Powerpoint presentation on Scouring
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This PowerPoint presentation summarizes the process of scouring and its cleaning mechanism. Scouring removes natural and added impurities from textiles like oils, fats, waxes to make the material hydrophilic and clean. It works through three major processes: saponification converts oils into soluble soaps, emulsification removes non-polar waxes and oils by forming emulsions, and detergency uses detergents to disperse and suspend dirt particles in the scouring solution. The end goal of scouring is to produce a highly absorbent and clean textile material by removing impurities and natural colors.
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Presentation on Textile Scouring
This presentation summarizes the scouring process used in textile engineering. Scouring involves treating textiles with alkali to remove oils, fats, waxes and other impurities. It increases the absorbency of textiles. There are two main scouring methods - discontinuous scouring using a kier boiler, and continuous scouring using a J-box system. The kier boiler involves loading fabric into a cylindrical vessel and spraying it with hot alkaline liquor over several hours. The J-box method scours open-width fabric using rolls to impregnate it with alkali and heat it in the J-shaped box for 30 minutes. Both processes aim to saponify oils and emuls
Scouring process in textile processing
The document discusses the scouring process used to clean fabrics prior to dyeing or finishing. Scouring removes natural and mechanical impurities through processes like saponification, solubilization, and emulsification. Saponification converts oils and fats to soap and glycerin. Solubilization and emulsification remove other impurities like pectins, proteins, waxes, and minerals by making them water soluble or dispersing them. Selection of scouring agents depends on fiber type, fabric properties, and impurity level. Effectiveness is tested through measures like absorbency, weight loss, and residual wax content.
Bleaching process in textile processing
Natural fibers contain coloring compounds that make them appear off-white. The objective of bleaching is to remove these color bodies and produce a white fabric using oxidizing bleaching agents while minimizing fiber damage. Hydrogen peroxide is the most widely used bleaching agent for cotton and blends. It works through its decomposition product, perhydroxyl ion, which breaks the double bonds in color compounds at an optimal pH of 10-11. Proper regulation of perhydroxyl ions through stabilizers prevents rapid decomposition of the bleach and fiber degradation. Temperature, time, concentration, and liquor ratio must be optimized to achieve effective bleaching with minimal impact on strength properties.
Scouring
Scouring is the process of removing natural and added impurities from textiles using alkali solutions. It makes fabrics hydrophilic and clean. There are two main scouring methods - discontinuous kier boiling and continuous j-box scouring. Kier boiling involves loading fabric into a heated vessel and spraying alkali solution onto it over several hours. J-box scouring passes fabric continuously through an impregnation box, preheater and j-box where it is stored in alkali solution. The main objectives of scouring are to remove oils, waxes and other impurities, increase absorbency and prepare fabrics for downstream processing.
Scouring
Scouring is a process that removes natural and added impurities from textiles through the use of chemicals like alkalis and surfactants. It saponifies fats and waxes, breaks down proteins and pectins, and increases the textile's absorptive capacity. The type of scouring agent used depends on the fiber and extent of impurities. Scouring emulsifies and saponifies impurities to solubilize and suspend them for removal, improving dyeability and finish performance.
Comperitive study of scouring
The document discusses scouring, which is a process used to purify cotton and cotton-blended textiles by removing impurities like oils, waxes, and dirt. It describes two main types of scouring: alkaline scouring, which uses high concentrations of sodium hydroxide at high temperatures; and bio/enzymatic scouring, which uses enzymes like pectinase and lipase at lower temperatures. Alkaline scouring is faster and removes more impurities but is harsher on fibers, more costly, and produces more wastewater. Bio scouring is gentler on fibers, more environmentally friendly, and reduces costs over the full production process though it has
Scouring
Scouring is a process that removes natural and added impurities from textiles to make them more absorbent and suitable for dyeing and finishing. It works by saponification, emulsification, and solubilization using alkalis, surfactants, and sometimes solvents. The document provides details on scouring of different natural and synthetic fibers like cotton, silk, wool, polyester/cotton blends. It also lists typical recipes and procedures for scouring cotton and polyester/cotton blend goods.
Cotton preparation ppt
The document discusses chemical processing of knitted fabrics, specifically preparatory processes like scouring and bleaching. It describes the objectives of preparatory processes as removing natural and added impurities to allow for high dye uptake and brightness. Scouring removes oils, waxes and other impurities using alkalis and surfactants while bleaching destroys coloring matter using oxidizing agents like hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite. Key steps and considerations for each process are outlined, including chemicals used, mechanisms, effects of parameters, and common tests after pretreatment.
