Primary coloured inks i.e. Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black used in inkjet printers were extracted from the printed document and analyzed in order to identify the possible functional groups using Infrared (IR) spectroscopic technique. Experiments were conducted on the all four primary inks and the results are presented. The technique can provide valuable information if an admitted sample is provided for comparison with the suspect printed document.
Partition Chromatography technique is defined as. the separation of components between two liquid phases viz original solvent and the film of solvent used in the column.
This presentation presents a method using a high-resolution Q-TOF LCMS to investigate extractables and leachables in a plastic sandwich bag, clear plastic cup, and aluminum foil.
Partition Chromatography technique is defined as. the separation of components between two liquid phases viz original solvent and the film of solvent used in the column.
This presentation presents a method using a high-resolution Q-TOF LCMS to investigate extractables and leachables in a plastic sandwich bag, clear plastic cup, and aluminum foil.
Gel matrix dependence on the dose response properties and diffusion phenomena...inventionjournals
Fricke-gel dosimeters proved to be suitable tools to perform 3D radiotherapy pre-treatment dosimetry. The tissue equivalent gel matrix helpsto preserve the spatial information of the dose. Several gel matrices proved to be suitable for dosimetric purposes. The influence of the gel matrices on both system dose response and diffusion processwasinvestigated. Three gel matrices were considered: Gelatinfrom porcine skin, Agaroseand polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) cross-linked with glutaraldehyde(GTA). In these systems, Xylenol-Orange (XO), an iron(III)chelator, forms red-colored complexeswith Fe3+ that eases the optical determination of the dose. However, the dose evaluationresults to be affectedbydifferent XO-Fe3+ complexes that absorb at different wavelengths. In particular,this phenomenon influences the dose response, the calibration curveand the dose threshold.Therefore, a deeper study of the XO-Fe3+ speciation mechanism could lead to a more accurate evaluation of the dose. A novel procedure, based on a laser-beam irradiation, was implemented for the diffusion process evaluation. The diffusion coefficients were calculated for the three gel matrices tested. PVAmatrix proved to highly limit the diffusion with respect to the other matrices. Further investigations are needed to verify the influence of XO-Fe3+complexeson the diffusion phenomenon.
An Assessment of Nicotine Levels on Office Surfaces Before and After Use of E...Fontem Ventures
Using the closed or open system e-cigarette products tested in this study did not lead to a measurable increase in nicotine levels on the surfaces analysed. This is consistent with previous reports that e-cigarette users exhale negligible levels of nicotine in to ambient air which may be attributable to the high retention rate of nicotine in the user’s body. Moreover, NNK (a general marker for TSNAs could not be detected on the surfaces analysed at each test phase.
As environmental regulations become more stringent and as more gaseous pollutants need to be monitored, there is a need for a cost-effective measurement technique to evaluate emissions from electric generating units and other processing facilities. A Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analyzer is a solution for this issue. FTIR analysis is a technology that generates real-time emissions data at high sensitivities. FTIR analyzers can measure nearly all gaseous compounds while requiring little to no calibration. The two biggest advantages that FTIR analysis has over traditional measurement methodologies are its ability to measure many different gaseous species simultaneously and its ability to generate immediate results.
High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) - Dr. P. Saranraj, Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Tirupattur, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India.
a complete description of the particle size distribution of particles in different categories. Sedimentation is a phenomenon that completely work with the size of particles.
Abstract: Non-destructive terahertz reflection interferometry offers many advantages for sub-surface inspection such as interrogation of hidden defects and measurement of layers’ thicknesses. Here, we describe a terahertz reflection interferometry (TRI) technique for non-contact measurement of paint panels where the paint is comprised of different layers of primer, basecoat, topcoat and clearcoat. Terahertz interferograms were generated by reflection from different layers of paints on a metallic substrate. These interferograms’ peak spacing arising from the delay-time response of respective layers, allow one to model the thicknesses of the constituent layers. Interferograms generated at different incident angles show that the interferograms are more pronounced at certain angles than others. This “optimum” angle is also a function of different paint and substrate combinations. An automated angular scanning algorithm helps visualizing the evolution of the interferograms as a function of incident angle and also enables the identification of optimum reflection angle for a given paint-substrate combination. Additionally, scanning at different points on a substrate reveals that there are observable variations from one point to another of the same sample over its entire surface area. This ability may be used as a quality control tool for in-situ inspection in a production line.
