Fricke-gel dosimeters proved to be suitable tools to perform 3D radiotherapy pre-treatment dosimetry. The tissue equivalent gel matrix helpsto preserve the spatial information of the dose. Several gel matrices proved to be suitable for dosimetric purposes. The influence of the gel matrices on both system dose response and diffusion processwasinvestigated. Three gel matrices were considered: Gelatinfrom porcine skin, Agaroseand polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) cross-linked with glutaraldehyde(GTA). In these systems, Xylenol-Orange (XO), an iron(III)chelator, forms red-colored complexeswith Fe3+ that eases the optical determination of the dose. However, the dose evaluationresults to be affectedbydifferent XO-Fe3+ complexes that absorb at different wavelengths. In particular,this phenomenon influences the dose response, the calibration curveand the dose threshold.Therefore, a deeper study of the XO-Fe3+ speciation mechanism could lead to a more accurate evaluation of the dose. A novel procedure, based on a laser-beam irradiation, was implemented for the diffusion process evaluation. The diffusion coefficients were calculated for the three gel matrices tested. PVAmatrix proved to highly limit the diffusion with respect to the other matrices. Further investigations are needed to verify the influence of XO-Fe3+complexeson the diffusion phenomenon.
This document discusses various pre-formulation studies including analytical methods used to characterize drug substances and formulations. It describes techniques such as microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) that are used to investigate the physical and chemical properties of drugs and excipients alone and in combination. Specific application and procedures for each technique are provided with examples.
SPECTROSCOPIC METHOD DEVELOPMENT FOR LOSARTON POTASSIUM IN TABLET By Ninad M...Ninad Phadke
This document summarizes the development of a UV spectroscopic method for the quantitative analysis of losartan potassium in tablet formulations. The method involves establishing the wavelength of maximum absorbance of losartan potassium in solvent, constructing a calibration curve, and using the curve to determine the concentration of losartan potassium in tablet samples. The method was validated through accuracy, precision and recovery studies. Results showed the method is simple, precise, rapid and suitable for routine analysis of losartan potassium in tablets.
NEAFS_DSA_FTIR_Image_NBOMes and LSD_PosterAmanda Moore
1) FTIR chemical imaging spectroscopy and DSA-TOFMS were used to analyze fortified blotter paper samples containing NBOMe designer drugs and LSD without sample preparation.
2) FTIR was able to spatially separate LSD from paper components using a library match. Preliminary results also separated NBOMe from paper but with lower correlation.
3) High spatial resolution is needed to isolate drugs from paper but limits the analysis area. Additional case samples are needed to validate the method for this matrix.
A polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) acrylic sample cell using flow injection is developed in this research for the determination of nitrite in an aqueous media. The research focuses on exhibiting direct absorbance spectrophotometry of nitrite using concentration of samples ranging from 0.1078 to 1.725 ppm. Nitrite determination is done colorimetrically using the Greiss reagent method. This method is based on the reaction of nitrite with sulphanilamide acid and N-1-napthylamine (NED) utilizing diazo coupling, and a syringe is used to administer the nitrite solution. The sample cell being used possesses a diameter of 1
mm with an overall size of 7.35×22 mm2. To gauge the direct absorbance, a wavelength range from 400 to 650 nm has been selected for the testing, and the maximum absorbance is found to be at 545 nm. The validity of the proposed cell is explained in this letter.
This document summarizes research on using magnetic nanoparticle-impregnated wheat straw (Fe3O4-MWS) for removing methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions. Key findings include:
- Fe3O4-MWS was synthesized and characterized using SEM, XRD, FTIR. SEM showed nano-Fe3O4 well dispersed on wheat straw. XRD and FTIR confirmed nano-Fe3O4 loading.
- Adsorption tests examined the effects of parameters like contact time, dye concentration, adsorbent dosage and pH. Pseudo-second order kinetics and Sips isotherm model best fit the data.
- Maximum adsorption capacity was
The document analyzes the microstructure of fumed silica reinforced polyester composites. Various composite samples were created with different weight fractions of fumed silica filler added to unsaturated polyester resin. The samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that increasing the fumed silica filler content decreased the crystallinity of the composites. Functional groups in the composites also tended to decrease with higher filler loadings. The study revealed that adding fumed silica particles has a significant effect on the microstructure of polyester-fumed silica composites.
This document discusses various NMR techniques for ligand screening in drug discovery. It begins by providing background on the increasing role of NMR in drug research due to its ability to sensitively detect molecular interactions and provide structural information. The document then reviews both ligand-observed and target-observed NMR screening techniques, describing methods based on changes in molecular diffusion, relaxation, and intramolecular or intermolecular magnetization transfer upon ligand binding. Specific techniques discussed include saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR, transferred nuclear Overhauser effect (trNOE), and NOE pumping. The review concludes by noting the dual importance of NMR for drug screening and structure-based drug design.
This study evaluated solvent treatments to effectively stain intracellular lipids in microalgal cells using the fluorescent dye Nile red. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was found to be the most effective solvent for permeabilizing cell membranes and allowing Nile red to penetrate thick, rigid cell walls of Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii. DMSO treatment removed photosynthetic pigments from cells and caused some intracellular lipids to leak out, which was accounted for. A strong correlation was observed between Nile red fluorescence measurements of treated cells and gravimetrically determined lipid content.
This document discusses various pre-formulation studies including analytical methods used to characterize drug substances and formulations. It describes techniques such as microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) that are used to investigate the physical and chemical properties of drugs and excipients alone and in combination. Specific application and procedures for each technique are provided with examples.
SPECTROSCOPIC METHOD DEVELOPMENT FOR LOSARTON POTASSIUM IN TABLET By Ninad M...Ninad Phadke
This document summarizes the development of a UV spectroscopic method for the quantitative analysis of losartan potassium in tablet formulations. The method involves establishing the wavelength of maximum absorbance of losartan potassium in solvent, constructing a calibration curve, and using the curve to determine the concentration of losartan potassium in tablet samples. The method was validated through accuracy, precision and recovery studies. Results showed the method is simple, precise, rapid and suitable for routine analysis of losartan potassium in tablets.
NEAFS_DSA_FTIR_Image_NBOMes and LSD_PosterAmanda Moore
1) FTIR chemical imaging spectroscopy and DSA-TOFMS were used to analyze fortified blotter paper samples containing NBOMe designer drugs and LSD without sample preparation.
2) FTIR was able to spatially separate LSD from paper components using a library match. Preliminary results also separated NBOMe from paper but with lower correlation.
3) High spatial resolution is needed to isolate drugs from paper but limits the analysis area. Additional case samples are needed to validate the method for this matrix.
A polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) acrylic sample cell using flow injection is developed in this research for the determination of nitrite in an aqueous media. The research focuses on exhibiting direct absorbance spectrophotometry of nitrite using concentration of samples ranging from 0.1078 to 1.725 ppm. Nitrite determination is done colorimetrically using the Greiss reagent method. This method is based on the reaction of nitrite with sulphanilamide acid and N-1-napthylamine (NED) utilizing diazo coupling, and a syringe is used to administer the nitrite solution. The sample cell being used possesses a diameter of 1
mm with an overall size of 7.35×22 mm2. To gauge the direct absorbance, a wavelength range from 400 to 650 nm has been selected for the testing, and the maximum absorbance is found to be at 545 nm. The validity of the proposed cell is explained in this letter.
This document summarizes research on using magnetic nanoparticle-impregnated wheat straw (Fe3O4-MWS) for removing methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions. Key findings include:
- Fe3O4-MWS was synthesized and characterized using SEM, XRD, FTIR. SEM showed nano-Fe3O4 well dispersed on wheat straw. XRD and FTIR confirmed nano-Fe3O4 loading.
- Adsorption tests examined the effects of parameters like contact time, dye concentration, adsorbent dosage and pH. Pseudo-second order kinetics and Sips isotherm model best fit the data.
- Maximum adsorption capacity was
The document analyzes the microstructure of fumed silica reinforced polyester composites. Various composite samples were created with different weight fractions of fumed silica filler added to unsaturated polyester resin. The samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that increasing the fumed silica filler content decreased the crystallinity of the composites. Functional groups in the composites also tended to decrease with higher filler loadings. The study revealed that adding fumed silica particles has a significant effect on the microstructure of polyester-fumed silica composites.
This document discusses various NMR techniques for ligand screening in drug discovery. It begins by providing background on the increasing role of NMR in drug research due to its ability to sensitively detect molecular interactions and provide structural information. The document then reviews both ligand-observed and target-observed NMR screening techniques, describing methods based on changes in molecular diffusion, relaxation, and intramolecular or intermolecular magnetization transfer upon ligand binding. Specific techniques discussed include saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR, transferred nuclear Overhauser effect (trNOE), and NOE pumping. The review concludes by noting the dual importance of NMR for drug screening and structure-based drug design.
This study evaluated solvent treatments to effectively stain intracellular lipids in microalgal cells using the fluorescent dye Nile red. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was found to be the most effective solvent for permeabilizing cell membranes and allowing Nile red to penetrate thick, rigid cell walls of Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii. DMSO treatment removed photosynthetic pigments from cells and caused some intracellular lipids to leak out, which was accounted for. A strong correlation was observed between Nile red fluorescence measurements of treated cells and gravimetrically determined lipid content.
The document discusses the formulation and characterization of inhalable spray dried powders containing magnetic nanoparticles and anti-cancer agents for lung cancer treatment. Specifically, it formulates powders containing common anti-cancer drugs like cisplatin or erlotinib along with iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles and excipients through spray drying. It then characterizes the particles' properties, like their aerodynamic diameter and morphology, heating ability upon exposure to an alternating magnetic field, and aerosol performance through next generation impactor studies. The results demonstrate the successful production of spherical, uniformly sized spray dried particles that show improved aerosolization and heating capabilities, indicating potential for advancement of localized lung cancer treatments.
