THE ROLE OF HEALTH EDUCATION, ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION AND MAINTENANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH.
HEALTH SUVEILLANCE, MOTIVATION AND COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN CONTROL OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES.
It is a composite graphical recording of cervical dilatation and descent of head against duration of labour in hours.
It also gives information about fetal and maternal condition that are all recorded on single sheet of paper.
Postnatal care (PNC) for the mother should respond to her special needs, starting within an hour after the delivery of the placenta and extending through the following six weeks. The care includes the prevention, early detection and treatment of complications, and the provision of counselling on breastfeeding, birth spacing, immunization and maternal nutrition. To standardise the PNC service, you are advised to use the screening, counselling and postnatal care cards. These cards ensure that you have covered all the essential steps in every home visit.
this ppt is beneficial for nursing and obstetric and gynaecology students.
It is a composite graphical recording of cervical dilatation and descent of head against duration of labour in hours.
It also gives information about fetal and maternal condition that are all recorded on single sheet of paper.
Postnatal care (PNC) for the mother should respond to her special needs, starting within an hour after the delivery of the placenta and extending through the following six weeks. The care includes the prevention, early detection and treatment of complications, and the provision of counselling on breastfeeding, birth spacing, immunization and maternal nutrition. To standardise the PNC service, you are advised to use the screening, counselling and postnatal care cards. These cards ensure that you have covered all the essential steps in every home visit.
this ppt is beneficial for nursing and obstetric and gynaecology students.
This topic contains definition, incidence, varieties, causes, risk factors, dangers, diagnosis, prognosis, prevention and management of inversion of uterus.
Every disease has its own way of presenting it. Identification of early signs by the nurse and the public is necessary for initiation of early treatment.
Many women experience some minor disorders during pregnancy.
Every system of the body may be affected during pregnancy. These disorders, however , are not minor to the pregnant woman.
High risk approach in maternal and child healthShrooti Shah
High risk pregnancy is defined as one which is complicated by factor or factors that adversely affects the pregnancy outcome –maternal or perinatal or both.The risk factors may be pre-existing prior to or at the time of first antenatal visit or may develop subsequently in the ongoing pregnancy labour or puerperium.
Over 50 percent of all maternal complications and 60 percent of all primary caesarean sections arise from the high risk group of cases.
This topic contains definition, incidence, varieties, causes, risk factors, dangers, diagnosis, prognosis, prevention and management of inversion of uterus.
Every disease has its own way of presenting it. Identification of early signs by the nurse and the public is necessary for initiation of early treatment.
Many women experience some minor disorders during pregnancy.
Every system of the body may be affected during pregnancy. These disorders, however , are not minor to the pregnant woman.
High risk approach in maternal and child healthShrooti Shah
High risk pregnancy is defined as one which is complicated by factor or factors that adversely affects the pregnancy outcome –maternal or perinatal or both.The risk factors may be pre-existing prior to or at the time of first antenatal visit or may develop subsequently in the ongoing pregnancy labour or puerperium.
Over 50 percent of all maternal complications and 60 percent of all primary caesarean sections arise from the high risk group of cases.
CD March 2016 - Personal Evironment Monitoring (Costain)Comit Projects Ltd
Slides presented at the COMIT community day in March 2016 at WorleyParsons in Brenford by George Holder of Costain. Covers some of the environmental monitoring issues that arise from the tunnelling works at Crossrail.
Day 3 UNESCO Environmental Education Within the context of UNDESDelodieperrat
Workshop on Alignment & implementation of National Action programmes with the UNCCD 10-year Strategy in the Arab Region
League of Arab States (18- 20 June 2014), Dubai - UAE
UNESCO Mohamed Al-Aawah
Occupational therapists are well situated to work collaboratively with communities to identify needs, develop implementation strategies, and deliver health services and programs.
Although the value of occupation for health and well-being is fundamental to the occupational therapy profession, this view is not well recognized in the field of public health.
