Know the necessity of ground improvement
Understand the various ground improvement techniques available
Select design suitable ground improvement technique for existing soil conditions in the field
Vibro replacement stone columns are a ground improvement technique to improve the load bearing capacity and reduce the settlement of the soil. On many occasions, it is noted that the local soil is, by nature, unable to bear the proposed structure, so the use of ground improvement techniques may be necessary. Use of stone columns is one such technique. The stone column consists of crushed coarse aggregates of various sizes. The ratio in which the stones of different sizes will be mixed is decided by design criteria
Certain Soils don’t permit the construction of specific structures on it. The alternative is to improve the strength of the soil by various methods like:
Mechanical modification
Chemical Modification
Lime stabilization
Geo textile etc.,
Know the necessity of ground improvement
Understand the various ground improvement techniques available
Select design suitable ground improvement technique for existing soil conditions in the field
Vibro replacement stone columns are a ground improvement technique to improve the load bearing capacity and reduce the settlement of the soil. On many occasions, it is noted that the local soil is, by nature, unable to bear the proposed structure, so the use of ground improvement techniques may be necessary. Use of stone columns is one such technique. The stone column consists of crushed coarse aggregates of various sizes. The ratio in which the stones of different sizes will be mixed is decided by design criteria
Certain Soils don’t permit the construction of specific structures on it. The alternative is to improve the strength of the soil by various methods like:
Mechanical modification
Chemical Modification
Lime stabilization
Geo textile etc.,
Rapid urban and industrial growth demands more land for further development, to meet this demand land reclamation and utilization of unsuitable and environmentally affected lands have been taken up and converted to useful ones by adopting one or more Ground Improvement Techniques
PLATE LOAD TEST
PRESUMPTIVE SAFE BEARING CACACITY
PLATE LOAD TEST APPARATUS / EQUIPMENT
PLATE LOAD TEST PROCEDURE
CALCULATION OF BEARING CAPACITY FROM PLATE LOAD TEST
For vedo link
Https://youtu.be/BUMd7CKcBV8
This is about types of shear failure in soil, describe all the three types of the bearing capacity failure of soil.
This is prepared by (Abdullah Kawkas Galaly) a student in civil engineering department at Salahaddin University in Erbil-Kurdistan region.
Ground Improvement by Vibro Stone ColumnsDesh Sonyok
Vibro replacement stone column is one of the widely used soil improvement technique to improve the settlement characteristics, bearing capacity and mitigate the liquefaction issues of the soft soil. In this paper, improvement of the settlement characteristics of the soft soil is considered for the analysis based on the available case histories. A settlement estimation method proposed by Preibe (1995) is verified quantitatively. Finally, an analytical solution for settlement of soft ground for the stone column design is proposed. The proposed method of calculating settlement is based on the basic concept of composite material and soil mechanics. However, the result of this preliminary work is yet to validate numerically and in the field. Detailed research in future is necessary to check its validity and applicability
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Rapid urban and industrial growth demands more land for further development, to meet this demand land reclamation and utilization of unsuitable and environmentally affected lands have been taken up and converted to useful ones by adopting one or more Ground Improvement Techniques
PLATE LOAD TEST
PRESUMPTIVE SAFE BEARING CACACITY
PLATE LOAD TEST APPARATUS / EQUIPMENT
PLATE LOAD TEST PROCEDURE
CALCULATION OF BEARING CAPACITY FROM PLATE LOAD TEST
For vedo link
Https://youtu.be/BUMd7CKcBV8
This is about types of shear failure in soil, describe all the three types of the bearing capacity failure of soil.
This is prepared by (Abdullah Kawkas Galaly) a student in civil engineering department at Salahaddin University in Erbil-Kurdistan region.