Gel matrix dependence on the dose response properties and diffusion phenomena...inventionjournals
Fricke-gel dosimeters proved to be suitable tools to perform 3D radiotherapy pre-treatment dosimetry. The tissue equivalent gel matrix helpsto preserve the spatial information of the dose. Several gel matrices proved to be suitable for dosimetric purposes. The influence of the gel matrices on both system dose response and diffusion processwasinvestigated. Three gel matrices were considered: Gelatinfrom porcine skin, Agaroseand polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) cross-linked with glutaraldehyde(GTA). In these systems, Xylenol-Orange (XO), an iron(III)chelator, forms red-colored complexeswith Fe3+ that eases the optical determination of the dose. However, the dose evaluationresults to be affectedbydifferent XO-Fe3+ complexes that absorb at different wavelengths. In particular,this phenomenon influences the dose response, the calibration curveand the dose threshold.Therefore, a deeper study of the XO-Fe3+ speciation mechanism could lead to a more accurate evaluation of the dose. A novel procedure, based on a laser-beam irradiation, was implemented for the diffusion process evaluation. The diffusion coefficients were calculated for the three gel matrices tested. PVAmatrix proved to highly limit the diffusion with respect to the other matrices. Further investigations are needed to verify the influence of XO-Fe3+complexeson the diffusion phenomenon.
An Assessment of Nicotine Levels on Office Surfaces Before and After Use of E...Fontem Ventures
Using the closed or open system e-cigarette products tested in this study did not lead to a measurable increase in nicotine levels on the surfaces analysed. This is consistent with previous reports that e-cigarette users exhale negligible levels of nicotine in to ambient air which may be attributable to the high retention rate of nicotine in the user’s body. Moreover, NNK (a general marker for TSNAs could not be detected on the surfaces analysed at each test phase.
As environmental regulations become more stringent and as more gaseous pollutants need to be monitored, there is a need for a cost-effective measurement technique to evaluate emissions from electric generating units and other processing facilities. A Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analyzer is a solution for this issue. FTIR analysis is a technology that generates real-time emissions data at high sensitivities. FTIR analyzers can measure nearly all gaseous compounds while requiring little to no calibration. The two biggest advantages that FTIR analysis has over traditional measurement methodologies are its ability to measure many different gaseous species simultaneously and its ability to generate immediate results.
High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) - Dr. P. Saranraj, Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Tirupattur, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India.
a complete description of the particle size distribution of particles in different categories. Sedimentation is a phenomenon that completely work with the size of particles.
Abstract: Non-destructive terahertz reflection interferometry offers many advantages for sub-surface inspection such as interrogation of hidden defects and measurement of layers’ thicknesses. Here, we describe a terahertz reflection interferometry (TRI) technique for non-contact measurement of paint panels where the paint is comprised of different layers of primer, basecoat, topcoat and clearcoat. Terahertz interferograms were generated by reflection from different layers of paints on a metallic substrate. These interferograms’ peak spacing arising from the delay-time response of respective layers, allow one to model the thicknesses of the constituent layers. Interferograms generated at different incident angles show that the interferograms are more pronounced at certain angles than others. This “optimum” angle is also a function of different paint and substrate combinations. An automated angular scanning algorithm helps visualizing the evolution of the interferograms as a function of incident angle and also enables the identification of optimum reflection angle for a given paint-substrate combination. Additionally, scanning at different points on a substrate reveals that there are observable variations from one point to another of the same sample over its entire surface area. This ability may be used as a quality control tool for in-situ inspection in a production line.
Nanoscale IR spectroscopy (AFM-IR Spectroscopy)bungasirisha
Nanoscale IR spectroscopy or AFM-IR spectroscopy is type of hyphenated techniques in the field of analytical chemistry where it is useful for both chemical and structural analysis of the compound with resolution at Nano level. It combines the advantages of the microscope with spectral characteristics of IR spectroscopy. We can Correlate microscopy with spectroscopy and can interpret the data to FTIR also.
Infrared microscopy, also referred to as FTIR microscopy, is ideal for identification of trace evidence in forensics and characterizing small particles in wide varieties of other fields. Combining the accurate material and chemical identification of FTIR spectroscopy with the ability to focus directly on micro-sized particles, makes this an indispensable technique. This presentation provides a couple of examples related to drug analysis and identification of explosives.