This lecture slides seek to identify core activities of Public Health in Occupational Therapy
Thinking that moves us to think beyond just an individual. Perspectiv.pdfallinoneenterprise1
Thinking that moves us to think beyond just an individual. Perspective that looks at what cause
the disease that led to death; gives a clue as to where disease can be prevented and health can be
promot Health of humans occurs within a constantly changing and interactive environment
Health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within
the group Approaches which aim to prevent disease or condition before it ever occurs
Changes in the health of an individua group of people, or population due t interventions(s)
Organization primarily responsible fo public health on a federal level Framework for public
health that relates to sharing resources and maximizing benefit to the communit Approaches
which aim to reduce the impact of a disease or condition that has already occurred Any activities
intended to prevent disease, promote health, and prolong life among a population as a whole
Match the core function on the left to its corresponding essential service on the right. Some of
the responses may not be used or may be used more than once. Investigate, diagnose, and
address health hazards/root causes Communicate effectively to inform and educate Enable
equitable access Utilize legal and regularly actions Build a diverse and skilled workforce
Assessment of STI prevention progre Collaborative efforts with private industry to combat
domestic violenc Investigation and evaluation of foodborne illness outbreaks Bridge programs
between community college and bachelor's level public health programs Development of a plan
to meet housing needs
Surveillance of communicable diseas [Choose ] Create, champion, and implement policies,
plans and laws Communicate effectively to inform and educate Tanning salon and tattoo parlor
Improve/innovate through evaluation, research and quality inspections Assess and monitor
population health Build a diverse and skilled workforce Study of promising recycling and Utilize
legal and regulatory actions Enable equitable access to health services Alcohol and other drugs
prevention curriculum in middle schools Sliding-scale community-based health clinics.
Book 2 Chapter 6
health education
A process aimed at encouraging people to want to be healthy, to know how to stay healthy, to do what they can individually and collectively to maintain health and to seek help when needed
Position and role of health education in health promotion. Niru Magar
This ppt explores the Position and role of health education in health promotion.Health education is the process of providing individuals and communities with the knowledge, skills, and motivation they need to make informed choices about their health and well-being.
It's more than just learning facts; it's about developing the ability to understand, critically evaluate, and apply that knowledge to your life.
HE is aimed at bringing about behavioral changes in individuals, groups, and larger populations from behaviors that are presumed to be detrimental to health, to behaviors that are conducive to present and future health.
Health promotion is the process of enabling people to take control over and improve their health and its determinants. Health promotion is about creating the conditions and conducive environment for healthy choices for all and where people live, work, age and play.
Health promotion is an umbrella term that includes disease prevention, improvement of health, and enhancing well-being.
Through various platforms and strategies, HE aims to improve health outcomes, reduce health disparities, and foster a culture of informed decision-making and wellness.
working modality of publi health ,
Whole population approach ,
Setting population approach ,
Campaign .
Mass media ,
Common process of public heath work ,Need assessment ,Program planning
Health promotion is, as stated in the 1986 World Health Organization Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, "the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. THE ROLE OF HEALTH EDUCATION,
ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION AND
MAINTENANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH.
HEALTH SUVEILLANCE, MOTIVATION AND
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN CONTROL OF
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES.
3. It is an integral part of PHC
Health education is any combination of learning
experiences designed to help individuals and
communities improve their health, by increasing
their knowledge or influencing their attitudes.
It can also be defined as a carefully planned
method to influence and or change the attitude or
behaviour of individual or communities by
increasing their knowledge and understanding of
health and diseases.
4. It is the totality of educational efforts aimed at
helping, motivating and encouraging people to:
Want to be healthy
Know how to stay healthy
Do what they can to maintain health
Seek help as when needed
5. It involves the use of multiple strategies and methods
It is a systematically planned activity or process
It is a health intervention which is devoid of coercion
It is done with the full understanding and free acceptance by
the target audience
It focuses on the human health related behaviour or action:
o Healthy
o unhealthy
6. The objectives of health education include:
o Improvement in health e.g. diarrhoea incidence
o Change in behaviour, for instance hand-washing
o Change knowledge, beliefs and attitudes
o Enlist community support for health programmes
o Inform the community about medical advances
and their limitation
7. There three types of health education
Individual health education
Group health education
Mass media health education
8. It is usually the best and most
effective- this is because it allows
for close interaction
It only involves the client and the
health educator
The close relationship often
gives the client confidence in the
health educator and it may
increase compliance
9. This the most approach type for
community health education
It involves health educating a group of
people with related health issue(s).
The group should not be more than 5
to 8 to an health educator.
Members of the group must be
motivated to participate in the
discussion.
Teaching aids like audio-visuals could
be used.