Effect of doping ratio on ftir spectrum of coumarin dopedAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study on the effect of doping ratio on the FTIR spectrum of coumarin doped polystyrene films. Coumarin and polystyrene samples were prepared with different doping ratios of coumarin solution. FTIR analysis showed changes in the spectra as the doping ratio increased. Peaks associated with the coumarin dye appeared as the doping ratio increased from 10 to 60 ml, indicating the coumarin was affecting the polymer structure. The study provides information on how doping ratio can influence the spectroscopic properties of dye doped polymer films as measured by FTIR.
This document summarizes an experiment on ultrafiltration and gel electrophoresis. For ultrafiltration, the goals were to understand membrane separation principles and parameters like osmotic pressure and fouling. Experiments tested filtration rate with different protein concentrations. Results showed osmotic pressure had a greater effect on mass transfer than fouling. For gel electrophoresis, the goals were to separate and measure molecular weights of pepsin and rennet using SDS-PAGE. Results showed crude pepsin, pure pepsin, and rennet-pepsin mixture were close to literature values, while rennet alone had some unexpected bands possibly from breakdown.
Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Physical, Atomic and Structural Character...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
. Present study investigates impact of Biofield treatment on physical and atomic properties of Mn3O4. X-ray diffraction revealed the significant effect of biofield on lattice parameter, unit cell volume, molecular weight, crystallite sizes and densities of treated Mn3O4.
Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Physical, Atomic and Structural Character...albertdivis
In Mn3O4, the crystal structure, dislocation density, particle size and spin of the electrons plays crucial role in modulating its magnetic properties. Present study investigates impact of Biofield treatment on physical and atomic properties of Mn3O4.
This document discusses the application of Raman spectroscopy in food analysis. It begins with an introduction to Raman spectroscopy and why it is useful for food analysis due to being non-destructive, specific, compatible with aqueous systems, and not requiring sample preparation. It then describes different Raman techniques used for food analysis including dispersive Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and spatially offset Raman spectroscopy. Finally, it provides examples of how Raman spectroscopy has been applied to analyze properties of various foods like fruits, vegetables, meat, dairy, crops, oils, and beverages.
This document summarizes a study analyzing the image profiles of poly-(diamino naphthalene) (PDAN) doped poly-(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). ToF-SIMS was used to obtain total ion images and positive ion images of PVA, diamino-naphthalene (DAN) doped PVA, and PDAN doped PVA films. The results showed that total ion counts and secondary ion intensities decreased with increasing molecular mass of species, indicating higher mass fragments are more affected by surface density. Positive ion images of different mass fragments for each film were obtained, with contrast and
SIMONA CAVALU_Adsorption behavior of hyaluronidase onto silverSimona Cavalu
Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy was applied in this work, in order to get
information about the adsorption behavior of the title macromolecule with respect to different surfaces. In this case, the
silver substrate can be considered as artificial substrate and the investigations regarding the mechanisms of adsorption can
be useful in order to elucidate the active site properties of this enzyme. Our purpose is to study the adsorption mechanism
of hyaluronidase onto silver nanoparticles and PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) substrates as well as qualitative and
quantitative aspects regarding perturbations of protein secondary structure (α-helix, β-sheet and unordered structures) upon
adsorption, using deconvolution techniques.
The document summarizes the synthesis, characterization, and application of novel Mn6+ doped ZnO nanocrystals as photocatalysts. Key findings include:
1) Mn6+:ZnO nanocrystals were synthesized via a hydrothermal method and characterized using XRD, SEM, FTIR and DLS. XRD showed the crystals had a hexagonal structure and FTIR confirmed the presence of Mn and Zn-O bonds.
2) The nanocrystals effectively degraded textile effluent under solar and UV light, with 30 mg of catalyst achieving 87.5% degradation within 5 hours as measured by COD reduction and increased light transmission.
3)
Radiation Resistance of Teflon as a Filter Moderator Materialkent.riley
This document summarizes the results of irradiating polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, also known as Teflon) samples with mixed fields of fast neutrons and gamma rays. Samples were irradiated to doses ranging from 0.3 to 50 million Gy for gamma rays and 0.13 to 80 thousand Gy for fast neutrons. The irradiated samples showed high levels of embrittlement but minimal changes (less than 1.5%) in properties like weight loss, fluorine loss, and swelling even at the highest doses. PTFE appears to have adequate physical and chemical stability for use in neutron filter applications in nuclear reactors.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nano Hydroxyapatite with Agar-Agar Bio-PolymerIJERA Editor
Hydroxyapatite used for bone replacement is one of the most active areas of ceramic biomaterials research currently. It is a desirable implant material due to its biocompatibility and osteoconductive properties. Agar agar is a biological polymer frequently used in tissue engineering and pharmaceutical for potential use in bone replacement. Nano hydroxyapatite was successfully synthesized by wet chemical precipitation method . In this work nHAp/agar composite were synthesized and characterization of the compound were done by using characterization Fourier transform infrared(FTIR), X-ray diffract ration (XRD), Transmission electron microscope(TEM) and Energy dispersive analysis of X-ray spectrum(EDAX).
Tetra Glycine dihydrated Calcium Chloride (TGDCC) single Crystal has been grown by slow evaporation techniques. Urea has been introduced by concentration ratio to the parental crystal. The investigation of this research work is to find the rate of change of optical and structural behaviors of the crystal by urea through UV-Vis, P-XRD, XRD, FTIR and SHG studies.
Flow Structure Mapping of Segregating Granular Mixtures using Radioactive Par...jodoua
The document summarizes a new radioactive particle tracking (RPT) method called bulk radioactive particle tracking (BRPT) to study granular flow structures. BRPT uses multiple tracer particles that match the properties of inert particles to overcome limitations of traditional RPT. Preliminary results from a drum mixer show BRPT can measure radial mixing times and monitor particle content with high precision offline and potentially online. Ongoing work aims to determine concentration profiles and axial dispersion over time.
In this work, the synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAP) was studied using different preparation routes to decrease the crystal size and to study the temperature effect on the HAP nano-sized hydroxyapatite crystallization. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that all samples were composed by crystalline and amorphous phases . The sample with greater quantity of amorphous phase (40% of total mass) was studied. The nano-sized hydroxyapatite powder was heated and studied at 300, 500, 700, 900 and 1150 °C. All samples were characterized by XRD and their XRD patterns refined using the Rietveld method. The crystallites presented an anisotropic form, being larger in the [001] direction. It was observed that the crystallite size increased continuously with the heating temperature and the eccentricity of the ellipsoidal shape changed from 2.75 at 300 °C to 1.94, 1.43, 1.04 and 1.00 respectively at 500, 700, 900 and 1150 °C. In order to better characterize the morphology of the HAP the samples were also examined using atomic force microscopy (AFM), infrared spectrometry (IR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).
Determination of % purity of a compound by by Using DSCMUL
What is % purity?
Different methods to determine % Purity.
Determination of % purity of Organic Compound By Using DSC:
•1) Polycyclic aromatic Hydrocarbons e. g Benzo[c]phenanthrene, BcPh, C18H12
•2) Ibuprofen medicine
•3) Phenacetin samples at different purity ratios
•4) Methamphetamine Paracetamol and Mixture of both.
•5) AZT (C10H13N5O4; 3´-azido-2,3´-dideoxythymidine)
This document summarizes the preparation, characterization, and photocatalytic activity of nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2). Yellow nitrogen-doped TiO2 was prepared through a sol-gel method using titanium isopropoxide and urea as precursors. Characterization with XRD, BET, TEM, XPS, and UV-Vis showed the materials were crystalline anatase TiO2 with nitrogen doping extending light absorption into the visible range. Photocatalytic testing demonstrated that nitrogen-doped TiO2 had higher activity for degrading the pesticide 2,4-D under visible light irradiation compared to undoped TiO2.
This study evaluated the effects of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exposure on physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of heat-cured acrylic resin materials. 454 specimens of pink and clear acrylic resin were tested, including some that were exposed to MRI for 5, 15, or 30 minutes. Tests showed that MRI exposure decreased hardness, dimensional accuracy, tensile strength, and increased water sorption and color change in pink acrylic compared to clear acrylic. NMR and FTIR analysis indicated MRI exposure caused molecular rearrangement but no chemical changes to the resins. The study suggests MRI may impact the properties of acrylic dentures and prosthetics. Further research is needed to fully evaluate the effects of MRI on modified acry
Quantitative Evaluation of Dissociation Mechanisms in Methylorange and MethylredAI Publications
Several computational chemistry programs were evaluated as aids to teaching a part of qualitative analytical chemistry. Computational chemical calculations can predict absorption spectra, thus enabling the modeling of indicator dissociation mechanisms using a personal computer. An updated MNDO program among 51 programs was previously found to be the best predictor to explain the dissociation mechanisms of isobenzofuranones and sulfonephthaleins. Therefore, the further quantitative analysis was performed for methyl-orange and methyl-red. Computational chemical analysis can be used for quantitative explanation of indicator dissociation mechanisms.
Review of the Security Challenges of Fiber Optics Technologies in Network Con...inventionjournals
The increasing number of people who transfer data from one place to another daily demands that the telecom industries develop a sophisticated strategy to guaranty quality data transferred without compromise or interception. Some of these industries in a bid to meet up with this demand employ any means of data transfer possible to them. Internet connectivity requires physical transfer of data from one place to another. This can be achieved either through wire or wirelessly. Connection through wire could be by UTP, Coaxial or Fiber Optics. Experience showed that wired is more advantageous when considering bandwidth utilization, performance, reliability, resiliency and security, many people are toeing this way and fiber optics their major choice. Fiber optics can be bundled as cable and used for data transmission through which light propagates with little attenuation, which makes it advantageous for long distance communication. The massive choice of fiber optics of recent has increase the security challenges bedevilling it, as it is now the prime target of network attackers. This has increased its vulnerability. Fiber optic is experiencing some security issues like splicing, clamping, cutting and tapping in developing countries like Nigeria. The paper tries to evaluate the security challenges bedevilling the optic fiber
In this paper the Radiation Amplification Factor (RAF) was studied over Helwan (31°20'33.92"E, 29°51'46.55"N, 150m asl), it has a subtropical desert and hot climate. The ground observation of UVI which leading to this work was carried out in National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG), Helwan, Cairo, Egypt through the period (2011 - 2015). The data of Ozone and Aerosol Index was obtained from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). This study covers the period from 2011 to 2015. Firstly, the parameters Ultraviolet index (UVI), total ozone content (TOC) and aerosol index (AI) are studied individually over all sky conditions. The radiation amplification factor (RAF) was studied over clear sky conditions, to clarification of the relativity ratio between TOC and UVI, also to estimate the dependence of UVI on AI changes.
