Chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures into their individual components. It works by passing a mixture through a stationary material that separates the components at different rates based on properties like size and solubility. This document provides an overview of chromatography, including definitions of key terms like mixture, compound, solution, solute and solvent. It also describes different types of chromatography like liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, thin-layer chromatography and paper chromatography. Paper chromatography is demonstrated as an example where ink mixtures travel at different rates up a paper strip when placed in water, separating the different pigment colors.

1. Chromatography8th Grade Forensic ScienceT. Trimpe 2006 http://sciencespot.net/

2. What is chromatography?We can use chromatography to separate the components of inks and dyes, such as those found in pens, markers, clothing, and even candy shells. Chromatography can also be used to separate the colored pigments in plants. http://members.shaw.ca/vict/chemistry_test3.htmFrom Wikipedia ...Chromatography (from Greek word for chroma, colour) is the collective term for a family of laboratory techniques for the separation of mixtures. It involves passing a mixture which contains the analyte through a stationary phase, which separates it from other molecules in the mixture and allows it to be isolated. Which means ...Chromatography is the physical separation of a mixture into its individual components.

3. A few basics ...Mixture – Two or more substances that are mixed together, but not chemically combined. Examples of mixtures ...Air – mixture of gasesBowl of cereal – mixture of cereal and milkSoda pop – mixture of soda syrup, water, and CO2 gasFog –water suspended in airKool-Aid – mixture of water, sugar, and flavor crystalsCompounds – Two or more elements that are chemically combined.Examples of compounds ...Salt –Sodium and chlorine combined chemicallyWater –Hydrogen and oxygen combined chemically Carbon Dioxide – Carbon and oxygen combined chemically

4. SolutionsSolutions are mixtures in which one substance is dissolved in another.Solutions have two parts: solute and solvent The solute is the substance that is dissolved. The solvent is the substance that does the dissolvingIdentify the solute and solvent in each solution ...Solubility - A measure of how much of a given substance will dissolve in a liquid. A substance that does not dissolve in water is called insoluble. A substance that does dissolve in water is called soluble.

5. Types of ChromatographyLiquid Chromatography is used in the world to test water samples to look for pollution in lakes and rivers. It is used to analyze metal ions and organic compounds in solutions. Liquid chromatography uses liquids which may incorporate insoluble molecules. Gas Chromatography is used in airports to detect bombs and is used is forensics in many different ways. It is used to analyze fibers on a persons body and also analyze blood found at a crime scene. Helium is used to move a gaseous mixture through a column of absorbent material. Thin-layer Chromatography uses an absorbent material on flat glass or plastic plates. It is used to detect pesticide or insecticide residues in food. Thin-layer chromatography is also used in forensics to analyze the dye composition of fibers. Paper Chromatography is one of the most common types of chromatography. It uses a strip of paper and capillary action is used to pull the solvents up through the paper to separate the solutes.

6. Distance pigments traveledRF=Distance water traveledRF FactorBecause molecules in ink and other mixtures have different characteristics (such as size and solubility), they travel at different speeds when pulled along a piece of paper by a solvent (water). For example, black ink contains several colors. When the water flows through a word written in black, the molecules of each one of the colors behave differently, resulting in a sort of “rainbow” effect with the colors separating out at different rates.We can determine the RF (or retardation factor) by measuring the distance the pigments traveled up the strip and the distance the water traveled. You will need to calculate the RF for each of the colors that are present in a sample.

7. PencilPaperTape – Label with markerInkDirectionsObtain the supplies you’ll need from your teacher.Beaker with a small amount of water Paper stripsPencilMarkers for testingMasking tapeTimerCut the strip so that it will be at the correct height – long enough to reach the top level of the water. Write the pen number on the strip using a pencil or permanent marker.Use one of the testing markers to place one line on the paper strip at about ¼ inch from the bottom. You don’t want the ink line to touch the water.Tape the top of the strip to a pencil and hang in the water for 5 minutes.Remove the strip from the water and use a pencil to mark the line between the wet and dry portions of the strip. Use the ruler to make the measurements of each color for RF data and then allow the strip to dry.

8. Let's give it a try ...