Ground Improvement by Vibro Stone ColumnsDesh Sonyok
Vibro replacement stone column is one of the widely used soil improvement technique to improve the settlement characteristics, bearing capacity and mitigate the liquefaction issues of the soft soil. In this paper, improvement of the settlement characteristics of the soft soil is considered for the analysis based on the available case histories. A settlement estimation method proposed by Preibe (1995) is verified quantitatively. Finally, an analytical solution for settlement of soft ground for the stone column design is proposed. The proposed method of calculating settlement is based on the basic concept of composite material and soil mechanics. However, the result of this preliminary work is yet to validate numerically and in the field. Detailed research in future is necessary to check its validity and applicability
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
Loose granular sand deposits formed during the land reclamation process are vulnerable to
liquefaction upon imparting seismic forces. These loose granular sand fills could encounter
bearing failures or compress beyond tolerable limits under static and dynamic loads
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Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
1. INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE
COMPARITIVE STUDY OF PILE FOUNDATIONS AND FOUNDATIONS
ON STONE COLUMN TREATED GROUND
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute Of Technology ,Roorkee
Avneesh Kumar Meena (14113030)
Bhupendra Kumar Verma (14113036)
Abhishek Kumar Meena (14113003)
Dhyanchand Meena (14113042)
2. 2
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
PILE FOOUNDATION VS STONE COLUMN
STONE COLUMN PRINCIPLE AND CHARACTERISTICS
STONE COLUMN INSTALLATION TECHNIQUES
STONE COLUMN BEHAVIOUR AND DESIGN
LIMITATIONS OF STONE COLUMN
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
3. 3
WHAT ARE STONE COLUMNS?
The stone column consists of crushed coarse aggregates of various sizes that are
chemically inert and hard enough.
Ratio of mixing stones of different sizes is decided by design criteria.
Commonly used Ground Improvement technique.
Avneesh
5. 5
PILE FOUNDATION vs STONE COLUMN
Soft soils on which foundations have low bearing capacity and high probable
consolidation settlement - Pile foundations often adopted as the only solution.
- Piles in general are costly propositions
- Shall be chosen only as a last choice
Ground improvement techniques- particularly stone columns provide a superior
and more economical alternative to pile foundations
Common low rise and medium loaded industrial structures
- Stone columns is the simpler and attractive alternative
6. 6
STONE COLUMN vs PILE FOUNDATION
PILE FOUNDATION
Employed to carry load
through soft soil to firm
stratum through bearing or
side friction.
Costly proposition - advance
planning and heavy
equipments are required for
driving them.
STONE COLUMN
Modify the original soil to a
composite ground of low
compressibility and higher
shear strength.
Simple and cost saving
alternative. Best suited for
low-rise and medium loaded
industrial structures
7. 7
ADVANTAGES OF STONE COLUMNS
Improves shear strength of subsoil to increase the bearing capacity.
More economical than piling.
Rapid consolidation of subsoil is facilitated
Mitigates liquefaction potential.
Immediate increase of shear strength and friction angle of treated soil
No waiting period after installation unlike PVD
Embankment construction can begin soon after installation.
Installation in a uniform grid pattern ‘homogenizes’ variable soil properties
=> reducing the potential for differential settlement
No dewatering or excavation is required
Short construction period
8. 8
PRINCIPLE AND WORKING OF STONE COLUMN
Principle
- rapid consolidation due to the accelerated dissipation of excess pore
water pressure into the drainage path (aggregate column).
- degree of improvement of soft soils due to densification of the
surrounding soft soil during the installation of stone column itself and the
subsequent consolidation process occurring in soft soil before the final
loading of improved soil
10. 10
FAILURE MECHANISM
The parameters believed to govern the mode of failure:
Modulus of elasticity of the stone column material and the
clay
Column diameter and spacing
Angle of shearing resistance of the column material.
11. 11
BEARING CAPACITY OF IMPROVED GROUND
• Assumptions:
- Vertical deformation of the top of stone column and soil is
same
=> total foundation pressure shared b/w column and soil in proportion to
their relative stiffness.
where A= total area of unit cell for each stone column
(assuming triangular pattern)
S= spacing of stone solumns
qsafe= [(A-As)qs + Psafe]/A
where qs = safe allowable bearing capacity of untreated ground
Psafe = safe allowable bearing capacity of stone column
As = cross sectional area of stone column
A = 0.868 S2
12. 12
LIMITATIONS
• Sensitive clays do not adequately regain shear strength.