Soret Effect And Effect Of Radiation On Transient Mhd Free Convective Flow Ov...inventionjournals
The present paper is concerned to analyze the radiation, Magneto hydrodynamic and soret effects on unsteady flow heat and mass transfer characteristics in a viscous, incompressible and electrically conduction fluid over a semi-infinite vertical porous plate through porous media the porous plate is subjected to a transverse variable suction velocity. The transient, non linear and coupled dimensionless governing equations for this investigation are solved analytically using perturbation technique about a small parameter . the effects of governing parameters on the flow variables are discussed graphically.
The Concept Hierarchy in Organisational Theory and Practiceinventionjournals
According to Paul H. Appleby, a respected classical American social scientist, hierarchy, which is one of the basic concepts and principles of organisation, is the means by which and through which resources are apportioned, personnel selected and assigned, operations activated, reviewed and modified. All these processes constitute the subject – matter of this article
The document discusses the formulation and characterization of inhalable spray dried powders containing magnetic nanoparticles and anti-cancer agents for lung cancer treatment. Specifically, it formulates powders containing common anti-cancer drugs like cisplatin or erlotinib along with iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles and excipients through spray drying. It then characterizes the particles' properties, like their aerodynamic diameter and morphology, heating ability upon exposure to an alternating magnetic field, and aerosol performance through next generation impactor studies. The results demonstrate the successful production of spherical, uniformly sized spray dried particles that show improved aerosolization and heating capabilities, indicating potential for advancement of localized lung cancer treatments.
Effect of doping ratio on ftir spectrum of coumarin dopedAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study on the effect of doping ratio on the FTIR spectrum of coumarin doped polystyrene films. Coumarin and polystyrene samples were prepared with different doping ratios of coumarin solution. FTIR analysis showed changes in the spectra as the doping ratio increased. Peaks associated with the coumarin dye appeared as the doping ratio increased from 10 to 60 ml, indicating the coumarin was affecting the polymer structure. The study provides information on how doping ratio can influence the spectroscopic properties of dye doped polymer films as measured by FTIR.
This document summarizes an experiment on ultrafiltration and gel electrophoresis. For ultrafiltration, the goals were to understand membrane separation principles and parameters like osmotic pressure and fouling. Experiments tested filtration rate with different protein concentrations. Results showed osmotic pressure had a greater effect on mass transfer than fouling. For gel electrophoresis, the goals were to separate and measure molecular weights of pepsin and rennet using SDS-PAGE. Results showed crude pepsin, pure pepsin, and rennet-pepsin mixture were close to literature values, while rennet alone had some unexpected bands possibly from breakdown.
Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Physical, Atomic and Structural Character...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
. Present study investigates impact of Biofield treatment on physical and atomic properties of Mn3O4. X-ray diffraction revealed the significant effect of biofield on lattice parameter, unit cell volume, molecular weight, crystallite sizes and densities of treated Mn3O4.
Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Physical, Atomic and Structural Character...albertdivis
In Mn3O4, the crystal structure, dislocation density, particle size and spin of the electrons plays crucial role in modulating its magnetic properties. Present study investigates impact of Biofield treatment on physical and atomic properties of Mn3O4.
This document discusses the application of Raman spectroscopy in food analysis. It begins with an introduction to Raman spectroscopy and why it is useful for food analysis due to being non-destructive, specific, compatible with aqueous systems, and not requiring sample preparation. It then describes different Raman techniques used for food analysis including dispersive Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and spatially offset Raman spectroscopy. Finally, it provides examples of how Raman spectroscopy has been applied to analyze properties of various foods like fruits, vegetables, meat, dairy, crops, oils, and beverages.
This document summarizes a study analyzing the image profiles of poly-(diamino naphthalene) (PDAN) doped poly-(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). ToF-SIMS was used to obtain total ion images and positive ion images of PVA, diamino-naphthalene (DAN) doped PVA, and PDAN doped PVA films. The results showed that total ion counts and secondary ion intensities decreased with increasing molecular mass of species, indicating higher mass fragments are more affected by surface density. Positive ion images of different mass fragments for each film were obtained, with contrast and
SIMONA CAVALU_Adsorption behavior of hyaluronidase onto silverSimona Cavalu
Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy was applied in this work, in order to get
information about the adsorption behavior of the title macromolecule with respect to different surfaces. In this case, the
silver substrate can be considered as artificial substrate and the investigations regarding the mechanisms of adsorption can
be useful in order to elucidate the active site properties of this enzyme. Our purpose is to study the adsorption mechanism
of hyaluronidase onto silver nanoparticles and PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) substrates as well as qualitative and
quantitative aspects regarding perturbations of protein secondary structure (α-helix, β-sheet and unordered structures) upon
adsorption, using deconvolution techniques.
The document summarizes the synthesis, characterization, and application of novel Mn6+ doped ZnO nanocrystals as photocatalysts. Key findings include:
1) Mn6+:ZnO nanocrystals were synthesized via a hydrothermal method and characterized using XRD, SEM, FTIR and DLS. XRD showed the crystals had a hexagonal structure and FTIR confirmed the presence of Mn and Zn-O bonds.
2) The nanocrystals effectively degraded textile effluent under solar and UV light, with 30 mg of catalyst achieving 87.5% degradation within 5 hours as measured by COD reduction and increased light transmission.
3)
Radiation Resistance of Teflon as a Filter Moderator Materialkent.riley
This document summarizes the results of irradiating polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, also known as Teflon) samples with mixed fields of fast neutrons and gamma rays. Samples were irradiated to doses ranging from 0.3 to 50 million Gy for gamma rays and 0.13 to 80 thousand Gy for fast neutrons. The irradiated samples showed high levels of embrittlement but minimal changes (less than 1.5%) in properties like weight loss, fluorine loss, and swelling even at the highest doses. PTFE appears to have adequate physical and chemical stability for use in neutron filter applications in nuclear reactors.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nano Hydroxyapatite with Agar-Agar Bio-PolymerIJERA Editor
Hydroxyapatite used for bone replacement is one of the most active areas of ceramic biomaterials research currently. It is a desirable implant material due to its biocompatibility and osteoconductive properties. Agar agar is a biological polymer frequently used in tissue engineering and pharmaceutical for potential use in bone replacement. Nano hydroxyapatite was successfully synthesized by wet chemical precipitation method . In this work nHAp/agar composite were synthesized and characterization of the compound were done by using characterization Fourier transform infrared(FTIR), X-ray diffract ration (XRD), Transmission electron microscope(TEM) and Energy dispersive analysis of X-ray spectrum(EDAX).
Tetra Glycine dihydrated Calcium Chloride (TGDCC) single Crystal has been grown by slow evaporation techniques. Urea has been introduced by concentration ratio to the parental crystal. The investigation of this research work is to find the rate of change of optical and structural behaviors of the crystal by urea through UV-Vis, P-XRD, XRD, FTIR and SHG studies.
Flow Structure Mapping of Segregating Granular Mixtures using Radioactive Par...jodoua
The document summarizes a new radioactive particle tracking (RPT) method called bulk radioactive particle tracking (BRPT) to study granular flow structures. BRPT uses multiple tracer particles that match the properties of inert particles to overcome limitations of traditional RPT. Preliminary results from a drum mixer show BRPT can measure radial mixing times and monitor particle content with high precision offline and potentially online. Ongoing work aims to determine concentration profiles and axial dispersion over time.
In this work, the synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAP) was studied using different preparation routes to decrease the crystal size and to study the temperature effect on the HAP nano-sized hydroxyapatite crystallization. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that all samples were composed by crystalline and amorphous phases . The sample with greater quantity of amorphous phase (40% of total mass) was studied. The nano-sized hydroxyapatite powder was heated and studied at 300, 500, 700, 900 and 1150 °C. All samples were characterized by XRD and their XRD patterns refined using the Rietveld method. The crystallites presented an anisotropic form, being larger in the [001] direction. It was observed that the crystallite size increased continuously with the heating temperature and the eccentricity of the ellipsoidal shape changed from 2.75 at 300 °C to 1.94, 1.43, 1.04 and 1.00 respectively at 500, 700, 900 and 1150 °C. In order to better characterize the morphology of the HAP the samples were also examined using atomic force microscopy (AFM), infrared spectrometry (IR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).
Determination of % purity of a compound by by Using DSCMUL
What is % purity?
Different methods to determine % Purity.
Determination of % purity of Organic Compound By Using DSC:
•1) Polycyclic aromatic Hydrocarbons e. g Benzo[c]phenanthrene, BcPh, C18H12
•2) Ibuprofen medicine
•3) Phenacetin samples at different purity ratios
•4) Methamphetamine Paracetamol and Mixture of both.
•5) AZT (C10H13N5O4; 3´-azido-2,3´-dideoxythymidine)
This document summarizes the preparation, characterization, and photocatalytic activity of nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2). Yellow nitrogen-doped TiO2 was prepared through a sol-gel method using titanium isopropoxide and urea as precursors. Characterization with XRD, BET, TEM, XPS, and UV-Vis showed the materials were crystalline anatase TiO2 with nitrogen doping extending light absorption into the visible range. Photocatalytic testing demonstrated that nitrogen-doped TiO2 had higher activity for degrading the pesticide 2,4-D under visible light irradiation compared to undoped TiO2.