Applications of IR (Infrared) Spectroscopy in Pharmaceutical Industrywonderingsoul114
Various applications of IR (Infrared) Spectroscopy in Pharmaceutical industries related to drug discovery and structural elucidation is outlined in this presentation. Various qualitative and quantitative analysis of drug products are also outlined.
The adsorption behavior of Methylene blue dye, Bismarck brown Y dye, and Indigo dye on to Sphagnum cymbifolium (moss) was investigated as a function of flow rate, and bed height through the fixed bed process.
One of the main objectives of this research is to expand the field of application of natural biomass for the treatment of dye waste waters from industrial effluents. Additionally, it is aimed at elucidating the dependency or otherwise of flow rate, and bed height on adsorption using the fixed bed technique method of adsorption.
The biomass was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy in order to examine the morphology of the biomass. The screened biomass samples were characterized at 1000 ×magnification, and 500 ×magnification respectively for their surface morphologies. This was done using a scanning electron microscope which was equipped with an energy dispersive x-ray spectrophotometer employed for the elemental composition analyses. It was equally characterized with Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy before and after adsorption to ascertain the functional groups responsible for the adsorption. This was done using a Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectrophotometer (Perkin-Elmer, England) in the wavelength range of 350-4000 nm.
Results for the biomass morphology obtained through the Scanning Electron Microscopy revealed the presence of tiny pores. These pores represent sites where dye molecules could be trapped in the course of the adsorption. The result from the Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy after adsorption show that C-H, C≡H, C≡C functional groups were responsible for the adsorption. For methylene blue dye, at the flow rate of 20 m3/s, the amount of dye adsorbed was 18.80 mg/g, 22.70 mg/g at 30 m3/s, and 25.40 mg/g at 40 m3/s. For Bismarck brown Y dye, at the same range of flow rate, the amount of dye adsorbed ranged from 12.34 mg/g - 20.62 mg/g. For indigo dye, the values obtained ranged from 6.48 mg/g - 17.71 mg/g. In addition, at the bed height range of 4.0 - 6.0x10-2(m), the amount of dye adsorbed ranged from 6.31 mg/g - 27.73 mg/g for methylene blue dye. Within the same range of bed height, the amount of dye adsorbed ranged from 16.40 mg/g - 25.60 mg/g for Bismarck brown y dye, and 12.57 mg/g - 17.71 mg for indigo dye.
Natural ageing of stabilized and unustabilized ldpe films used as greenhouses...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This article focuses on the study of both stabilized and unstabilized low-density polyethylene films aged under natural weathering in the middle of Morocco (Sidi Kacem city). The study was undertaken on three samples for each LDPE films: a new sample taken as reference; another exposed to outdoor weathering for one year; and a sample exposed for two years.
The outdoor exposure effects were followed by analysis of the total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). This technique provides information on the main chemical functions and evaluates the internal causes of natural ageing of our samples. The infrared spectra show the formation of hydroperoxides -O-OH, carbonyls >C=O, aliphatic esters R-(CO)-O-R, ether R-O-R, vinyl C=C, vinylidene >C=CH2 and trans-vinylene RHC=CRH in the amorphous regions. These compounds lead to initiate the mechanism of photo-oxidation of the unstabilized LDPE samples. Therefore, the increase in the formation of oxidation products into the aged samples (LDPEUS) indicates an accelerated degradation of these latter on climatic factors (UV, O2, humidity, rain ...). The UV stabilizer (free radicals scavengers) added to the formulation of LDPE films can delay the attack of the amorphous phase and prevent the formation of compounds that can cause and accelerate photo-oxidation. The results obtained by the infrared have been confirmed by observing the morphology of the samples with scanning electron microscopy technology (SEM).
Keywords: LDPE, Photo-oxidation, Natural ageing, UV stabilizer, ATR-FTIR, SEM
Biofabrication of Silver Nanoparticles Using the Aqueous Extract of Weaver An...BRNSS Publication Hub
Environment has created creative and well-designed ways for developing nanomaterials having intriguing properties. Nanotechnology is having hope to open new avenues to combat and avert diseases using atomic-level fabrication of materials. Herein, we demonstrate the fabrication of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of weaver ant’s (Oecophylla smaragdina) nest and its characterization using valuable techniques such as ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy analysis. Cytotoxicity of newly synthesized silver nanoparticles was analyzed using the Vero cells. By analyzing the results critically, it is hypothesized that synthesis and stabilization of silver nanoparticles were achieved using the molecules present in the aqueous extract of O. smaragdina nest.