-ground improvement by stone column cannot be achieved in clays with
sensitivity greater than 4.
• Stone columns when installed at a distance of less than 3.66m can
cause high lateral pressures and displacement of adjacent structures.
Severe cracks could be seen in structures close by the stone column site
due to the vibrations of 30-50Hz.
• Stone column installation in extremely cohesive clays and silts is suitable
only if preloading facility is available,
13. 13
STONE COLUMN INSTALLATION TECHNIQUES
Non displacement method
The process of installation where soil is not taken out during boring is called non
displacement type of installation.
1) Bored Rammed technique :-
The bored rammed stone columns are used in cohesive soils.
In this technique the granular fill is introduced into a pre-bored hole and compacted by
operating a heavy rammer through the borehole.
Mixture of stone aggregates and sand are generally in proportion of 2:1
14. 14
Displacement Method
If the soil is laterally displaced while making the hole due to driving of a tube or a casing, it is the
displacement type of boring.
1) Vibratory technique :-
In this method, creation of hole in the ground and compaction of granular fill
backfilled in the hole is done mechanically using a mechanical unit called vibrofloat.
Generally Well graded stone backfill of size 1 mm to 2 mm is used
Stone columns may be constructed using vibrofloat either by Wet process or Dry process
15. 15
Top Feed System
INSTALLATION PROCEDURE
In the method of top feed vibroflotation, the OMS vibroflotation probe is put where a
stone column is required and is vibrated into the ground to the desired depth with the
help of water jetting.
This top feed technique require 12-75mm size of stones.
.The compression of the ground is tracked by the monitor on the hydraulic power unit.
16. 16
Bottom Feed System
In the method of bottom feed vibroflotation, there is a gravel reservoir and gravel tube
on the OMS vibroflotation probe.
After the probe is vibrated into the ground to the desired depth, with the help of
compressed air.
This Bottom Feed process requires a smaller grade of stone (2-45mm).
In this process the compression of the ground is also tracked by the monitor on the
hydraulic power unit.
17. 17
DESIGN
Design Parameters
Stone Column Diameter
Pattern of Arrangement
Spacing
Replacement ratio
Stress concentration factor
Stress
Settlement
Aggregate
18. 18
• Stone column diameter : softer is the soil bigger is the diameter. usually varies
from 800 to 1500mm
• Pattern of arrangement : equilateral triangle pattern and square pattern.
Spacing : site specific. No guidelines on the maximum and the minimum
column spacing. However, the column spacing may broadly ranges from 2 to 3
depending upon the site conditions, loading pattern, column factors, the
installation technique, settlement tolerances, etc.
DESIGN
19. 19
• Replacement ratio: quantifies the amount of soil replaced by the stone
as = 0.907 (D/S)2
constant 0.907 is for equilateral triangular pattern.
• Stress Concentration factor: ratio of average stress in stone column σs
,to the stress σg, in the soil within the unit cell, due to externally applied
load σ,
n=σs/ σg
The value of n generally lies between 2.5 and 5 at the ground surface.
20. 20
• Stress
Assumptions
- triaxial state of stress in the stone column
- both the column and the surrounding soil at failure
σ1/ σ3 = (1+sin φs) /(1-sin φs)
where,
σ1 = ultimate vertical stress which the stone column can take
σ3 = lateral confining stress mobilized by the surrounding soil
(to resist the bulging of the stone column)
21. 21
• Settlement
Consolidation settlement of the composite (treated) soil S,
S= mvσgH
• Aggregate for constructing the aggregate column
-Crushed stone or gravel
-chemically inert,
-devoid of organic matter,
-hard are used.
(Well graded stones of 75mm to 2mm may be used)
22. 22
CONCLUSION
Stone columns certainly better choice in suitable situations
Stone columns are always better ?
Covered one aspect of the topic
Pile foundation yet to be covered
Waiting for some live data from consultancy to work upon