This study evaluated the effects of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exposure on physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of heat-cured acrylic resin materials. 454 specimens of pink and clear acrylic resin were tested, including some that were exposed to MRI for 5, 15, or 30 minutes. Tests showed that MRI exposure decreased hardness, dimensional accuracy, tensile strength, and increased water sorption and color change in pink acrylic compared to clear acrylic. NMR and FTIR analysis indicated MRI exposure caused molecular rearrangement but no chemical changes to the resins. The study suggests MRI may impact the properties of acrylic dentures and prosthetics. Further research is needed to fully evaluate the effects of MRI on modified acry
Quantitative Evaluation of Dissociation Mechanisms in Methylorange and MethylredAI Publications
Several computational chemistry programs were evaluated as aids to teaching a part of qualitative analytical chemistry. Computational chemical calculations can predict absorption spectra, thus enabling the modeling of indicator dissociation mechanisms using a personal computer. An updated MNDO program among 51 programs was previously found to be the best predictor to explain the dissociation mechanisms of isobenzofuranones and sulfonephthaleins. Therefore, the further quantitative analysis was performed for methyl-orange and methyl-red. Computational chemical analysis can be used for quantitative explanation of indicator dissociation mechanisms.
Review of the Security Challenges of Fiber Optics Technologies in Network Con...inventionjournals
The increasing number of people who transfer data from one place to another daily demands that the telecom industries develop a sophisticated strategy to guaranty quality data transferred without compromise or interception. Some of these industries in a bid to meet up with this demand employ any means of data transfer possible to them. Internet connectivity requires physical transfer of data from one place to another. This can be achieved either through wire or wirelessly. Connection through wire could be by UTP, Coaxial or Fiber Optics. Experience showed that wired is more advantageous when considering bandwidth utilization, performance, reliability, resiliency and security, many people are toeing this way and fiber optics their major choice. Fiber optics can be bundled as cable and used for data transmission through which light propagates with little attenuation, which makes it advantageous for long distance communication. The massive choice of fiber optics of recent has increase the security challenges bedevilling it, as it is now the prime target of network attackers. This has increased its vulnerability. Fiber optic is experiencing some security issues like splicing, clamping, cutting and tapping in developing countries like Nigeria. The paper tries to evaluate the security challenges bedevilling the optic fiber
In this paper the Radiation Amplification Factor (RAF) was studied over Helwan (31°20'33.92"E, 29°51'46.55"N, 150m asl), it has a subtropical desert and hot climate. The ground observation of UVI which leading to this work was carried out in National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG), Helwan, Cairo, Egypt through the period (2011 - 2015). The data of Ozone and Aerosol Index was obtained from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). This study covers the period from 2011 to 2015. Firstly, the parameters Ultraviolet index (UVI), total ozone content (TOC) and aerosol index (AI) are studied individually over all sky conditions. The radiation amplification factor (RAF) was studied over clear sky conditions, to clarification of the relativity ratio between TOC and UVI, also to estimate the dependence of UVI on AI changes.
Soret Effect And Effect Of Radiation On Transient Mhd Free Convective Flow Ov...inventionjournals
The present paper is concerned to analyze the radiation, Magneto hydrodynamic and soret effects on unsteady flow heat and mass transfer characteristics in a viscous, incompressible and electrically conduction fluid over a semi-infinite vertical porous plate through porous media the porous plate is subjected to a transverse variable suction velocity. The transient, non linear and coupled dimensionless governing equations for this investigation are solved analytically using perturbation technique about a small parameter . the effects of governing parameters on the flow variables are discussed graphically.
The Concept Hierarchy in Organisational Theory and Practiceinventionjournals
According to Paul H. Appleby, a respected classical American social scientist, hierarchy, which is one of the basic concepts and principles of organisation, is the means by which and through which resources are apportioned, personnel selected and assigned, operations activated, reviewed and modified. All these processes constitute the subject – matter of this article
Trace Metal Analysis in Soil and Plant Samples of Tirupati Region, Andhra Pra...inventionjournals
Rapid economic and industrial development across Tirupati region in recent decades has necessitated massive construction and building works and resulted in the contamination of environmental compartments. In addition to the disposal of untreated domestic wastes from the nearby villages industrial activities are also increasing in this region. In the present context there is a dire need to know the level of environmental contaminants in the environmental compartments such as soil and plants. The present study investigated the concentrations of trace metals in soil and plants around Tirupati region. Our results indicate that the sites are moderately polluted and potential negative biological effects may occur in the vicinity.
Exploring the Relationship between Moisture Content and Electrical Resistivit...inventionjournals
Conventional borehole sampling and its subsequent geotechnical testing is the most precise and direct method of soil characterization, but conversely it is time-consuming and expensive simultaneously. Electrical resistivity surveys can provide a non-destructive and less expensive way of determining soil properties, if reliable correlations could be established through extensive testing. The main objective of this research work is to establish quantitative relationship of resistivity with moisture content of sandy and silty soils that can be used in geotechnical appraisal of soil slopes. A non-linear relationship trend is observed between moisture content and electrical resistivity values obtained in field and laboratory conditions.
Numerical Study of Entropy Generation in an Irreversible SolarPowered Absorpt...inventionjournals
The ideal three-heat-reservoir (THR) model for absorption refrigeration cycles is extended to include external and internal irreversibilities. Three empirical functions are used to model the internal entropy generation of the cycle. The parameters of these functions are estimated by fitting data obtained by simulation to the predictions of the THR model. The THR model using a linear function or a logarithmic function for the internal entropy generation is able to reproduce performance data for absorption systems with good accuracy
Heat transfer to down flowing viscous films with Evaporation from the interfaceinventionjournals
Introduction: Within long vertical boiling tubes thermo hydrodynamic processes in liquid film take place at a regime of cycling mixing in the bulk of the film by the powerful waves. The existing Heat Transfer models of such phenomena do not take info account such intermittent mixing of fluid Materials and methods: The heat transfer and hydrodynamic processes that take place in down flowing film of water and sugar solutions at the regimes of evaporation from the interface have been studied. There were developed mathematical models, which then were compared with the result of direct experimentation of heat transfer in tubes at the regimes of solutions concentrations. Results and discussion: A mathematical model of heat transfer in laminar, heated to the saturation temperatures liquid films with the developed wavy structures on the free interface have been developed. The model takes into consideration cyclic relaxation of transient temperature field which happens right after the passage of a powerful big wave. The developed mathematical model describes the time history of the two dimensional temperature fields as a function of the Peclet number and the core characteristic of the wavy motion (the length of big waves). Based upon the proposed model a set of correlations have been obtained. These are proposed as a means for the generalization of heat transfer experimental data, obtained within the experimental studies of liquid films, heated to the saturation temperatures and evaporating from the interface. A generalized equation has been derived, which can be used for the calculations of Heat Transfer Coefficients (HTC) to the saturated sugar solutions liquid films. This equation contains wavy characteristics of down flowing films and valid within the range of parameters characteristic for the sugar industry evaporators, namely: concentrations – 0…70 % dry matter; liquid mass flow rate density–0.01×10-3…0.6×10-3 m 2 /sec, the Peclet number range – 400…25000. The mathematical model of the temperature field cyclic relaxation turned out efficient for generalization of heat transfer experimental data not only laminar, but turbulent liquid films either, despite of the fact that the transport equations do not contain turbulent characteristics. Conclusions: A correlation between the liquid film wavy structure with the heat transfer has been established. The correlation is based upon the model of temperature field cyclic relaxation after passage of big waves. The respective correlations have been presented.
Innovative Quality Cultivating of College Students Based on Robot Contestinventionjournals
Cultivating the innovative ability of the college students has been one of the core goals of our high education teaching reform. As a carrier of the high technology competition, robot contest includes multiple disciplines, such as electronics, communication, mechanics, control, computer and artificial intelligence, and it highly integrate the theory and practice. Taking the robot contest as the research subject, this paper analyzes the important roles of the robot contests in the innovative capacity cultivating of the college students, e.g., innovative ability, comprehensive ability cultivating, and quality education etc. It will provide a new idea for cultivating the creative practical ability of the college students.
Representing Tap-changer Transformers in Conic Relaxation Optimal Power Flowsinventionjournals
Conic optimization has been applied optimal power flow (OPF) problem recently. Present conic relaxation OPFs only consider for the continuous decision variables, and the transformer tap ratios have not been treated as optimization variables. Based on angle relaxed branch power flow, an extended branch power flow model with tap-changer transformers is proposed. The tap-changer transformers were modeled with bilinear functions. Then the McCormick envelopes were deployed to exactly reformulate the bilinear functions with linear constrains. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by the simulation results obtained in the test systems
Preserving the Environment through Knowledge Managementinventionjournals
1. The document discusses the importance of knowledge management in preserving the environment through optimal decision-making. It argues that decisions can negatively impact the environment if their environmental consequences are not considered.
2. Knowledge management provides decision-makers with both explicit knowledge like data and implicit knowledge from experienced individuals. This helps identify environmental consequences and reform decisions to prevent irreparable environmental damage.
3. The document presents a model where explicit knowledge is analyzed in light of implicit knowledge, potentially discovering new solutions that meet organizational goals while protecting the environment.
New Fuzzy Model for quality evaluation of E-Training of CNC Operatorsinventionjournals
This document proposes a new fuzzy model for evaluating the quality of e-learning training for CNC operators. It begins by discussing the importance of continuous education in production technologies like CNC. It then reviews existing literature on evaluating e-learning quality and identifies uncertainties in criteria weights and values. The document goes on to introduce assumptions of the proposed model which uses fuzzy set theory to represent uncertainties. Criteria weights are determined using fuzzy AHP based on linguistic assessments from trainers. An example application evaluates participant satisfaction with e-learning training quality. Finally, regression analysis estimates the isolated effect of e-learning on training quality perceptions.
Heat and Mass Transfer Hydromagnetic Radiative Casson Fluid Flow over an Expo...inventionjournals
The present paper examines the hydromagnetic two-dimensional boundary layer flow of a nonNewtonian fluid accompanied by heat and mass transfer towards an exponentially stretching sheet in the presence of chemical reaction and thermal radiation. Casson model is used to characterize non-Newtonian fluid behavior. Using the similarity transformations, the governing partial differential equations are transformed into self-similar ordinary differential equations is solved by using Matlab bvp4c package. The effects of pertinent parameters are presented in both graphical and tabular form.
