an unfamiliar face is detected, it promptly sends an email alert,
ensuring a proactive response to potential security threats.
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External flows01
- 1. External Flows (Unit- V) • Fluid mechanics • Prof. S. B. Powar • Mechanical Engineering Department
- 2. • Boundary layer formation for flow over Flat plate, boundary layer thickness:-displacement, momentum and energy. • Separation of Boundary Layer and Methods of Controlling. • Drag force on flat plate due to boundary layer formation (Von-Karman momentum integral equation) • Forces on immersed bodies: -Lift and Drag, types of bodies- Bluff, streamline. Terminal velocity, drag and lift on stationary and rotating cylinder. Drag on sphere. Content
- 3. External Flows • Flows around the object which is completely surrounded by the fluid e.g. Fluid motion over a flat plate. Air flowing around aeroplane. Water flowing around submarines.
- 5. Boundary Layer • A thin layer of fluid in the vicinity of boundary whose velocity is affected due to viscous shear is called as Boundary Layer • The region normal to the surface, in which velocity gradient exists is known as Boundary Layer.
- 8. Development of boundary layer on a flat plate
- 10. Factors affecting the growth of boundary layer • The distance from the leading edge • Viscosity of fluid • The free stream velocity • Density of fluid
- 11. Importance of boundary layer theory • Calculation of friction drag of bodies in a flow. • Calculation of pressure drag formed because of boundary layer separation. • Answers the important question of what shape a body must have in order to avoid separation.
- 12. Nominal thickness • It is defined as that distance from the boundary in which the velocity reaches 99% of the main stream velocity
- 14. • Nominal thickness gives an approximate value of the boundary layer thickness. • For greater accuracy the boundary layer thickness is defined in terms of certain mathematical expressions which are the measures of the effect of boundary layer on the flow.
- 15. Displacement Thickness • It is defined as the distance measured perpendicular from the actual boundary such that the discharge through this distance is equal to the reduction in discharge due to boundary layer formation
- 16. Displacement Thickness Reduction in mass flow rate due to boundary layer formation = Reduction in mass flow rate due to movement of surface
- 17. Consider a strip of height ‘dy’ and width ‘b’ Mass flow rate through the strip = If there is no surface then Mass flow rate through the strip = Reduction in Mass flow rate through the strip =
- 20. Momentum Thickness • It is defined as the distance measured perpendicular from the actual boundary such that the momentum through this distance is equal to the reduction in momentum due to boundary layer formation
- 21. Momentum Thickness Reduction in momentum flux due to boundary layer formation = Reduction in momentum flux due to movement of surface
- 24. Energy Thickness • It is defined as the distance measured perpendicular from the actual boundary such that the kinetic energy through this distance is equal to the reduction in kinetic energy due to boundary layer formation
- 28. Convergent flow- negative pressure gradient Boundary layer separation
- 29. Divergent flow-positive pressure gradient
- 30. • Convergent flow-negative pressure gradient • Favourable pressure gradient • Pressure decreases and velocity increases • Fluid particles are accelerated • Boundary layer is held in place • Divergent flow-positive pressure gradient • Adverse pressure gradient • Pressure increases and velocity decreases • Fluid particles are deaccelerated • Adverse pressure gradient may lead to negative velocity or flow reversal gradientpressure favorable,0 x P 0, adverse pressure gradient P x
- 33. Boundary Layer and separation gradientpressure favorable,0 x P gradientno,0 x P 0, adverse pressure gradient P x Flow accelerates Flow decelerates Constant flow Flow reversal free shear layer highly unstable Separation point
- 34. Effects of separation • Large amount of energy is lost • Pressure drag is increased and hence additional resistance to movement of the body is developed • Bodies are subjected to lateral vibrations
- 35. Methods of avoiding separation
- 38. Examples of boundary layer separation
- 39. Numerical on Boundary layer separation
- 47. Flow around immersed bodies
- 48. Expression for Drag and Lift
- 51. Pressure Drag (or) Form Drag Friction Drag (or) Skin Drag (or) Shear Drag
- 54. Skin friction drag and pressure drag Pressure drag is nearly zero Friction drag is nearly zero
- 56. Bluff Body and Streamlined Body Bluff Body – The body whose surface does not coincide with the streamlines when placed in the flow is known as Bluff Body Flow separation take place much ahead of trailing edge. Large wake formation zone
- 57. Bluff Body and Streamlined Body Streamlined Body – The body whose surface coincides with the streamlines when placed in the flow is known as Streamlined Body Flow separation take place near the trailing edge. small wake formation zone Pressure drag is small
- 59. • Drag Coeff For Different Body Shapes
- 60. Terminal Velocity The maximum constant velocity of a falling body with which body is travelling is known as terminal velocity Example- Sphere falling from sufficient height, Parachute with man At Terminal velocity Weight of Body = Drag Force + Buoyant Force W = FD + FB A parachutist has a mass of 90 kg and a projected frontal area of 0.30 m2 in free fall. The drag coefficient based on frontal area is found to be 0.75. If the air density is 1.28 kg/m3, the terminal velocity of the parachutist will be: [IES-1999] (a) 104.4 m/s (b) 78.3 m/s (b) (c) 25 m/s (d) 18.5 m/s