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Presentation on Textile Scouring
This presentation summarizes the scouring process used in textile engineering. Scouring involves treating textiles with alkali to remove oils, fats, waxes and other impurities. It increases the absorbency of textiles. There are two main scouring methods - discontinuous scouring using a kier boiler, and continuous scouring using a J-box system. The kier boiler involves loading fabric into a cylindrical vessel and spraying it with hot alkaline liquor over several hours. The J-box method scours open-width fabric using rolls to impregnate it with alkali and heat it in the J-shaped box for 30 minutes. Both processes aim to saponify oils and emuls
Scouring process in textile processing
The document discusses the scouring process used to clean fabrics prior to dyeing or finishing. Scouring removes natural and mechanical impurities through processes like saponification, solubilization, and emulsification. Saponification converts oils and fats to soap and glycerin. Solubilization and emulsification remove other impurities like pectins, proteins, waxes, and minerals by making them water soluble or dispersing them. Selection of scouring agents depends on fiber type, fabric properties, and impurity level. Effectiveness is tested through measures like absorbency, weight loss, and residual wax content.
Bleaching process in textile processing
Natural fibers contain coloring compounds that make them appear off-white. The objective of bleaching is to remove these color bodies and produce a white fabric using oxidizing bleaching agents while minimizing fiber damage. Hydrogen peroxide is the most widely used bleaching agent for cotton and blends. It works through its decomposition product, perhydroxyl ion, which breaks the double bonds in color compounds at an optimal pH of 10-11. Proper regulation of perhydroxyl ions through stabilizers prevents rapid decomposition of the bleach and fiber degradation. Temperature, time, concentration, and liquor ratio must be optimized to achieve effective bleaching with minimal impact on strength properties.
Scouring
Scouring is the process of removing natural and added impurities from textiles using alkali solutions. It makes fabrics hydrophilic and clean. There are two main scouring methods - discontinuous kier boiling and continuous j-box scouring. Kier boiling involves loading fabric into a heated vessel and spraying alkali solution onto it over several hours. J-box scouring passes fabric continuously through an impregnation box, preheater and j-box where it is stored in alkali solution. The main objectives of scouring are to remove oils, waxes and other impurities, increase absorbency and prepare fabrics for downstream processing.
Scouring
Scouring is a process that removes natural and added impurities from textiles through the use of chemicals like alkalis and surfactants. It saponifies fats and waxes, breaks down proteins and pectins, and increases the textile's absorptive capacity. The type of scouring agent used depends on the fiber and extent of impurities. Scouring emulsifies and saponifies impurities to solubilize and suspend them for removal, improving dyeability and finish performance.
Comperitive study of scouring
The document discusses scouring, which is a process used to purify cotton and cotton-blended textiles by removing impurities like oils, waxes, and dirt. It describes two main types of scouring: alkaline scouring, which uses high concentrations of sodium hydroxide at high temperatures; and bio/enzymatic scouring, which uses enzymes like pectinase and lipase at lower temperatures. Alkaline scouring is faster and removes more impurities but is harsher on fibers, more costly, and produces more wastewater. Bio scouring is gentler on fibers, more environmentally friendly, and reduces costs over the full production process though it has
Scouring
Scouring is a process that removes natural and added impurities from textiles to make them more absorbent and suitable for dyeing and finishing. It works by saponification, emulsification, and solubilization using alkalis, surfactants, and sometimes solvents. The document provides details on scouring of different natural and synthetic fibers like cotton, silk, wool, polyester/cotton blends. It also lists typical recipes and procedures for scouring cotton and polyester/cotton blend goods.
Cotton preparation ppt
The document discusses chemical processing of knitted fabrics, specifically preparatory processes like scouring and bleaching. It describes the objectives of preparatory processes as removing natural and added impurities to allow for high dye uptake and brightness. Scouring removes oils, waxes and other impurities using alkalis and surfactants while bleaching destroys coloring matter using oxidizing agents like hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite. Key steps and considerations for each process are outlined, including chemicals used, mechanisms, effects of parameters, and common tests after pretreatment.