Multi-layered materials are commonly used in various industries and may alter the mechanical, acoustic and optical properties of materials. Identifying the chemical composition of different layers by studying the cross section of a multi-layered film is important in research and development of composite materials. This presentation showcases the use of an FTIR microscope to acquire high-resolution data of the cross section of composite films. Analysis of the FTIR spectra helps to understand the formulation of different layers of polymer film.
Enlargement of biologically stimulated
investigational processes for the synthesis of nanoparticles is
budding into an important branch of nanotechnology. Eco
responsive methods of green mediated synthesis of nanoparticles
are the present research in the extremity of nanotechnology. The
bioreduction behavior of leaf extracts of Morinda citrifolia L.
(Rubiaceae) in the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles was
investigated employing UV/Visible Spectrophotometry, Particle
size analyzer, Zeta potential, Filed emission scanning electron
microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis and FourierTransform
Infrared Spectroscopy. The antifungal property of the
silver nanoparticles was tested against Candida albicans,
Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei. The Antifungal assay
tests Zone of inhibition revealed the concentrations of more than
10µl of silver nanoparticles were inhibited the growth of fungal
pathogens.
Porosity and the Magnetic Properties of Aluminium Doped Nickel Ferriteijtsrd
The nanocrystalline particles of Aluminium Al doped nickel Ni ferrites with general formula NiAlxFe2 xO4 x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 were synthesized by sol gel auto combustion technique. The formation of single phase cubic spinel was confirmed by X ray diffraction analyses. Morphological features of the samples are studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM to examine the particle size, shape and homogeneity of sample. The magnetic hysteresis graphs were obtained to understand their magnetic behaviours. The relative permeability µr of AlNi ferrite samples shows a decrease for all samples as Al content increases. Sandar Oo | Ye Wint Tun | Shwe Zin Oo "Porosity and the Magnetic Properties of Aluminium Doped Nickel Ferrite" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25240.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/25240/porosity-and-the-magnetic-properties-of-aluminium-doped-nickel-ferrite/sandar-oo
Chemical Examination Of Sandbox (Hura Crepitans) Seed: Proximate, Elemental A...IOSRJAC
A study in terms of proximate, elemental and fatty acid contents of (Hura crepitans) seed was investigated using standard analytical techniques. The results of proximate composition in % were as follows: moisture 12.82 ± 0.01, crude protein 24.76 ±0.04, crude fibre 10.15 ± 0.03, fat 10.68 ± 0.01, ash 3.16 ± 0.02 and carbohydrate 34.75 ± 0.05. The elemental composition of the seed showed Na, K, Ca and Mg in mg/100g to be 6.00 ± 0.01, 123.00 ± 0.02, 10.40 ± 0.03, 112.00 ± 0.01 respectively while other elements determined in mg/kg were Fe and Zn with 7.10 ±0.04 and 2.60± 0.01. The (%) free fatty acid compositions of the seed oil were as follows: lauric (1.310 ±0.015), palmitic (0.389 ±0.012), palmitoleic (1.211 ±0.013), stearic (2.436 ± 0.004), oleic (6.138 ±0.003), linoleic (8.625 ±0.001) and linolenic (2.469 ± 0.102). The results revealed linoleic and oleic acids to be the most common in terms of abundance while palmitic acid was the least. The seed of Hura crepitans could be described as a good food because it contained significant amount of essential nutrients required by man.
Rapid Prediction of Extractives and Polyphenolic Contents in Pinus caribaea B...Waqas Tariq
The potential of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for rapidly and accurately determining the extractives and polyphenol contents in Pinus caribaea bark extracts was assessed. Pinus caribaea bark samples were obtained from 110 trees in plantation stands at different locations of Ghana and were then scanned by NIRS. Their extractives and polyphenol contents reference values were obtained by TAPPI T204 om-88 and Folin-Ciocalteu methods respectively. These reference values were regressed against different spectral transformations using partial least square (PLS) regression. First derivative transformation equation of the raw spectral data, resulted in a coefficient of determination r2 in the external validation of 0.91 and 0.97 respectively for extractives content and polyphenol content. The calibration samples covered a wide range of extractives content from 34 – 45% and polyphenolic content from 16 – 23.5%. The standard deviation to root mean square error of cross validation ratio (SD/RMSECV), root mean square error of calibration to standard deviation ratio (RMSEC/SD), RMSECV/RMSEC and r2 for both extractives and polyphenol models were indicative of good prediction equations. The predicted values were thus highly correlated with time-consuming wet chemical measured values of extractives content and polyphenol content. The use of NIRS for the determination of the extractives and polyphenol contents in Pinus caribaea bark thus provides an advantage of time saving and cost of analysis.