10. This form of health education is done for a large
group of people
It involve the use of radio, television, internet,
bill boards etc.
Some of the disadvantages of this method
include:
o It consume a lot of money and time
o There may be no personal interraction
11. Lecture
Group discussion
Demonstration
Role play
Film show/drama
Workshop and seminars
Health talk
12. Performing health education involves the following steps
STEP I: Assessing the situation
STEP II: Diagnosing the problem
STEP III: Programme planning or planning the
programme
STEP IV: Implementation
STEP V: Evaluation (assess programme success)
13. Establishing relationship between individuals, groups and
institutions
Increasing awareness and upgrading knowledge
Persuading people to change
Influencing attitude
Facilitating the adoption of innovations and creating
sustained demand for health innovations
14. Encouraging individuals, groups and
communities to take responsibilities for their health
Motivating people to make informed decision
Empowering people with skills
Advocating for the recognition of the health
promotion preventing activities or practices as a
major investment
15. The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines
‘Environmental Sanitation’ as “the control of all those factors
in man’s physical environment which exercise or may
exercise a deleterious effect on his physical development,
health and survival.”
This involves keeping the environment free from things that
can cause accident or endanger the life of the populace
For example: uncompleted or dilapidated latrines, open
trenches, uncontrolled tipping methods of refuse disposal
There is also need for good drainage system
16. This is designed to emphasize adequate supply
of safe water and basic sanitation
To achieve this, the health worker needs to
ensure community participation and the
involvement of the Government effort at
providing water and ensuring clean environment
The technology adopted for providing water in
the community should be appropriate (it must be
cheap, simple, easy to maintain and reliable)
17. Health surveillance is a system of ongoing health checks.
These health checks may be required by law for community
members who are exposed to noise or vibration, ionising
radiation, solvents, fumes, dusts, biological agents and
other substances hazardous to health.
Public health surveillance is the On-going, systematic
collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related data
and dissemination for use in the planning, implementation,
and evaluation of public health practice on a specific
disease or other health-related event.
18. Such surveillance can:
serve as an early warning system for impending public
health emergencies
document the impact of an intervention, or track progress
towards specified goals
monitor and clarify the epidemiology of health problems, to
allow priorities to be set and to inform public health policy
and strategies
19. Public Health Surveillance has many uses:
Monitoring trends in health events.
Guiding decision making and action to reduce morbidity and
mortality
Detecting cases for intervention, evaluate control and
prevention measures.
Guiding planning, implementation and evaluation of public
health programs, providing a basis for epidemiological
research.
20. Estimate magnitude of the problem.
Portray the natural history of a disease.
Determine distribution and spread of illness.
Detecting potential outbreaks and threats to public health.
Monitor changes in infectious agents.
Directing public health interventions
Generate hypotheses, stimulate research.
21. There is an identifiable disease or other identifiable
adverse health outcome
The disease or health effect may be related to
exposure
There is a likelihood that the disease or health
effect may occur
There are valid techniques for detecting indications
of the disease or health effects
22. Health Surveillance Techniques should be:
Sensitive
Specific
Easy to perform and interpret
Safe
Non-invasive
Acceptable
23.
24. A Community is a set of people living
together with common interest
There are different things that bind
people together. Such as: Territory ,
Sharing resources, Administrative
unit, Language, Religion, Culture,
Occupation
25. Community Mobilization refers to the process of building
social relationships in pursuit of common community
interests.
It is a capacity building process through which
community members, groups, and organizations plan,
implement, and evaluate sustainable programs and
activities in a participatory manner to achieve an agreed
upon goal.
Community Mobilization is seen as being the foundation
of the community development process.
Community development seeks to empower individuals
and groups of people by providing these groups with the
skills they need to affect change in their own
26. Engage the whole community
Facilitate a process of social change thru:
o Awareness
o Support and
o action
Provide repeated exposure to idea
Promote community ownership
27. Identify the problem(s)
Select a strategy to solve the problem
Community mobilization process
Implementation through the people’s
participation
28. Identify core areas of community development such as
Health (Maternal and child mortality, HIV/AIDs, Malaria),
women empowerment, Water and Sanitation, etc.
Prepare to mobilize
Identify a common issue that the whole community can get
involved
Gather information about the issue and the community
Identify resources and constraints
29. This depends on the identified problem and it is likened to
the planning phase
Plan for community dialogue and select a strategy
Some problems –
o require sensitization on the issue.
o call for mobilization of community
o need interaction with individual family members.
