The document provides information on several types of testing machines: 1. An X-ray diffraction machine is described that uses Bragg's Law to determine the atomic structure of crystals. 2. A drying rate tester measures the time it takes for a fabric to dry using a heated plate and sensors. 3. A differential scanning calorimeter precisely controls and measures the temperature of samples and references to determine thermal transitions like glass transitions, melting points, and reaction kinetics.

1. X RayDiffraction
• Machine Specification : PROTO Manufacturing AXRD powder diffraction system
• Model No: AXRD-B
• Principle : Bragg’s Law
• Theory :
 Monochromatic radiation required for X-ray diffraction.
 Energy :100eV to 100keV
 Wavelength: .01 to 10 nm
 Used to determine the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal , % crystallinity and % amorphous.
 Bragg’s Equation : n λ=2dsinθ
• Main components:
 X Ray Source
 Sample holder
• X Ray Detector

2. Applications:
• ⦿ It gives information about only crystallinity of a fiber.
• ⦿ It gives information about internal structure of the fiber.
• ⦿ It gives information about the shape of scattering particles.
• ⦿ It gives information about the distribution of spacing between the particles.

3. Drying Rate Tester
MACHINE SPECIFICATION :
Model - RF4008HP
Type - Heated Plate
TESTING PRINCIPLE :
Based on the principle of a wetted fabric treated against the heat source with air flow, the heated plate will evaporate the water in the fabric to
maintain the temperature with it ( i.e, level the temperature) and determine whether the textile has become completely dry.
MACHINE PARTS :
• Metal plate
• Fan
• Water cup
• I.R. Temperature sensor
• Air velocity sensor
• Metal plate

4. Differential scanning calorimetry [DSC]
 INTRODUCTION:
• Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique was developed by E.S. Watson M.J. One ill in 1960, and introduced commercially at the Pittsburgh Conference on
Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy in 1963.
• This technique is used to study what happens to polymers/samples upon heating.
• It is used to study thermal transitions of a polymer/sample (the changes that take place on heating) Need to know about the calorimeter.
• It is one who measures the heat in or out of the sample. and differential calorimeter is one who measures.
• The heat of the sample relative to the reference. and the differential scanning calorimeter does all of the above functions and heats the sample with the linear
temperature.
• Both the sample and reference are maintained at nearly the same temperature throughout the experiment in DSC.
 PRINCIPLE:
• It is a technique in which the energy necessary to establish a zero-temperature difference between the sample & reference material is measured as a function of
temperature.
• Here, sample & reference material are heated by separate heaters in such a way that their temp is kept equal while these temp. are increased or decreased linearly.
• During heating two types of reactions can be take place one is the endothermic and the other is the exothermic.
 APPLICATIONS
• Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is the most frequently used thermal analysis technique alongside TGA, TMA and DMA.
• DSC is used to measure enthalpy changes due to changes in the physical and chemical properties of a material as a function of temperature or time. The method
allows you to identify and characterize materials. Differential scanning calorimetry is fast, very sensitive and easy to use.

5.  What can DSC measure?
 Glass transitions
 Melting and boiling points
 Crystallisation time and temperature
 Percent crystallinity
 Heats of fusion and reactions
 Specific heat capacity
 Oxidative/thermal stability
 Reaction kinetics
 Purity

6. Narrow Loom
 Narrow fabrics using materials such as polypropylene, polyester, cotton, nylon, carbon, dyneema, aramid are more suitable for a wide range of applications such as garments, bags,
shoelaces, fancy ribbons, sandals, wrist bands, safety belts, waist belts, and industrial belts.
Machine Specification:
 Weaving Width: 20 inches (maximum)
 Speed: 75 picks per minute, if full width utilised.
 Weft Insertion System: Single Pick insertion by Rapier weaving technology for Eight Weft with different Counts and colours can be inserted
 Shedding: 24 Heald frames including Leno Selvedges frame.
 Beat - Up: Beat up is controlled by Servo Motor, suitable for heavy fabric also.
 Take Up: Weft density can be changed freely within the same weave by electronic controller.
 Warp Let-off: Positive electronically controlled. Digital display of warp tension. Optional second beam assembly available.
 Loom Stop Motions: Loom stops at warp or weft breakage.
 Design: Special software for innovative fabric designs.
 Power: 220V Single phase, 50-60Hz

7. Hydrostatic Head Tester TF163C
Hydrostatic Head Tester, used for determining the resistance of fabrics (canvas, coated fabrics, cover cloth, rainproof clothing fabrics, and geotextile materials) and films to water
penetration under pressure while firmly clamped in the test rig of standard area.
For special medical protective clothing compression-folding (Schildknecht) flex cracking resistance testing, this hydrostatic head tester is also capable of doing extra tests when it fails the
flex cracking resistance test, which defined in standards like EN 14126 – 2003, EN14325, EN ISO 7854.
Principle
Test principle: dynamic testing, static testing and custom procedural law test for detecting water-repellent properties of textiles under a certain pressure. The sample is fixed on the standard
test area by air compressor will 0-5bar distilled water added to a full tank, the tank directly connected to the test head, a certain amount of pressure delivered to the sample. When the
pressure curve shown in real time on the operator screen, built-in a variety of testing standards, in order to convenience for user-friendly.
Standards
Medical Masks and Protective Clothing: EN 14126 – 2003, EN14325, EN ISO 7854
AATCC 127, ISO 811/1420A, EN 20811,GB/T 4744

8. THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYZER
 MACHINE SPECIFICATION
• Model No. – TGA 4000 PerkinElmer
• Maximum Temperature - 1000°C
• Technology Type – Thermal Analysis
• Weight – 16kg
 WORKING PRINCIPLE
A TGA analysis is performed by gradually rising the temperature of a sample in furnace as its weight is measured as an analytical balance that remains outside of the
furnace.
 MACHINE PARTS
• Small furnace volume
• Sensitive top loading balance
• Ceramic furnace
• Sample Thermocouple
• Fast cooling furnace
• Sample purge gas

9. SINGLE END WARPING MACHINE