Presentation on Pretreatment (Scouring & Bleaching)
This presentation discusses pretreatment processes like scouring and bleaching. Scouring removes impurities from textiles using alkali to increase absorbency. The standard scouring recipe uses sodium hydroxide, soda ash, and wetting agents. Bleaching destroys color from fabrics using oxidizing agents to break color linkages. The standard bleaching recipe uses hydrogen peroxide, sodium silicate, and wetting agents. The presentation suggests future pretreatment methods may use eco-friendly enzymes instead of chemicals and integrate processes into single machines.
Scouring
The document discusses the scouring process, which involves removing natural and added impurities from textile fibers. There are three main methods for removing impurities: saponification, emulsification, and solubilization. Saponification converts impurities like oils and fats into water-soluble soaps. Emulsification forms suspensions of non-saponifiable impurities. Solubilization dissolves substances like pectin and proteins into soluble salts. The scouring process aims to remove all impurities and leave the fibers highly absorbent without damage. Common scouring agents include alkaline solutions, surfactants, and sometimes organic solvents.
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This document discusses various aspects of bleaching and optical brightening agents:
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2. Fluorescent brightening agents are described as compounds that decompose natural colors while introducing a complementary color similar to bleaching agents.
3. The application and uses of fluorescent brightening agents are discussed for different fiber types like proteins, polyamides, polyesters, and polyacrylonitriles. Exhaustion and padding methods are covered.
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Scouring
Scouring is the process of removing natural and added impurities from textiles using alkali solutions. It makes fabrics hydrophilic and absorbent. There are two main methods - batch/discontinuous scouring using kier boilers, and continuous scouring using J-boxes. Key steps involve saponification of oils and emulsification of waxes. Souring neutralizes residual alkali on scoured fabrics using acids.
Pretreatment of textile materials
The document discusses the process of singeing textiles. Singeing involves burning off protruding fibers from fabric surfaces to improve smoothness and luster. It can be done using gas singeing machines, which pass fabric over flames, or hot plate/roller machines. Key factors that affect singeing include flame intensity, fabric speed and temperature, and fiber type. Singeing removes fuzz to create a uniform, lustrous surface that reflects light evenly.
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Bleaching process
The document discusses bleaching, which is a chemical treatment used to remove natural color from fabrics. It describes the mechanisms and objectives of bleaching as well as factors that influence bleaching processes and agents. Common bleaching agents are discussed in detail, including sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and their applications and advantages. Various bleaching methods like batch, semi-continuous, and continuous processes are also outlined.
Silk scouring
This presentation provides information about silk fiber. It defines silk as a natural protein fiber composed mainly of fibroin that is produced by silkworm larvae to form cocoons. It describes the constituents of silk fiber, including fibroin, sericin, minerals, and trace amounts of other substances. It also compares the amino acid components of sericin and fibroin. Furthermore, it explains the process of silk scouring to remove sericin and other impurities from the fiber so it can be spun into yarn. Traditional soap and newer detergent-based methods are outlined.
Lecture 2 preparatory processes
The document discusses various preparatory processes for cotton textiles including desizing, scouring, and bleaching. Desizing involves removing added starches used in sizing through processes like hydrolysis or oxidation. Scouring uses alkaline solutions to remove natural impurities like fats, waxes, pectins and proteins from cotton. Bleaching removes color pigments through oxidation, with common bleaching agents being sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and peracetic acid. These preparatory processes are important to remove impurities, improve dyeability and finishability of cotton textiles.
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Presentation on Textile Desizing
Desizing is the process of removing size material from warp yarns in woven fabrics to facilitate weaving. Size is applied before weaving to prevent breakage on the loom but must be removed before dyeing and finishing. There are two main methods of desizing - hydrolytic and oxidative. Hydrolytic methods like enzymatic desizing use enzymes like amylase to hydrolyze and reduce the molecular weight of starch size. Oxidative desizing uses oxidizing agents like bromides but risks damaging the cellulose fibers. Complete removal of size is important for effective dyeing and is tested by checking for color change or measuring weight loss in the fabric.
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The document discusses the pre-treatment process in dyeing and finishing textiles. It describes the key steps in pre-treatment as singeing, de-sizing, scouring, bleaching, and mercerizing. The purpose of pre-treatment is to remove impurities from fabrics and make them clean, smooth, soft, and absorbent for dyeing. The specific pre-treatment steps may vary depending on the type of fabric, such as cotton versus synthetic fibers.