30. A process whereby a group of people become aware
of a shared concern or common need and decide to
take Mobilization in order to create shared benefits.
A continual and cumulative process that involves
communication, education, and organization, which
together lead to community Mobilization and
development.
Community Mobilization linkages Capacity building
Outside Community Group resources Participation
Mobilization Empowerment
31. Developing an on-going dialogue between
community members
Creating or strengthening community
organizations (Committees etc.)
Creating an environment in which individuals
can empower themselves to address their own
and their community’s needs
Promoting community members’ participation
32. Some of the actions undertaken by the people to promote
health and prevent diseases include:
Co-operative farming to ensure that the community have
sufficient food of the right kind
They can get together to make the most of whatever
source of water they have ensuring that it is protected from
pollution
They can insist on acceptable standard of hygiene in and
around the homes, in the market places, shops, schools,
etc.
They can ensure that every child in the community are
immunized against the childhood killer diseases
They can fight certain diseases like malaria, and other
33. Evaluation should be carried out
while all these are on,
intermittently to ensure that the
set goals are being met
Revise the strategy wherever
necessary
34. Increase community, individual, and group
capacity to identify and satisfy their needs
Improve program design, quality, results and
evaluation
Cost effective way to achieve sustainable results
Increase community ownership of the program
35. Bringing People Together
Building Trust
Encouraging Participation
Facilitating Discussion and Decision-making
Helping Things to Run Smoothly .
Facilitation in community mobilization process
36. Good communication skills
Good facilitation skills
Good listener
Committed
Decision maker
Active
Negotiation skills
Honest
Known to culture and values of society
Well dress
Catalyst
Management skills
37. This is the most essential and sensitive part of the
principles of primary health care.
Enables them to become agents for their own development
instead of being passive beneficiaries of development aid.
This is the process by which individuals, families and
communities assume the responsibility in promoting their
own health and welfare.
Community involvement is a process in which partnership is
established between government and the local communities
in planning and implementation of health care activities.
38. The purpose of this is to help in building local self
reliance and gaining social control over PHC
infrastructure and technology for example: training of
village health workers and aids.
It is important to note that community participation
can not occur without prior mobilization
Individual in the community know their own situation
better and they are motivated to solve common
problems.
39. An illness due to a specific infectious agent or its toxic
products capable of being directly or indirectly transmitted
from man to man, animal to animal or from the environment
(air, dust, soil, water, food) to man or animal.
40. Epidemic: occurrence, in a community or region, of a group of
illnesses of a similar nature in excess of normal expectancy
Endemic: habitual presence of a disease or agent within a
geographic area based on the usual prevalence of a given
disease within such an area
Pandemic: an epidemic which is worldwide in distribution
Antigenicity: Ability of agent to induce antibody production in the
host (e.g. re-infection with measles virus is very rare).
Carrier: person/animal that harbors a specific infectious agent in
the absence of discernible clinical disease and serves as a
potential source of infection
41. Infectivity: Capacity of agent to enter and multiply in a
susceptible host (hence produce infection/disease) (polio and
measles have high infectivity)
Pathogenicity: Capacity of agent to cause clinical disease in the
infected host (measles has high pathogenicity)
Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity of an infectious agent. i.e.
the ability of the agent to invade and damage tissues of the host
causing severe manifestations or death.
Toxigenicity: The ability of a microbe to produce bio chemicals,
known as toxins that disrupt the normal functions of cells or are
generally destructive to human cells and tissues
42. A process that begins when an agent leaves its
reservoir or host through a portal of exit, and is
transported by some mode of transmission, then
enters through an appropriate portal of entry to infect a
susceptible host.
43. Chain (Cycle) of infection
Susceptible Host
Agent
Reservoir
Mode of transmission
Portal of ExitPortal of Entry
44. • Microorganisms are responsible for disease production
(viruses, bacteria, protozoa, parasites, fungi, etc.
• Agent factors that affect disease transmission:
o Infectivity
o Pathogenicity
o Virulence
o Antigenicity
45. The reservoir of an agent is the habitat in which
an infectious agent normally lives, grows, and
multiplies.
“any person, animal, arthropod, plant, soil, or
substance, or a combination of these, in which
an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies,
on which it depends primarily for survival, and
where it reproduces itself in such a manner that
it can be transmitted to a susceptible host.