Structural Analysis of Scientific Research Group in the Chinese Computer Fieldinventionjournals
A coauthor network is formed by these papers published on the prestigious chinese journals in computer fields during the period 2011-2015, including Journal of Software, Chinese Journal of Computers, and Computer Research and Development. By analyzing the co-authorship network using social network analysis method, some statistic characteristics of scientific research groups in domestic computer field are analyzed. The results show that most of the research cooperation appears in a fraction of the stable and mature research groups, and the research groups consisting of researchers with higher administrative position can develop with a stable growth rate.
Importance of Production Planning and Control in Small Manufacturing Enterprisesinventionjournals
SMEs are growing nowadays. The companies are dependent on SMEs. SMEs are acting as vendor for them. For fulfilling the order of the big companies the SMEs have to deliver the product within schedule time. This has compelled the SMEs to look into the production planning and control of the unit. If the SMEs properly apply the PPC, the production system is going to be fastened and tries to focus over that of the SMEs by taking pragmatic approach in that regard.
Effect of Municipal Solid Waste Leachate on the Quality of Soilinventionjournals
This document discusses a study on the impact of municipal solid waste leachate on soil quality. Soil samples were collected from waste disposal sites and nearby uncontaminated areas. The contaminated soils showed higher moisture content, specific gravity, permeability, shear strength, and chloride levels compared to uncontaminated soils. Contaminated soils also had lower pH, alkalinity, and compressibility. The results indicate disposal of solid waste reduces soil quality by changing various physical, chemical and geotechnical properties compared to uncontaminated soils. The key conclusion is the long-term disposal of municipal solid waste contaminates soils and degrades soil quality over time.
Public Policy and Factors Influencing Public Policyinventionjournals
This document discusses public policy and factors that influence public policy making. It provides definitions of public policy from various scholars. Public policy is defined as a framework for government decision making and action to achieve goals and objectives. The document also discusses factors that influence public policy, including leading scientists/scholars, changing needs and circumstances, and the information provided by experienced public officials to policymakers. It examines interests, goals and objectives of public policy, as well as elements of foreign policy including tangible factors like resources and intangible factors like ideology.
Failure Detection in Energized High Voltage Substation Grounding Grids - A Ca...inventionjournals
An electronic system of measuring and processing surface voltage potentials distributed along the grounding grid was developed. The electronic system is composed of several parts, an embedded computer, signal conditioning circuits and computational routines. The adopted processor was a low-power open-source single-board computer that allows the implementation of routines based on the finite-difference method. It was possible to create two real time dimensional plots using the fall-of-potential method. The electronic system was able to make a correct diagnosis of the aging state of the grounding grid. The results allowed evaluation of the potential behaviour of the ground surface voltage in a consistent manner in a steady state operation. The results obtained from measurements in high voltage substations using the developed embedded system were satisfactory when compared to other measuring devices. This system was capable of easily locating problematic zones, such as high potential concentrations, allowing efficient and fast grounding grid diagnosis.
W. Fox and Ivan H. Meyer [1995: 23] maintain that communication is: the exchange of thoughts, ideas or information in a written, verbal or non – verbal way; perceptions, based on shared values. Chester 1. Barnard holds that formal authority is nothing more than the willingness to communicate and it is through the communication process that the executive authority conveys the objectives of the organisation and gouges the needs of the employees or interest groups or votes and that the effectiveness of decision – making and organizational performance are dependent on adequate communication.
A Systematic Introduction to Functional Analysis in the Social Sciencesinventionjournals
No study on functional analysis can be successfully concluded without reference to Talcott Parsons and Robert K. Merton, both world renowned functionalist luminaries in sociology. According to these sociologists a social system is viewed as being made up of interrelated and interacting parts; the parts having consequences for the whole system or some other parts of it, and there being a feedback of the consequences of a part for the system or some other part(s) on that part. Methodologically, functionalism, then, does three things, namely, that it relates: (a) parts of the system to the whole in terms of their consequences for the total system; (b) one part of the system to another part in terms of its consequences for another; and (c) the consequences of a part, back to that part in terms of the way those parts’ consequences for the system or some other parts react upon it. There are four explicit postulates of functional indispensability, and the distinction between manifest and latent functions
This paper investigates the shell properties and concentration stability of a new acoustofluidic delivery agent liposome in comparison to DefinityTM microbubbles. Frequency dependent attenuation measurements were used to estimate the shell stiffness (Sp) and friction (Sf) parameters of both agents. The liposome had lower Sp and Sf values compared to DefinityTM microbubbles. Temperature increase resulted in decreased Sf for both agents but increased Sp for liposomes and decreased Sp for microbubbles. Size distribution measurements using tunable resistive pulse sensing showed the liposomes maintained >80% concentration for 24 hours at physiological temperature, while microbubbles maintained only 27% over the same period.
The document describes a method for synthesizing and characterizing fluorescent dye-labeled smart polymers (microgels). Microgels based on N-isopropylacrylamide were synthesized and coupled with the amine-reactive fluorescent dye Nuclear Fast Red using standard coupling chemistry. Analytical techniques including DLS, FTIR, HS-DSC and fluorescence spectroscopy showed that the dye was successfully conjugated to the microgels. The dye-labeled microgels were larger in size and had a higher volume phase transition temperature compared to unlabeled microgels.
The document summarizes a study that prepared solid dispersions of the drug griseofulvin with the polymer HPMCAS using ball milling. Three surfactants - SDS, DTAB, and Pluronic F127 - were incorporated at 1% and the dispersions characterized. SDS produced the smallest particle sizes and highest drug solubility. DSC showed decreased melting temperature with increased milling time, indicating higher amorphous content. SEM images showed differences in particle size and morphology between samples. In conclusion, ball milling was effective for preparing solid dispersions and surfactant incorporation improved drug solubility and stability.
Limitations and Advantages in Assessing Adenovirus Homogeneity by Laser Light...KBI Biopharma
The document discusses methods for characterizing the homogeneity of adenovirus preparations using analytical techniques like light scattering and analytical ultracentrifugation. It finds that light scattering has limitations in accurately assessing particle size distribution and aggregation when measuring large virus particles like adenovirus. Analytical ultracentrifugation is able to provide higher resolution information about the adenovirus particle size distribution and detect different forms of structural heterogeneity.
This document describes research using a spectroscopic sensor and neural network model to monitor droplet size distributions (DSDs) in metal working fluid (MWF) emulsions. The sensor measured light absorption and scattering spectra of MWF samples. A neural network model was trained using spectroscopic data and reference DSD measurements. The model accurately estimated DSDs for new samples, distinguishing monomodal and bimodal distributions. This technique could monitor MWF emulsion aging and destabilization in industrial processes.
Modeling ultrasonic attenuation coefficient and comparative study with the pr...IOSR Journals
Many phenomena can be responsible for the attenuation of sound through the suspensions depending on the nature of the particles of the fluid and the frequency range of interest. In particular we can make a distinction between the diffusion mechanisms corresponding to a geometric redirection of the incident wave and the dissipative phenomena, like the thermal and viscous losses. In this work, we are interested in propagation of the ultrasonic waves into suspensions of clay rigid particles with a size between 1 and 50 microns, for which the thermal phenomena and visco-inertial dominate. In this case the dipole diffusion of the wave induced differential motion between the dispersed phase (clay grain) and the continuous phase (distilled water) is coupled to the viscous dissipation in the matching motion of this brake. In this paper, we present the main theories known in calculating the ultrasonic attenuation and velocity coefficient. Such theories permit to take accounts all the orders of interaction, unlike the theoretical of multiple diffusion that remains limited to lower concentrations. Finally, the results calculated by the principal theories will be compared against earlier experimental results obtained from this work.
This document provides an overview of existing research on defects that can occur in silicon due to hydrogen implantation. It is divided into two main sections. The first section summarizes experimental results on hydrogen-related defects observed during implantation and annealing from primary damage defects to platelet formation. The second section discusses results from density functional theory and other computational methods on implantation-related defects. The document concludes with open questions not yet addressed in the literature.
In this work, the synthetic Hydroxyapatite (HAP)
was studied using different preparation routes to
decrease the crystal size and was studied the
temperature effect on the nano-sized hydroxyapatite
crystallization. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis
indicated the all samples were composed by a
crystalline HAP phase and another amorphous part.
Physicochemical Properties and Proposed Mechanism in the Obtainment of 4-Hidr...IJERA Editor
The mechanism for the poly-condensation event of conjugated polymers with ending 4-hydroxycoumarin has
been proposed. It happened under H2SO4 acidic conditions only using enolic-coumarins without any substituent
at third position. It was studied using Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-Tof)
mass spectrometry. Besides, some physicochemical properties were analyzed using Thermo-gravimetric (TGA),
X-ray and UV-Vis analysis
What is the Surface characterization techniques of Fourier-transform.pdfarishmarketing21
What is the Surface characterization techniques of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
(FTIR) and Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy (microscopy, TIRF)
explain what are they measuring, their uniqueness, working principle briefly
Solution
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a powerful analysis tool for characterizing and
identifying organic molecules. It is the spectroscopic technique that is the most widely used for
determining the characteristics of new membranes. In attenuated total reflectance mode, this type
of spectroscopy enables functional groups present over a depth of about 1 m to be identified.
During ATR analysis, the sample is kept in contact with a crystal allowing total internal
reflection. An infrared ray arrives at the crystal where the material under study has been placed.
The internal reflection of the ray in the crystal gives rise to an evanescent wave which, at each
reflection, continues beyond the surface of the crystal and penetrates the sample over about 1 m.
The penetration depth depends on the wavelength, the angle of incidence of the beam on the
crystal, and the nature of the crystal.
Spectra are thus obtained (curves of absorbance vs. wavelength) that have absorption peaks
characteristic of the functions present at the membrane surface.