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This document provides information on the bleaching process. It defines bleaching as the process of decolorizing natural pigments in fabric to produce a white color. The mechanism of bleaching involves breaking double bonds in color-producing organic compounds using oxidizing or reducing agents. Common bleaching agents discussed are sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and sodium chlorite. The effects of factors like pH, time, temperature, and metal ions on bleaching effectiveness are also explained.
Desizing
1. Desizing is done to remove sizing agents like starch that were applied to warp yarns during weaving to facilitate the weaving process.
2. There are several methods of desizing including enzymatic, acid, and oxidative methods. Enzymatic desizing uses enzymes like amylase to break down starch into soluble sugars.
3. Proper control of factors like temperature, pH, and fabric speed are important for effective desizing when using the enzymatic method.
prepration of fabric
The document discusses the steps involved in preparing fabric for printing, including singeing, desizing, scouring, bleaching, and mercerization. It then explains several chemicals and agents used in the printing process, such as wetting agents, hygroscopic agents, dispersing agents, oxidizing agents, reducing agents, and discharging agents. Wetting agents lower surface tension to help liquids spread evenly. Hygroscopic agents help fabrics absorb moisture. Dispersing agents prevent dye aggregation. Oxidizing agents develop color. Reducing agents are used in processes like vatting and discharge printing.
SOAPS & DETERGENTS
Soaps are made by reacting fats or oils with a strong alkali like sodium hydroxide. Detergents are similar cleansing agents but use synthetic surfactants instead of fats/oils and do not form scum with hard water. The manufacturing process for soaps involves saponification of fats/oils, glycerin removal, purification, and finishing. Detergent production uses petrochemical raw materials and involves slurry making and spray drying. Both have advantages like cleaning ability but can harm aquatic environments if not properly treated in wastewater.
Detergent powder
This document discusses the ingredients and properties of detergent powders and soaps. Detergent powders are composed mainly of surfactants, plasticizers, binders, fillers, and water. Soap ingredients include fats/oils, alkalis like sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, and glycerin as a byproduct. Glycerin is a natural moisturizer that is separated from soap through a distillation process. Alkalis help emulsify oils and remove dirt through saponification reactions with fatty acids. Different ingredients provide functions like cleaning power, softness, or antimicrobial properties depending on the intended product.
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Presentation on Pretreatment (Scouring & Bleaching)
This presentation discusses pretreatment processes like scouring and bleaching. Scouring removes impurities from textiles using alkali to increase absorbency. The standard scouring recipe uses sodium hydroxide, soda ash, and wetting agents. Bleaching destroys color from fabrics using oxidizing agents to break color linkages. The standard bleaching recipe uses hydrogen peroxide, sodium silicate, and wetting agents. The presentation suggests future pretreatment methods may use eco-friendly enzymes instead of chemicals and integrate processes into single machines.
Scouring
The document discusses the scouring process, which involves removing natural and added impurities from textile fibers. There are three main methods for removing impurities: saponification, emulsification, and solubilization. Saponification converts impurities like oils and fats into water-soluble soaps. Emulsification forms suspensions of non-saponifiable impurities. Solubilization dissolves substances like pectin and proteins into soluble salts. The scouring process aims to remove all impurities and leave the fibers highly absorbent without damage. Common scouring agents include alkaline solutions, surfactants, and sometimes organic solvents.
textile bleaching
This document discusses various aspects of bleaching and optical brightening agents:
1. It describes bleaching as a process that removes natural color and introduces a complementary color for a more uniform light reflection.
2. Fluorescent brightening agents are described as compounds that decompose natural colors while introducing a complementary color similar to bleaching agents.
3. The application and uses of fluorescent brightening agents are discussed for different fiber types like proteins, polyamides, polyesters, and polyacrylonitriles. Exhaustion and padding methods are covered.
scouring and bleaching
Comparative study between bio scouring bleaching and traditional scouring and bleaching and cotton fabric dyeing with reactive dye.
Chemical processing pretreatment
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Scouring
Scouring is the process of removing natural and added impurities from textiles using alkali solutions. It makes fabrics hydrophilic and absorbent. There are two main methods - batch/discontinuous scouring using kier boilers, and continuous scouring using J-boxes. Key steps involve saponification of oils and emulsification of waxes. Souring neutralizes residual alkali on scoured fabrics using acids.