It is the natural habitat of the infectious agent.”
46. Portal of exit is the path by which an agent
leaves the source host.
Examples:
• Respiratory tract
• GIT
• Skin and mucous membrane
47. Mode of transmission
Direct transmission Indirect transmission
Direct contact
Droplet infection
Contact with soil
Inoculation into skin or mucosa
Trans-placental (vertical)
Vehicle-borne
•Vector-borne:
•Mechanical
•biological
Air-borne
Fomite-born
Unclean hands and
fingers
48. An agent enters a susceptible host through a portal of
entry.
The portal of entry must provide access to tissues in
which the agent can multiply or a toxin can act.
Often, organisms use the same portal to enter a new
host that they use to exit the source host.
49. A susceptible host is the final link in the chain of infection.
The host is a person or other living organism that can be
infected by an infectious agent under normal conditions.
An infectious agent seeks a susceptible host aiming
“successful parasitism”.
Four stages are required for successful parasitism:
1. Portal of entry
2. Site of election inside the body
3. Portal of exit
4. Survival in external environment
51. The objectives should be :
To assess the extent of the emergency and the threat of
communicable diseases in the population
To define the type and size of interventions and priority
activities
To plan the implementation of these activities
To provide information to international community, donors
and the media to mobilize resources both human
52. Communicable diseases can be
prevented by appropriate preventive
measures which include:
Good site planning
Provision of basic clinical services
Provision of appropriate shelter
Clean water supply
Sanitation
Mass vaccination against specific
diseases
Regular and sufficient food supply
53. Increasing the resistance of the host
Inactivating the agent
Interrupt the chain of infection
Restricting spread of infection
o isolation
o quarantine
o segregation
o personal surveillance
54. Activities targeted at detecting disease at
earliest possible time to:
o begin treatment
o stop progression
o protect others in the community
Examples of activities: case finding,
health screening, health education
55. Limits the progression of disability
Treatment of symptoms and
rehabilitation vary with each specific
disease
56. Surveillance of disease means the exercise of continuous
scrutiny and watchfulness over the distribution and spread
of infections and the related factors, with sufficient
accuracy and completeness to provide the basis for
effective control
The surveillance of communicable diseases has 2 main
objectives:
o Recognition of acute problems that demand immediate
action
o Provide a broad assessment of specific problems in
order to discern long-term trends and epidemiological
patterns, to guide and monitor intervention and to
57. An outbreak is occurrence of a number of cases of a
disease that is unusually large or unexpected for a given
place and time.
Outbreaks and epidemics refer to the one and same
thing.
Outbreaks in emergency situations can spread rapidly
giving rise to high morbidity and mortality rates.
Aim should be to detect and control the outbreak as
early as possible.
59. Health coordination meetings
Strong surveillance system
Outbreak response plan for each disease
Stocks of iv fluids, antibiotics and vaccines
Plans for isolation wards
Laboratory support
60. Surveillance system with early warning system
for epidemic prone diseases.
Inform ministry of health and WHO in case of
outbreaks of specific diseases.
Take appropriate specimens (stool, CSF or
serum) for laboratory confirmation.
Include case in the weekly report.
62. Assess appropriateness and effectiveness
of containment measures.
Assess timelines of outbreak detection
and response.
Change public health policy if indicated.
Write and disseminate outbreak report.
63. Funso, T.A. (2013). A Guide to Primary
Health Care Practice in Developing Countries. 5th
ed. Akure: Rotimi Excel Production
Basavanthappa, B.T. (2008). Community Health Nursing.
2nd ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical
Publishers (P) Limited
Adesokan, F.O.O. (2011). Reproductive HealthFor All
Ages; 2nd edition, Akure. Bosem Publishers Nigeria
Limited
Sagun P. (2014).
. www.slideshare.net
http://www.agius.com/hew/resource/surv.htm
64. Kulkarni, R. (2014). Control of Communicable Diseases
in Emergencies. Article from: Provincial
Epidemiology and Disease Control Officer, Ministry
of Health and Child Welfare, Zimbabwe.
www.scribd.com/doc/922132/Control-of-Communicable-
Diseases
65. There is an outbreak of cholera in Alkamawa community,
discuss how health surveillance, community motivation
and participation can be used to control the disease.