FTIR-ATR is a sensitive, nondestructive method that can be used qualitatively and
quantitatively. However, it requires prior drying of the membrane sample.
One of the applications of FTIR-ATR is the characterization of modified surfaces. In this case,
the spectra show bands characteristic of the basic membrane with, in most cases, bands
characteristic of the new functional groups related to the modification. FTIR-ATR also enables
the efficiency of membrane cleaning to be assessed .
This method can also be used to analyze the adsorption of macromolecules at the membrane
surface and to check whether the conformation of the adsorbed compounds (e.g., proteins) has
been modified by comparing the spectra of the adsorbed product with those of the same product
in solution . When the deposits are very small, however, it is difficult to determine the presence
of fouling agents; this necessitates the use of elaborate data-processing methods that eliminate
the contributions of the membrane and water from the raw spectra.
UNIQUENESS:
There are three principal advantages for an FT spectrometer compared to a scanning (dispersive)
spectrometer.
TIRF
Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy (TIRFM) is an elegant optical
technique that provides for the excitation of fluorophores in an extremely thin axial region
(‘optical section’). The method is based on the principle that when excitation light is totally
internally reflected in a transparent solid (e.g., coverglass) at its interface with liquid an
electromagnetic field, called the evanescent wave, is generated in the liquid at the solid-liquid
interface and is the same frequency as the excitation light. Since the inte.
Analysis Of High Resolution FTIR Spectra From Synchrotron Sources Using Evolu...Heather Strinden
This document discusses the analysis of a high resolution FTIR spectrum of trimethylene sulfide (TMS) using evolutionary algorithms (EA). The spectrum was collected at the Canadian Light Source with a resolution of 0.00096 cm-1. Preliminary analysis using traditional methods assigned 2358 transitions. EA was also applied and yielded spectroscopic constants that similarly reproduced the complex experimental spectrum. As a test, EA was also successfully applied to a previously analyzed spectrum of azetidine, demonstrating the robustness of the EA method for automated assignment of dense rovibrational spectra.
2014 increasing survival study of kidney hek-293 tOscar Moreno
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of magnetic field stimulation on the growth of Human Embryonic Kidney 293 cells (HEK-293T cells). The cells were exposed to magnetic field vortices at frequencies between 100-2500 Hz and field intensities of 1.13-4.13 mT. A nanofluid containing gadolinium was also added to the cells. Flow cytometry analysis after 72 hours found that cell survival increased by 12.89% in the exposed cells compared to the unexposed control cells. The results suggest that magnetic field stimulation may activate cellular mechanisms that promote increased cell survival. Further experiments are still needed to fully understand the magnetic effects on cell growth.
Case Method Power Point Topic Instrumental Chemistry PhysicsLamsyahAbdilhafiz
This case method discusses the use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to analyze organic materials. Two journal articles are summarized. The first article describes analyzing lumbricus rubellus, an earthworm, using FTIR to observe changes in its chemical structure from heating. Samples were heated to varying temperatures and their FTIR spectra were compared. The second article details developing and validating an FTIR method for identifying and quantifying metformin hydrochloride in pharmaceutical tablets. The method was tested for accuracy, precision, linearity, and other validation parameters. Both articles demonstrate how FTIR can be used to characterize organic materials and compounds.
This document describes the development of an in vitro model to study the foreign body response by modulating biomaterial surface properties. The model uses polymeric rods with tailored surface topography, roughness, wettability and chemistry achieved through surface modification techniques. Results showed that surface microstructuring increased cell adhesion, proliferation, and balanced cytokine secretion to optimize collagen and elastin synthesis for tissue regeneration. By linking surface parameters to cell activity, the fate of regenerated tissue could be determined to create successful soft tissue replacements.
Infrared spectroscopy measures the bond vibrations in molecules to determine their functional groups. There are two main types of instruments - dispersive and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Dispersive instruments use gratings to separate infrared frequencies, while FT-IR uses interferometers and Fourier transforms. Samples can be analyzed as solids, liquids in cells, or gases in gas cells. The infrared region is divided into functional group and fingerprint regions that are used for structure elucidation and identification of compounds, drugs, polymers, and more. Molecular vibrations occur as stretching and bending modes. Factors like hydrogen bonding, conjugation, and inductivity affect vibrational frequencies.
Method development and validation of simultaneous estimation of paracetamol &...SriramNagarajan19
A drug may be defined as a substance meant for diagnosis, cure, mitigation, prevention or treatment of diseases in human beings or animals or for alternating any structure or function of the body of human being or animals. Pharmaceutical chemistry is a science that makes use of general laws of chemistry to study drugs i.e. their preparation, chemical natures, composition, structure, influence on an organism and studies the physical and chemical properties of drugs, the methods of quality control and the conditions of their storage etc. the family of drugs may be broadly classified as.
1. Pharmacodynamic agents.
2. Chemotherapeutic agents.
It is necessary to find the content of each drug either in pure or single, combined dosage forms for purity testing. It is also essential to know the concentration of the drug and it’s metabolites in biological fluids after taking the dosage form for treatment.
The scope of developing and validating analytical methods is to ensure a suitable method for a particular analyte more specific, accurate and precise. The main objective for that is to improve the conditions and parameters, which should be followed in the development and validation.
Stochastic Model to Find the Gallbladder Motility in Acromegaly Using Exponen...IJERA Editor
The purpose of the study was octreotide therapy in acromegaly is associated with an increased prevalence of gall stones, which may be the result of inhibition of gall bladder motility. Gall stone prevalence in untreated acromegalic patients relative to the general population is unknown, however and the presence of gall stones and gall bladder motility in these patients and in acromegalic patients receiving octreotide was therefore examined. Gall bladder emptying in untreated acromegalic subjects is impaired. Octreotide further increases post prandial residual gall bladder volume and this may be a factor in the increased gall stone prevalence seen in these patients.
A seminar report on the chemical frontiers of living matter seminar series - ...Glen Carter
This seminar report highlights a select few presentations of cutting-edge research being done in various labs across the Paris Science et Lettre (PSL) network.
This document summarizes an analytical chemistry lab experiment involving precision measurements using UV/Vis spectroscopy and the quantitative determination of salicylate. Key findings include:
1. Calibration of pipettes and volumetric flasks showed pipettes had lower standard deviation, making them more precise for measurements.
2. Theoretical uncertainties for pipettes were higher than experimental uncertainties, possibly because experiments also account for random errors.
3. Comparison of two data sets found they were from the same population but with different variances, attributed to random errors.
Similar to Gel matrix dependence on the dose response properties and diffusion phenomena of Fricke-based gel dosimeters (20)
This presentation is about Food Delivery Systems and how they are developed using the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and other methods. It explains the steps involved in creating a food delivery app, from planning and designing to testing and launching. The slide also covers different tools and technologies used to make these systems work efficiently.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
e qqqqqqqqqqeuwiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiqw dddddddddd cccccccccccccccv s w c r
cdf cb bicbsad ishd d qwkbdwiur e wetwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww w
dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffw
uuuuhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhe qiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbu uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuum
m
m mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm m i
g i dijsd sjdnsjd ndjajsdnnsa adjdnawddddddddddddd uw
Gel matrix dependence on the dose response properties and diffusion phenomena of Fricke-based gel dosimeters
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org ||Volume 5 Issue 7|| July 2016 || PP. 48-54
www.ijesi.org 48 | Page
Gel matrix dependence on the dose response properties and
diffusion phenomena of Fricke-based gel dosimeters
Giulia Maria Liosi1
, Simone Lazzaroni2,3
, ElenaMacerata1
,Daniele Dondi2
1
Department of Energy, Nuclear Engineering Division, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
2
Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
3
Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
Abstract: Fricke-gel dosimeters proved to be suitable tools to perform 3D radiotherapy pre-treatment
dosimetry. The tissue equivalent gel matrix helpsto preserve the spatial information of the dose. Several gel
matrices proved to be suitable for dosimetric purposes. The influence of the gel matrices on both system dose
response and diffusion processwasinvestigated. Three gel matrices were considered: Gelatinfrom porcine skin,
Agaroseand polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) cross-linked with glutaraldehyde(GTA). In these systems, Xylenol-Orange
(XO), an iron(III)chelator, forms red-colored complexeswith Fe3+
that eases the optical determination of the
dose. However, the dose evaluationresults to be affectedbydifferent XO-Fe3+
complexes that absorb at different
wavelengths. In particular,this phenomenon influences the dose response, the calibration curveand the dose
threshold.Therefore, a deeper study of the XO-Fe3+
speciation mechanism could lead to a more accurate
evaluation of the dose. A novel procedure, based on a laser-beam irradiation, was implemented for the diffusion
process evaluation. The diffusion coefficients were calculated for the three gel matrices tested. PVAmatrix
proved to highly limit the diffusion with respect to the other matrices. Further investigations are needed to
verify the influence of XO-Fe3+
complexeson the diffusion phenomenon.
Keywords: Diffusion, Fricke-gel dosimeter, Gel matrix, Optical spectrometry, Radiation dosimetry
I. Introduction
Some open issues still need to be faced in order to optimize and standardize the Fricke-gel dosimeter so
as to obtain an effective tool for pre-treatment 3D dosimetry[1 - 5]. Such dosimeter is based on the dose
dependent oxidationof ferrous ions (Fe2+
) dispersed into a tissue equivalent gel matrix which preserve the spatial
information of the absorbed dose. Different gel matrices have been studied and proved to be suitable for
dosimetric purposes [2,4]. The ferric ions (Fe3+
) concentration is linearly related to the dose by means of a
proper calibration factor. The Fe3+
ions concentration can be measured by the difference in absorbance at
304 nm before and after irradiationThe dose response is therefore defined as the ratio between the difference in
absorbance and the total absorbed dose. [2]. A ligand, the Xylenol Orange (XO), proved to be suitable to chelate
the Fe3+
ions leading to the formation of complexes which mainly absorbs in the visiblerange, at 585 nm [6].In
this region,gel matrices do not present relevant absorption and thusthe accuracy and the precision of the dose
evaluation are enhanced. Moreover, this ligand reducesthe mobility of the Fe3+
so as to limit the diffusion and
better preserve the spatial information of the absorbed dose [7-13].