Pretreatment of textile materials
The document discusses the process of singeing textiles. Singeing involves burning off protruding fibers from fabric surfaces to improve smoothness and luster. It can be done using gas singeing machines, which pass fabric over flames, or hot plate/roller machines. Key factors that affect singeing include flame intensity, fabric speed and temperature, and fiber type. Singeing removes fuzz to create a uniform, lustrous surface that reflects light evenly.
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This document provides information on chemicals used in various textile wet processing stages. It discusses chemicals used in pre-treatment processes like desizing, scouring, bleaching and mercerization. Specific chemicals are listed along with their functions in each process. The document also covers latest specialty chemicals used in pre-treatment like cracking agents, bleach processors and surfactants. Finally, it briefly introduces dyes and dyeing process.Wet processing of cellulose textiles.1
This pp elaborates the detail pretreatment processes and their mechanisms.Moreover it has useful conversion methods in it.
Wool and silk scouring
This document discusses the scouring and bleaching processes for various natural and man-made fibers. It explains that wool requires a mild scouring process due to its sensitivity to alkali. Scouring of wool uses sodium carbonate or ammonium carbonate at below boiling temperatures. Bleaching can be done with reducing agents like sodium bisulfite or hydrogen peroxide, which produces a permanent whiteness. For silk, degumming using hot soap solution is required to remove the sericin gum. Hydrogen peroxide bleaching is preferred for silk. Man-made fibers require milder scouring, and polyester rarely needs bleaching, while nylon and acrylic can be bleached using sodium chlor
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The document discusses enzymatic or bio-scouring of textiles as an alternative to conventional alkaline scouring. Bio-scouring uses enzymes to selectively remove non-cellulosic structures like pectin and waxes from cotton fibers. It is more environmentally friendly as it reduces water, energy and chemical usage compared to alkaline scouring. While bio-scouring has limitations in removing some impurities like waxes completely, it offers advantages such as retaining cotton fiber structure and being a milder process overall. The document provides details on the bio-scouring process, parameters, advantages and limitations compared to alkaline scouring.
Bleaching process
The document discusses bleaching, which is a chemical treatment used to remove natural color from fabrics. It describes the mechanisms and objectives of bleaching as well as factors that influence bleaching processes and agents. Common bleaching agents are discussed in detail, including sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and their applications and advantages. Various bleaching methods like batch, semi-continuous, and continuous processes are also outlined.
Silk scouring
This presentation provides information about silk fiber. It defines silk as a natural protein fiber composed mainly of fibroin that is produced by silkworm larvae to form cocoons. It describes the constituents of silk fiber, including fibroin, sericin, minerals, and trace amounts of other substances. It also compares the amino acid components of sericin and fibroin. Furthermore, it explains the process of silk scouring to remove sericin and other impurities from the fiber so it can be spun into yarn. Traditional soap and newer detergent-based methods are outlined.
Lecture 2 preparatory processes
The document discusses various preparatory processes for cotton textiles including desizing, scouring, and bleaching. Desizing involves removing added starches used in sizing through processes like hydrolysis or oxidation. Scouring uses alkaline solutions to remove natural impurities like fats, waxes, pectins and proteins from cotton. Bleaching removes color pigments through oxidation, with common bleaching agents being sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and peracetic acid. These preparatory processes are important to remove impurities, improve dyeability and finishability of cotton textiles.
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Presentation on Textile Desizing
Desizing is the process of removing size material from warp yarns in woven fabrics to facilitate weaving. Size is applied before weaving to prevent breakage on the loom but must be removed before dyeing and finishing. There are two main methods of desizing - hydrolytic and oxidative. Hydrolytic methods like enzymatic desizing use enzymes like amylase to hydrolyze and reduce the molecular weight of starch size. Oxidative desizing uses oxidizing agents like bromides but risks damaging the cellulose fibers. Complete removal of size is important for effective dyeing and is tested by checking for color change or measuring weight loss in the fabric.
Pre treatment test
The document discusses the pre-treatment process in dyeing and finishing textiles. It describes the key steps in pre-treatment as singeing, de-sizing, scouring, bleaching, and mercerizing. The purpose of pre-treatment is to remove impurities from fabrics and make them clean, smooth, soft, and absorbent for dyeing. The specific pre-treatment steps may vary depending on the type of fabric, such as cotton versus synthetic fibers.
Bleaching, textile treatment
This document provides information on the bleaching process. It defines bleaching as the process of decolorizing natural pigments in fabric to produce a white color. The mechanism of bleaching involves breaking double bonds in color-producing organic compounds using oxidizing or reducing agents. Common bleaching agents discussed are sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and sodium chlorite. The effects of factors like pH, time, temperature, and metal ions on bleaching effectiveness are also explained.