Production of electricity from agricultural soil and dye industrial effluent ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Production of electricity from agricultural soil and dye industrial effluent ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) or biological fuel cells are biochemical system that drives energy by mimicking bacterial interactions found in nature. It converts chemical energy into electrical energy without any combustion reactions being carried out. In our research, soil MFC was constructed and bioelectricity was harvested from two different types of soil samples such as agricultural soil and dye industrial effluent soil. The production of electricity was measured by using power measurements and it was compared for both the soil samples. The dye industrial effluent soil produced 0.93V of electricity continuously for 650 hours whereas the agricultural soil produces 0.82V for 400 hours. Key words: Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC’s), agriculture soil, dye industrial effluent soil, power measurement, electricity.
Similar to Comparative Analysis of Inkjet Printer Inks Extracted from Printed Documents by FT-IR Spectrophotometry (20)
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
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The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
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Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
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Comparative Analysis of Inkjet Printer Inks Extracted from Printed Documents by FT-IR Spectrophotometry
1. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC)
e-ISSN: 2278-5736.Volume 5, Issue 3 (Sep. – Oct. 2013), PP 36-41
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 36 | Page
Comparative Analysis of Inkjet Printer Inks Extracted from
Printed Documents by FT-IR Spectrophotometry
Rashmi Sharma1
, Kavita Goyal2
, Amit Chattree3
, T.R.Baggi4
, A.K.Gupta5
1. Senior Research Fellow, Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Ramanthapur, Hyderabad, A.P.500013,
India.
2. Senior Scientific Officer, Forensic Science Laboratory, Rohini, Delhi-110085, India.
3. Head, Department of Chemistry, SHIATS, Allahabad, U.P.-211007, India.
4. Academic Coordinator, Forensic Science Unit, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science,
Osmania University, Hyderabad, A.P. 500007, India.
5. Head, Department of Forensic Science, SHIATS, Allahabad, U.P.-211007, India.
Abstract: Primary coloured inks i.e. Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black used in inkjet printers were extracted
from the printed document and analyzed in order to identify the possible functional groups using Infrared (IR)
spectroscopic technique. Experiments were conducted on the all four primary inks and the results are presented.
The technique can provide valuable information if an admitted sample is provided for comparison with the
suspect printed document.
Keywords: Functional Group, Inkjet Printing, Infrared Spectroscopy, Printer, Printed Document.
I. Introduction
Determination of authenticity of a document is based on many factors. Characterization of
writing/printing instruments used to produce the document such as ink; paper etc may be a leading step in the
investigation. Many instrumental analytical techniques are available to determine the actual composition of dyes
and other compounds present in inkjet printer inks. The IR technique is one of the techniques which can
provides important information about the commercially available printer inks (Yuen et al, 2005). IR
spectroscopy deals with the infra red region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The IR portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum is usually divided into three regions; the near-IR (approximately 14000–4000 cm−1
),
mid-IR (4000–400 cm−1
) and far- infrared (400–10 cm−1
). The near-IR can excite overtone or harmonic
vibrations, the mid-infrared may be used to study the fundamental vibrations and associated rotational-
vibrational structure whereas the far-infrared has low energy and may be used for rotational spectroscopy. IR
spectroscopy is based upon the ability of certain compounds to absorb radiation by interaction of IR radiation
with the molecular bonds of the sample. Absorption occurs when the molecular bond has a vibrational frequency
equal to the IR radiation. The wavelengths at which a measured absorption occurs correspond to specific
functional groups. This information can be interpreted to characterize the compounds.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is used to obtain an infrared spectrum of a solid,
liquid or gas. In the Fourier Transform instrument the whole wavelength range is measured at once and then a
transmittance or absorbance spectrum is generated with the help of a computer. Analysis of the position, shape
and intensity of peaks in the spectrum reveals details about the molecular structure of the sample. A simple glass
tube with length of 5 to 10 cm equipped with infrared windows at the both ends of the tube can be used for
concentrations down to several hundred ppm. Sample gas concentrations well below ppm can be measured with
a White's cell in which the infrared light is guided with mirrors to travel through the gas. Liquid samples can be
sandwiched between two plates of highly polished transparent sodium chloride, potassium bromide or calcium
fluoride. These plates are transparent to the infrared light.