However, it is known that few open issues still need to be faced in order to i) optimize the system
properties in terms of sensitivity, stability and reproducibility, and ii) limit the diffusion phenomenon. In
addition, the system calibration procedure still need to be standardized. In fact, an apparent dose threshold is
reported in literature [14]. The dose threshold is a sort of non-zero crossing of the calibration line, whichaffects
the accurate evaluation of the absorbed dose, especially at low doses. Different linear calibration curves and
dose thresholds are obtained at different measurement wavelengths. Moreover, a different dose response has
been observed as a function of the total dose absorbed by the system [15].Some authors related the these
properties to the presence of different complexes between XO and ferric ions which possess a maximum of
absorption at different wavelengths: Fe3+
1-XO2at 480 nm; Fe3+
1-XO1 at 540 nm; Fe3+
2-XO1 at 590 nm [1,16].
Therefore, since by increasing the dose, i.e. the ferric ions concentration, the concentration of the different
complexes changes,different calibration curvesareobtainedat different wavelengths. In addition, effects on the
dose response, i.e.the ratio between the absorbance at 585 nm and the total absorbed dose,of samplessubjected
to multiple subsequent irradiationswith5 Gysteps have been observed at 585 nm[3,15].
Several works, reported in literature, studiedthe diffusion process for a single gel matrix (either Gelatin,
Agarose or PVA) as a function of the different chemical composition of the dosimeters [7 - 13]. However, these
results are scattered and affected by uncertainty due to the lack of a standardized experimental method. In fact,
different sample shape and preparation procedure, temperature condition, irradiation, measurement and data
analysis could lead to results not directly comparable.
2. Gel matrix dependence on the dose response properties and diffusion phenomena of Fricke-based ....
www.ijesi.org 49 | Page
In this work, a systematic analysis has been conducted to investigate the influence of the gel matrix on
both the system dose response and the diffusion process. In particular, Gelatin from porcine skin, Agarose and
PVA matrices have been studied. In addition, the effect of different gel matrices on the response to subsequent
irradiations of 5 Gy has been tested. Finally, a novel procedure based on the laserirradiation has been developed
to quickly and reliably test the diffusion phenomenon for the three different gel matrices.
II. Material And Methods
The Fricke-gel dosimeters consist of an acid aqueous solution of Fe2+
ions and XO infused in a
gelatinous matrix. In particular, the chemical composition of the aqueous solution is: 0.5mM Ferrous
Ammonium Sulphate (FAS, Sigma Aldrich F3754), 25 mMsulphuric acid (Carlo Erba Reagent grade 96%
pure), 0.165 mMXylenol Orange (Sigma Aldrich 33825). The gel matrices studied are: 3% w/vGelatin from
porcine skin (300 bloom gel strength, Sigma Aldrich G2500); 1%w/v Agarose (Sigma Aldrich A0576); 10%
w/v PVA-GTA (Poly(vinyl alcohol) Sigma Aldrich 341584 cross-linked with 6.62 mM of Glutaraldehyde
solution 25%Sigma Aldrich G6257). Fricke-gel dosimeters were prepared according to thestandardreceipts
reported in literature[17 -19]. In addition, in order to study the absorption properties of the gel matricesseveral
gelsamples, without the incorporation of the Fricke solution, were prepared. The final solution, till in liquid
phase,was poured into spectrophotometriccuvette (1.2x1.2x4.5 cm3
). Samples were stored in the dark at 7°C,
after a storage of 6 hours at room temperature.
The sample irradiations were performed at least 24 hours after the end of the gel preparation to ensure a
complete gelation, with a 137
Cs irradiator at the Medical Physics Unit (Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionaledei
Tumori di Milano, Italy). The dose rate (0.113 Gy/sec) was measured by means of thermoluminescent
dosimeters (TLDs) placed in the same configuration of the gel samples.
All the absorption spectra were acquired with respect to a water reference sample by means of a
spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer, Lambda 650) in the range 400-700 nm, 30 minutes after irradiation.
In order to characterize the system dose response, several samples, prepared with the three different gel
matrices, were irradiated in the range 0-40 Gy.Moreover, to investigate the effect of gel matrices on subsequent
irradiation, some Fricke-gel dosimeters were divided into two groups (A and B) irradiatedat step of 5 Gy using
different temporal sequences with time steps of 24 and 48 hours respectively.
In order to evaluate the diffusion, Fricke-gel layer dosimeters (9x9 cm, 2 mm thick) were prepared
according to a standardize procedure [19,20]. To calibrate the system, layers were irradiated at several doses in
the range 0-20 Gy. The analysis was performed by means of Nashuatec MPC2050 scanner 30 minutes after
irradiation. Color RGB images were acquired (600dpi). Therefore, the images weresplitted in three channels:
red, blue and green. By means of a proper standardized images manipulation [19, 20], it is possible to calculate
the Optical Density Difference (ODD). The ODD calculated for the green channel proved to be linearly related
with the dose.To evaluate the diffusion phenomenon, layers were irradiated with a laser beam (500 mW,
405 nm). During the irradiation, a photostationary equilibrium is obtained within minutes and the concentration
of complex resulted equivalent to 5 Gy. Filled circles with a diameters of 5 mm were drawn with the laser on the
layers.Layers were analyzed every 30 minutes, starting from 30 minutes after irradiation up to 2.5 hours. In
order to evaluate the diffusion coefficients, Gaussians were fitted to the measured profiles [21]. The diffusion
coefficients could be inferred through the relation (1) between the Gaussian and the Fick's law:
𝛿2
𝑡 = 2𝐷𝑡 (1)
where is the standard deviation of the Gaussian fit, 𝐷 the diffusion coefficient and 𝑡 the time of analysis.
III. Results
3.1Dose response
The background absorbance of the three gel matrices considered has been compared as reported inFig
1. Agarose shows an higher absorption due to scattering phenomenon. In fact it is known that, while the Gelatin
from porcine skin has good optical properties, Agarose is translucent [22]. For this reason, all the Agarose
samples have been measured with respect to the gel matrix itself so as to properly subtract the background. The
absorption properties of both Gelatin and PVA matrices proved not to affect the spectrophotometer analysis in
the visible range of interest (400-700 nm).
3. Gel matrix dependence on the dose response properties and diffusion phenomena of Fricke-based ....
www.ijesi.org 50 | Page
Fig 1 Absorption spectra of the gel matrices without the inclusion of the Fricke solution. Absorption spectra
were acquired with a water sample as reference.
The spectra of non-irradiated samples made with the three different gel matrices are reported in Fig 2.
The initial signal is related to the spontaneous oxidation of ferrous ions occurring during the sample preparation.
The different chemical composition of the three matrices tested leads to different initial ferric ions concentration
due to a different oxidation rates depending on the matrix by itself and on the sample preparation. This
phenomenon reduces the dynamic range of the PVA sample to 0-25 Gy, while Gelatin and Agarose samples
shown a dose response linearly related with the dose up to at least 40 Gy.
Fig 2 Spectra of non-irradiated samples made with the three different gel matrices tested.
The spectra of the dose response, i.e. the ratio between the difference in absorbance (before and after
irradiation) and the total absorbed dose, are reported in Fig 3, Fig 4 and Fig 5 for PVA, Gelatin from porcine
skin and Agarose respectively.It is clearly visible a different behavior among the different gel matrices. In fact,
for both Gelatin and Agarose samples, the absorption spectra present a shape that varies with the dose and, in
particular, a different dose response as a function of the total absorbed dose. In fact, the absorbance at 585 nm
normalized on the total absorbed dose increases for higher doses. With PVA samples, the absorption spectrum
shape is instead not dosedependent and a lower dose response dependence (i.e. better linearity with the total
dose) is visible. This phenomenon can be attributed to the initial higher Fe3+
ions concentration of PVA samples
as shown in Fig 2. The higher ferric ions concentration leads to the formation of more Fe3+
2-XO1 which mainly
absorbs at 590 nm, increasing the dose response evaluated at 585 nm. In fact, while the concentration of Fe3+
increases, the equilibriums of different Fe3+
-XO species shifts toward the formation of different complexes:
Fe3+
1-XO2 + Fe3+
⇌ 2 Fe3+
1-XO1 (eq. 1)
Fe3+
1-XO1+ Fe3+
⇌ Fe3+
2-XO1 (eq. 2)
These phenomena affect the calibration curves obtained (Fig 6) because the three complexes absorb at
different wavelength. As a consequence, three different sensitivities and dose thresholds can be observed. As
previously described, the PVA present a lower dynamic range and, in fact, the samples irradiated with a dose
higher than 30 Gy present saturation. Moreover, due to the higher Fe3+
ions concentration and the consequent
higher Fe3+
2-XO1 complexes concentration, no dose threshold can be observed for PVA samples. When the
4. Gel matrix dependence on the dose response properties and diffusion phenomena of Fricke-based ....
www.ijesi.org 51 | Page
calibration curves for Gelatin and Agarose samples are evaluated after the subtraction of the absorption of the
sample irradiated at 15 Gy instead of the non-irradiated one, no dose threshold is observed (Fig 7). In fact,
higher is the dose, higher is the Fe3+
ions concentration and thus the Fe3+
2-XO1 concentration and consequently
higher is the contribution in the absorption spectrum at 585 nm. Contrarily to the previous calibration (Fig 6),
with this calibration curve it is possible to accurately measure low doses also with Gelatin and Agarose samples.
Consequently, in order to accurately measure very low doses without the dose threshold effect it is necessary: i)
to perform a pre-irradiation of the samples with a dose that must be identified for each preparation and chemical
receipt, or alternatively ii) to deeper study the speciation mechanism of XO and Fe3+
ions. In this way it would
be possible to develop a proper calibration procedure which not simply correlate the absorbance at one
wavelength to the dosebut, through a proper deconvolution of the absorption spectra, correlate the actual Fe3+
ions concentration to the dose.