Desizing
1. Desizing is done to remove sizing agents like starch that were applied to warp yarns during weaving to facilitate the weaving process.
2. There are several methods of desizing including enzymatic, acid, and oxidative methods. Enzymatic desizing uses enzymes like amylase to break down starch into soluble sugars.
3. Proper control of factors like temperature, pH, and fabric speed are important for effective desizing when using the enzymatic method.
prepration of fabric
The document discusses the steps involved in preparing fabric for printing, including singeing, desizing, scouring, bleaching, and mercerization. It then explains several chemicals and agents used in the printing process, such as wetting agents, hygroscopic agents, dispersing agents, oxidizing agents, reducing agents, and discharging agents. Wetting agents lower surface tension to help liquids spread evenly. Hygroscopic agents help fabrics absorb moisture. Dispersing agents prevent dye aggregation. Oxidizing agents develop color. Reducing agents are used in processes like vatting and discharge printing.
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Detergent powder
This document discusses the ingredients and properties of detergent powders and soaps. Detergent powders are composed mainly of surfactants, plasticizers, binders, fillers, and water. Soap ingredients include fats/oils, alkalis like sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, and glycerin as a byproduct. Glycerin is a natural moisturizer that is separated from soap through a distillation process. Alkalis help emulsify oils and remove dirt through saponification reactions with fatty acids. Different ingredients provide functions like cleaning power, softness, or antimicrobial properties depending on the intended product.
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Soap
Soap is a salt of a fatty acid made through a chemical reaction called saponification between a fat/oil and an alkali like sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. This process produces salts that are soluble in water and can be used for cleaning. Different types of soaps exist for various uses like toilet soap, transparent soap, and medicated soaps that provide therapeutic effects for issues like acne, fungal infections, or cellulite. Soap works by trapping dirt and oil in micelles that can be rinsed away, but soaps do not work as well in hard water which contains ions that form insoluble precipitates. Potential side effects of soap include dryness, irritation, and all
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Soaps and syndetbars
1. Soap is produced through a chemical reaction between fatty acids and alkalis like sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. This process is known as saponification.
2. The major steps in soap manufacturing are saponification, glycerin removal, soap purification, and finishing. In saponification, fats and oils react with alkalis. Glycerin is then removed from the soap.
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Scouring
Scouring is the process of removing natural and added impurities from textiles using alkali solutions. The main objectives of scouring are to make the fabric hydrophilic, remove oils, waxes and other impurities, increase absorbency, and prepare the fabric for downstream processing. Scouring works through saponification of oils and emulsification of waxes. The scouring process depends on factors like fiber type, fabric construction and intended dyeing process. Common scouring methods include batch processing in kiers or continuous processing in jigs or boxes. Souring involves treating the scoured fabric with acid to neutralize residual alkali.
Project Work nahid
The document describes a study comparing a traditional scouring process to a bio-scouring process for textiles. It finds that bio-scouring using the enzyme Scourzyme L is more environmentally friendly and reduces costs compared to traditional caustic scouring. Specifically, bio-scouring reduces water, energy and chemical usage, lowers BOD, COD and TDS in wastewater, and avoids the health and safety risks of harsh chemicals. However, it provides slightly less whiteness for light and white fabrics compared to traditional scouring. Overall, bio-scouring is shown to be a more sustainable and cost-effective alternative.
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This document provides an overview of the soap industry. It discusses the history of soap making, the manufacturing process, raw materials used, and types of soaps. It also outlines some key issues facing the industry such as high energy costs, fluctuating raw material prices, and lack of government support. Recommendations are made to address these issues through continuous energy supply, technology upgrades, training programs, and stronger intellectual property laws. Addressing these challenges could help strengthen the local soap industry in Pakistan.
Soap industry
Soaps are made from fatty acids reacting with alkalis like sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. There are two main types: hard soaps that use sodium salts and are moderately soluble, and soft soaps that use potassium salts and are very soluble and form lather easily. Soaps are made through heating fats/oils with alkalis in a process called saponification, and various materials like perfumes, dyes, and fillers are added for different applications. The manufacturing can be done through batch processes or continuously. Final products include bar soaps, liquids, flakes, and more.