Solid samples can be prepared in a variety of ways such as by finely mixing the fine powder sample
with an oily mulling agent (usually Nujol) in a marble or agate mortar, with a pestle. A thin film of the mull is
smeared onto salt plates and measured. The second method is to grind a quantity of the sample with potassium
bromide finely. This powder mixture is then pressed in a mechanical press to form a translucent pellet through
which the beam of the spectrometer can pass. A third technique is the "cast film" technique mainly used for
polymeric materials and most suitable for qualititative analysis. The sample is first dissolved in a suitable, non
hygroscopic solvent. A drop of this solution is deposited on surface of KBr or NaCl cell. The solution is then
evaporated to dryness and the film formed on the cell is analyzed directly. The final method is to use microtomy
to cut a thin (20–100 µm) film from a solid sample. IR technique can provide valuable information about the
chemical composition of a material (Kan, et al., 2000; Wen, 2004; Huang, 2004) with convenient sample
analysis.
2. Comparative Analysis of Inkjet Printer Inks Extracted from Printed Documents by FT-IR
www.iosrjournals.org 37 | Page
As little work has been done on the analysis and comparison of inkjet printer ink by this technique, in the
present work an attempt has been made to examine the ink of ink jet printer extracted from printed documents
by preparing the KBr pellet and to generate characteristic IR spectra.
II. Experimental
2.1 Sampling
Thirty two (32) coloured printouts each containing four rectangular blocks of cyan, magenta, yellow
and black colour were printed from inkjet printers of four leading manufacturers. White paper of A4 size from
same company was used to take all samples. The colours were selected by following RGB model. All four
printed colour i.e. cyan, magenta, yellow and black from each printout were extracted and analyzed. A total of
32 x 4=128 samples were analyzed and interpreted.
The four leading brands were marked as A, B, C and D and their different models were marked as 1, 2,
3 and so on. The samples were given marking as 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,26,27,28,30,31,32 for different models
of brand ‘A’ , 16,18,19,23,24,29 for different models of brand ‘B’, 12,13,20,21 for different models of brand ‘C’
and 14,15,17,22,25 for different models of brand ‘D’.
2.2 Separation of ink from printed Document
A coloured squared block of constant area was taken from the sample document and cut into small
pieces. The pieces of paper were then transferred to 15 mL beaker and titurated with 10 ml of methanol. The
sample was then allowed to be extracted at room temperature with intermittent shaking. The methanol extract
was then transferred to 10 ml volumetric flasks after filtering through a Whatman No.1 filter paper. The extract
was made up to 10 ml.
The same procedure was followed for all samples for cyan, magenta, yellow and black. In order to
avoid any interference and to record the response of matrix i.e. paper and the reagent i.e. methanol towards IR,
the blank samples of matrix and reagent were also prepared following the same procedure.
2.3 Preparing Pellet for Scanning
Two (2) ml of methanolic solution was taken in a china dish and evaporated at room temperature to
dryness and heated briefly in an oven. The residue was scratched from the walls of china dish and mixed
intimately with dry KBr. After this process pellets were prepared by using a pellet maker. The same procedure
was followed for all samples of Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black Colour.
2.4Scanning of Samples
A FT-IR Spectrometer from Perkin Elmer model Spectrum GX with attached Multiscope IR
Microscope, Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT) detector and computer system with spectrum software was
utilized to scan the samples. A resolution of 8 cm-1
and gain of 4 were set for the experiments. 32 scans were
averaged for each sample. The Pellets were then scanned in the IR beam and the spectrum was recorded in the
range of 3500 to 400 wave number-1
cm in transmittance mode.
The extract from the blank paper, used for the sampling, was also recorded as background spectrum. After
scanning of pellets the spectra were normalized in order to reduce the noise. The reproducibility of the results
was checked 3 times on 3 different days at an interval of 5 days. The samples were prepared by following the
same procedure every time and scanned keeping the same settings.