Fig 3 Absorption spectra, resulting from the subtraction of the non-irradiated sample spectrum, normalized with
respect to the total absorbed dose for PVA samples irradiated in the range 10-40 Gy.
Fig 4 Absorption spectra,resulting from the subtraction of the non-irradiated sample spectrum, normalized with
respect to the total absorbed dose for Gelatin samples irradiated in the range 10-40 Gy.
Fig 5 Absorption spectra, resulting from the subtraction of the non-irradiated sample spectrum, normalized with
respect to the total absorbed dose for Agarose samples irradiated in the range 10-40 Gy.
5. Gel matrix dependence on the dose response properties and diffusion phenomena of Fricke-based ....
www.ijesi.org 52 | Page
Fig 6 Calibration curve Abs (585nm) vs Dose, obtained after the subtraction of the absorption of the
non-irradiated sample, for the three different gel matrices tested.Error bars are included in the marker size.
Fig 7 Calibration curve Abs (585nm) vs Dose, obtained after the subtraction of the absorption of the sample
irradiated at 15 Gy, for both Agarose and Gelatin gel matrices. Error bars are included in the marker size.
The effects of multiple subsequent irradiations have been evaluated. The results obtained are reported
in Fig 8 for both PVA (left) and Gelatin (right) samples. Similar results between Gelatin and Agarose samples
were obtained. The dose response is reported with respect to the number of subsequent 5 Gy irradiations.
Despite of the gel matrix, it can be observed that the dose response is dependent on the number of subsequent
irradiations, i.e. the total absorbed dose, but not on the irradiation time. In fact no difference can be observed
between groups A and B which were subjected to different temporal sequences of irradiation. It is consistent
with the previous data and is related to the different absorption wavelength of the Fe3+
-XO complexes. For PVA
samples instead, since the Fe3+
ions concentration is high even in low doses, the formation of Fe3+
2-XO1 is
favored, and thus the dose response results to be constant. On the opposite, coherently with the previous results,
the dose response of both Gelatin and Agarose sample increases with the number of subsequent irradiations, i.e.
with the total absorbed dose, and present a saturation trend. Therefore, considering the dose response at a fixed
wavelength could lead to incorrect conclusions on the system stability and response to fractionated doses due to
the presence of different Fe3+
-XO complexes.
Fig 8 Dose response as a function of the number of subsequent irradiationfor PVA (left) and Gelatin (right)
samples irradiated at step of 5 Gy with 2 different temporal sequences. For simplicity of reading, all the values
are reported normalized to the response at the first irradiation.
6. Gel matrix dependence on the dose response properties and diffusion phenomena of Fricke-based ....
www.ijesi.org 53 | Page
3.2Diffusion measurement
A novel procedure for the evaluation of the diffusion phenomenon, based on the laser irradiation of
Fricke-gel layers, has been implemented as follows. In order to validate the measurement procedure of the
Fricke-layers with the Nashuatec MPC2050 scanner, Fricke-gel layer-samples were irradiated in the range 5-20
Gy (calibration is reported in Fig 9).
Fig 9 Calibration curve ODD vs Dose obtained for Gelatin layers dosimeters irradiated in the range 5-20 Gy.
To evaluate the diffusion phenomenon, filled circleswith a diameter of 5 mm were drawn with a laser-
beam at an equivalent dose of 5 Gy. The experimental (left) and Gaussian fitted (right) profiles for Gelatin
samples are reported inFig 10. Similar results were obtained for Agarose and PVA samples, not reported for
sake of brevity. Thanks to the equation (1) the diffusion coefficients, reported in Table 1, were calculated. The
results obtained are coherent with literature [7 - 13]. The PVA matrix crosslinked with GTA proved to limit the
diffusion process more than Gelatin and Agarose matrices.
Fig 10 Experimental (left) and Gaussian fitted (right) profile obtained for Gelatin layer at different time interval
after irradiation. Similar results were obtained for PVA and Agarose samples, not here reported for sake of
brevity.
Table 1 Diffusion coefficient calculated for the three gel matrices tested
Gel matrix Diffusion coefficient (mm2
h-1
)
Gelatin from porcine skin 0.77±0.04
Agarose 0.57±0.03
PVA 0.38±0.03
IV. Conclusion
In this work the effect of the gel matrix on both the dose response and the diffusion phenomenon of the
Fricke-gel dosimeter have been investigated. The absorption properties of the system resulted to be affected by
artifactsrelated to thepresence ofdifferent XO-Fe3+
complexes, having different absorption spectra.
A novel procedure based on laser-beam irradiation was implemented in order to study the diffusion
phenomenon. The diffusion coefficients calculated are in accordance with the data reported in literature.
Moreover, for the reasons above mentioned, also the diffusion could be affected by the presence of different
complexes.
7. Gel matrix dependence on the dose response properties and diffusion phenomena of Fricke-based ....
www.ijesi.org 54 | Page
For this reason a deeper study of the speciation mechanism and a complete investigation of the whole
absorption spectra are necessary to avoid inaccurate measurements of both the total dose and the diffusion,
especially at low doses.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thanks the Medical Physics Unit at the Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionaledei
Tumori di Milano for the irradiation campaign. This work has been supported by a co-funded Research Project
within the National Research Program of Relevant Interest (PRIN 2010) (Research Project no.
2010SNALEM_002).
References
[1]. Lepage M and Jordan K, 3D dosimetry fundamentals: gels and plastics, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 250, 2010,
doi:10.1088/1742-6596/250/1/012055
[2]. Schreiner L J, Review of Fricke gel dosimeters, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 3, 2004, 9-21, doi:10.1088/1742-
6596/3/1/003
[3]. Jordan K and Battista J, Dose response of ferrous-xylenol orange gels: the effects of gel substrate, gelation time and dose
fractionation, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 3, 2004, 232–235, doi:10.1088/1742-6596/3/1/035
[4]. Doran S J, The history and principles of chemical dosimetry for 3Dradiationfields: Gels, polymers and plastics, Applied
RadiationandIsotopes67, 2009,393–398, doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2008.06.026
[5]. Baldock C, Historical overview of the development of gel dosimetry: apersonal perspective, Journal of Physics: Conference Series
56, 2006,doi:10.1088/1742-6596/56/1/002
[6]. Appleby A and Leghrouz A, Imaging of radiation dose by visible color development in ferrous-agarose-Xylenol Orange
gels,Medical Physics 18,1991, 309, doi: 10.1118/1.596676
[7]. Baldock C et al, Experimental determination of the diffusion coefficient in two-dimensions in ferrous sulphate gels using the finite
element method, Australasian Physics & Engineering Sciences in Medicine, 2001, 24:19, doi:10.1, 007/BF03178282
[8]. Olsson L E et al, Diffusion of ferric ions in agarosedosimeter gel, Phys. Med Biol. 37, 1992 2243–52
[9]. Rae W I D et al, Chelator effect onion diffusion in ferrous-sulphate doped gelatin gel dosimeters as analyzed by MRI, Med Phys,
23, 1996, 15–23
[10]. Balcolm B j et al, Diffusion in Fe(II/III)radiation dosimetry gels measured by MRI,Phys. Med. Biol. 40, 1995, 1665–76
[11]. Harris P Iet al, A method for determining the diffusion coefficient inFe(II/III) radiation dosimetry gels using finite elements Phys.
Med Biol. 41, 1996, 1745–53
[12]. Chu W C and Wang J, Exploring the concentration gradient dependency of the ferric iondiffusion effect in MRI-Fricke-infused gel
dosimetry, Phys. Med Biol. 45, 2001, L63–4
[13]. Penev K I and Mequanint K, Controlling sensitivity and stability of ferrous–xylenolorange–gelatin 3D gel dosimeters by doping
withphenanthroline-type ligands and glyoxal, Phys. Med. Biol. 58, 2013, 1823–1838
[14]. Babic S et al, An apparent threshold dose response in ferrous xylenol-orange gel dosimeters when scanned with a yellow light
source, Phys. Med. Biol. 53, 2008, 1637–1650, doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/53/6/009
[15]. Liosi G M et al, Study of Fricke-gel dosimeter calibration for attaining precise measurements of the absorbed dose, 4th
International Conference on Advancements in Nuclear Instrumentation Measurement Methods and their Applications (ANIMMA),
2015, IEEE, doi: 10.1109/ANIMMA.2015.7465581
[16]. Gay C et al, Determination of Iron in Solutions with the Ferric Xylenol Orange Complex, Analytical Biochemistry 273, 1999, 143–
148, doi: 10.1006/abio.1999.4207
[17]. Liosi G M et al.,Effects of the pre-irradiation storage procedure on the dose response of a Fricke xylenol orange gel dosimeter,
NUKLEONIKA 60(3), 2015, 603-607 , doi: 10.1515/nuka-2015-0099
[18]. Xiao R et al, Preparation and characterization of FPGX hydrogel dosimeters, Nuclear Science and Techniques 21, 2010, 60–62,
doi: 10.13538/j.1001-8042/nst.21.60-62
[19]. Gambarini G et al, Characterization of Fricke-gel Layers for AbsoluteDose Measurements in Radiotherapy, 2nd International
Conference on Advancements in Nuclear Instrumentation Measurement Methods and their Applications (ANIMMA),
IEEE,doi:10.1109/ANIMMA.2011.6172969
[20]. Gambarini G et al, Study of light transmittance from layers of Frickex-Xylenol-orange-gel dosimeters having different composition
and analyzed with various modalities, Nucl. Instrum.Method B 213, 2004, 321–324, doi:10.1016/S0168-583X(03)01636-7
[21]. De OlivieraL N et al, Determination of diffusion coefficient in Fricke Xylenol gel dosimeter after electronbeam
bombardment,Surface & Coatings Technology 203, 2009, 2367–2369, doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2009.03.044
[22]. Davies J B and Baldock C, Sensitivity and stability of the Fricke–Gelatin–Xylenolorange gel dosimeter, Radiation Physics and
Chemistry 77, 2008, 690–696, doi:10.1016/j.radphyschem.2008.01.007