Soap manufacturing process
soap is a salt of a fatty acid,.
Consumers mainly use soaps as surfactants for washing, bathing, and cleaning, but they are also used in textile spinning and are important components of lubricants.
Soaps for cleansing are obtained by treating vegetable or animal oils and fats with a strongly alkaline solution
Cleansing and care needs
This document discusses cleansing and care needs for different body areas including the face, neck, and underarms. It provides information on the appropriate cleansing methods and products for different skin types. For the face, it recommends using cleansers suited to one's skin type, such as creamy cleansers for dry skin and active cleansers for oily skin. It also provides examples of formulations for various facial care products including cleansers, lotions, and freshners. For underarms, it states regular cleansing is needed due to increased sweating in this area.
Building blocks for formulation of soaps
This document provides information about the key building blocks and formulation of soap. It discusses the main ingredients used such as fats/oils, alkalis, and various additives. Common fats/oils used include oils from plants like coconut, palm, and olive. The alkali is typically sodium hydroxide. Other ingredients discussed include antioxidants, whitening agents, fragrances, colors, and emollients. The document also outlines the various types of soaps and the manufacturing process.
Soap and detergent
Soap nut powder has been in use for almost 3,000 years. And still in many parts of India, soap nut powder is using as a natural soap to remove oil. Soap is a sodium salt or potassium salt of long chain fatty acids having cleansing action in water. They are using as cleansing agents to remove dirt, oil from the skin and clothes. Examples: Sodium stearate, sodium oliate and sodium palmitate formed using stearic acid oleic acid and palmitic acid.
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Formulation building blocks soap and syndet bars ppt
This document discusses formulation building blocks for soaps and syndet bars. It defines soaps as sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids made from natural raw materials, while syndets are cleansing bars containing less than 10% soap that are often marketed as "soap free." The document compares the advantages and disadvantages of soaps and syndets, describes common raw materials used in each including fats, oils, and alkalis, and provides typical ingredient ranges. It also outlines the cold, semi-boiled, and full boiled manufacturing processes and parameters for evaluating performance.
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Powerpoint presentation on Scouring
- 1. A Powerpoint Presentation on Scouring & it’s Cleaning mechanism
- 2. National Institute of Textile Engineering & Research Submitted By AKIB AL ISLAM Email: akibislambd@gmail.com Submittted To Fatema Tuj Jahura Lacturer Depertment of Wet Processing
- 3. Index: • Definition • Objectives • Types & Details
- 4. What is Scouring ?1
- 5. “ Scouring is a process by which all natural and additive impurities such as oil,fat,wax, etc are removed to produce hydropjilic and clean textile material.
- 6. Objectives: ◦ To make fabric highly hydrophilic. ◦ To remove impurities. ◦ To increase absorbency of fabric. ◦ To produce a clean material by adding alkali. ◦ To remove natural color. ◦ To remove non-cellulosic substance in case of cotton.
- 7. 1. Saponification 2. Emulsification 3. Detergency Types of scouring process There are three types of major scouring process are occurred
- 9. The vegetable oil, which is immiscible with water, is glyceride of fatty acids. When such oil are heated with a solution of sodium hydroxide (Caustic soda) in water, the oil splits up into its constituents fatty acid and glycerin. Glycerin is miscible with water easily and the fatty acids reacts with sodium hydroxide present in the solution forming its sodium salt i.e. soap which is also soluble in water. Thus oil is removed. Saponification:
- 11. Emulsification
- 12. Wax and non saponifiable oils (Non polar) are removed by emulsification as they are immiscible in water (Polar). Normal washing soap is used as a emulsifying agent which make emulsion of them. Soap generated from the saponification process also act as a emulsifying agent. Emulsification:
- 13. Detergency
- 14. Detergency After removal of fats and wax by saponification and emulsification respectively. The remaining constituents , dust , dirt , particles have to be removed by a good detergent. Detergents not only remove dirt particles but also keep them in dispersed or suspended from in the scouring solution and does not allow them to settle on the fabric surface.
- 15. The scouring process brings following changes in cotton fibres: i) Oils and fatty acids are converted into soaps. ii) Pectin's and pectose are converted into soluble salts of pectic acid. iii) Mineral matters are mostly dissolved or settle down. iv) Non saponifiable oils are emulsified by the soluble soaps generated from the saponificable oils. v) Additive dirt's are removed. vi) Residual sizing materials are broken down into soluble products.