III. Results And Discussion
The analysis of IR spectra was carried out by referring the table for regions of the Infrared spectrum for
preliminary analysis (Lambert et al. 1998). The different coloured samples of computer printing inks from the
document were extracted from the documents (causing minimum damage of the document) and analyzed after
preparing KBr pellets. The IR spectra obtained show highly characteristic absorption bands depending upon the
compositions of the printer inks. In the rapidly changing technology in the computer printing inks based on
various physicochemical parameters such as fastness, stability, toxicity and appearance etc large number of
ingredients (dyes, resins, solvents, surfactants, biocides, corrosion inhibitors, shear thinning agents, lubricants,
etc) which are constantly being changed, reviewed and introduced lot of inter-manufacturer variations can be
expected. These minute variations help a document examiner to compare and discriminate between large
numbers of computer printing inks.
In the following pages comparative spectra of five samples of black computer printer inks obtained
during this study are presented. After the analysis it can be generalized that every printer ink batch exhibits
characteristic IR spectra whereas different brands of ink cartridge exhibit different characteristic IR spectra.
Note the similar spectra for all the sample with a negligible variation. Some common ingredients in different
brands give similar IR spectral bands for those components. Two inks extracts from the same cartridge on the
3. Comparative Analysis of Inkjet Printer Inks Extracted from Printed Documents by FT-IR
www.iosrjournals.org 38 | Page
same paper exhibit similar IR spectra. Two inks extracts from the different cartridges of the same brands on the
same paper exhibit broader similarities but subtle differences. Two ink extracts from different cartridges of
different brands on the same paper exhibit marked differences. When certain admitted/specimen colour printouts
are analyzed for comparison with the questioned print outs by the proposed technique it was possible to identify
the printer inks by processes of exclusion and inclusion.
The similar work was carried out for Cyan, Magenta and Yellow colored printed inkjet inks and
similarly we can find out the possible functional group and compound present in ink. The results obtained were
found suitable for the comparison of printed ink of various brands. The difference between various samples of
ink can be seen by observing at the intensity of main peak, the pattern of each spectrum and the absence or
presence of some characteristic bands. It is possible to examine inks from printed documents. The technique is
rapid and sample requirement is very small. The method is simple and provides rapid, reproducible method to
differentiate inks using negligibly small portion from an insignificant area of the document.
Table 2: Possible functional groups and compounds present in Black coloured inks
Region (cm-1
) Group Possible Compounds Present
3700-3100 -OH
-NH
≡C-H
Alcohol, aldehyde, carboxylic acids
Amides, amines
Alkynes
3100-3000 =C-H
-CH2 or –CH=CH-
Aromatic compounds
Alkenes or unsaturated rings
3000-2800 CH, -CH2-, -CH3 Aliphatic groups
2400-2000 -C≡N
-N=N+
=N-
-C≡C-
Nitriles
Azides
Alkynes
1870-1650 C=O Acid halides, aldehydes, amides, amino acids, anhydrides, carboxylic acids,
esters, ketones, lactams, lactones, quinines
1650-1550 C=C, C=N, NH Unsaturated aliphatics, aromatics, unsaturated heterocycles, amides, amines,
amino acids
1550-1300 NO2
CH3 and CH2
Nitro compound
Alkanes, Alkenes,etc
1300-1000 C-O-C and C-OH
S=O, P=O, C-F
Ethers, alcohols, sugars
Sulphur, phosphorus, and fluorine compounds
1100-800 Si-O and P-O Organosilicon and phosphorus compounds
1000-650 =C-H
-NH
Alkenes and aromatic compounds
Aliphatic amines
800-400 C-halogen
Aromatic rings
Halogen compounds
Aromatic compounds
The analysis of IR spectrum for single bonds to hydrogen, for double bonds C=O, C=N, C=C, N=N etc, for
aromatic compounds that exhibit characteristic bands in several regions and in the fingerprint region the bands
show:
(i) H-bonded -OH with - O- H stretching at alcohol was observed for sample no.1-5, 7-23, 25-32.
at 3300-2500 cm-1
.
(ii) H-bonded -OH with - O- H bending at 1440-1395 cm-1
were present in sample no. 8,10,11,14,15,19,22
26,32 and 950-910 cm-1
in Sample no. 1-3,8,11,15,16,22,23,25,28,32.
(iii) For Aldehyde, carboxylic acids and alkynes the bands were present at 3600-3200cm-1
and observed in
Sample no. 1-8, 10-11, 15, 16, 18-19, 22, 24-26, 28-29, 32.
(iv) =N-H with N-H stretching at 3500-3300 cm-1
was observed in 1-6, 8, 10-11, 15, 16, 18-19, 22, 24-26,
29, 32.
(v) –NH2 with N-H bending at 1650-1560 cm-1
were observed in sample no. 1-16,20-32 were absent in all
the other samples.
(vi) =CH with saturated C- H stretching at 3000-2800 cm-1
for aliphatic compounds were present in Sample
no. 1-13,16,19-23,25,27-30,32.
(vii) =CH with C-H bending at 1000-650 cm-1 for Alkenes, Aromatic compounds present in Sample no.1-
8,10-12,16,19-20,22-30-32.
(viii) For double bonds C=O at
(a) 1740-1720 cm-1
for Aldehydes observed in sample no. 1,2,3,5,7,8,10,11,12,15,16,20,26,28,32.
(b) 1750-1730 cm-1
for Esters present in sample no.1-12, 16, 20, 26, 28,30,32.
(c) 1680-1630 cm-1
for Amides observed in sample no.1-11, 16, 22-28, 30, 32.
4. Comparative Analysis of Inkjet Printer Inks Extracted from Printed Documents by FT-IR
www.iosrjournals.org 39 | Page
(ix) Conjugated cyclic system of C=N with C=N stretching at 1690-1640 cm-1
for Imines & Oximes
observed in 1-11,16-18,22-25,27-30,32.
(x) C=C conjugated with aromatic ring with C=C stretching at ῀1625cm-1
observed in
12,14,15,16,19,26,27.
(xi) N=N stretching at 1500-1400 cm-1
were observed in sample no.1-11,13,15-19,21-30,32.
(xii) C-O-C,C-OH, S=O,P=O,C-F at 1300-1000 cm-1 for ethers, alcohols, Sulfur, phosphorus and
fluorine compounds were present in sample no.1-12,14-16,18-20,22-30,32.
(xiii) O bonded Si and P for Organosilicon and phosphorus compounds at 1100-800 cm-1
were observed for
sample no.1-7, 12-15, 17-18, 20-25, and 27-30.
(xiv) C-halogen aromatic rings at 800-400 cm-1
for halogen and aromatic compounds were observed as several
weak bands in all samples.
Figure:-1 FT-IR comparitive spectra of five samples of black colour ink for brand ‘A’.
There is a need of the hour to develop tools based on the pattern recognition or image processing
techniques. Djozen et al, 2008 developed software in MATLAB tool based on the intensity profile of RGB
characteristics for the discrimination of pen inks after TLC analysis. Such tools can also successfully be
employed for the examination of printing inks. Besides the other tools should be developed based on the pattern
recognition techniques and utilize for the quick comparison of ink from the forensic point of view. Fig 2 shows
the typical graphical representation of spectra obtained after FT-IR analysis for all samples of cyan ink which
shows clear visible differences between the inks of different brands. The discrimination and comparison
between various brands of printer inks is possible for forensic document examination purposes with high degree
of certainity as the printer inks are multicomponent, based on the proprietary nature for commercial
considerations there is qualitative / quantitative variation, which enables discernation. In this work only
qualitative comparative studies were carried out which have given satisfactory results suitable for forensic
document examination. Further work is planned by using pattern recognition techniques and quantitative
evaluation of each component of the printer inks which could enhance the certainity levels further for the
comparison of printer inks.
A 1
A 10
111
KK1
0C1
010
10
A 11
A 3
A 2
5. Comparative Analysis of Inkjet Printer Inks Extracted from Printed Documents by FT-IR
www.iosrjournals.org 40 | Page
Figure:-2 Typical graphical representation of spectra obtained FT-IR analysis of cyan colour of all four
brands.
IV. Conclusion
The proposed method of infra red spectroscopy, though strictly not nondestructive but it could be used
for examination of inks on documents taking extremely small (negligible portion) of the sample from an
unimportant area of the document with the permission of the court. Further Pattern recognition techniques could
be used which allow forensic examination of ink in short duration of time. The sample preparation technique is
simple and the analytical procedure is fast, reproducible and discernable. It is a simple, direct and reproducible
method of comparing computer printing inks.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to acknowledge the Directorate of Forensic Science Services, MHA, New Delhi
for providing financial support for this research work. Thanks are due to Dr.V.K.Goel, Director (Retd.),
Forensic Science Laboratory, Delhi for giving instrumental facilities in the laboratory.
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