COMMERCIAL LITERATURE.pptx

LITERATURE REVIEW
Submitted to:
Ar. Rojana Shrestha
Ar. Nirupa Gurung
Presented by:
Aakanksha Parajuli
Amrita Poudel
Barsha KC
Busan Raj Shrestha
Prakriti Sapkota
Shreya Bijukchhe
COMMERCIAL COMPLEX DESIGN

INTRODUCTION
● A commercial building incorporates different
human activities related to business, recreation,
offices and entertainment.
● The concept nowadays, is a tall building with each
storey occupied for various public uses.
● Spaces usually include office spaces, shops,
restaurants, food courts, banks, atrium, arcade,
play areas, cinema halls, etc.
● More activities can be done in one place so it
became popular with the public instantly.
● The problem of land scarcity solved due to the
vertical extension of the building.
● It turned out to be easy to construct and easily
rentable
Galaxy Soho, Beijing
Avinash Times Square, Raipur

PURPOSE
● Direct uses where the company conducts business
out of the building itself
● Indirect uses - where the building itself is the
business
● It is a hotspot for recreational activities.
● Malls are the heart and soul of communities, the
foundation of retail economies, and a social
sanctuary for teenagers everywhere
● They are union space for the public mass. This
makes public spaces in the shopping mall very
important design element.

HISTORY
● Development of Civilization - trade and commerce
● People used to grow more crops and sell them
● Transportation became a medium and architecture
germinate in the name of shops.
● During Greek civilization - Trade flourished more -
socio-cultural need of that time and AGORA emerged
as an new architectural structure - shopping center
in the heart of the business district
● Roman forums were small open surrounded by
government buildings.
In Nepal - emerged as haat bazar in rural areas - public square - in urban areas

BRIEF HISTORY IN
NEPAL
● Bishal Bazar is one of the oldest shopping
center located in New Road, Kathmandu.
● Built in 1969 AD Bishal Bazar has more
than 200 shops in its 5 stories.
● This Bazar is rumored for purchasing gold
and adornments things.
● It has a decent outdoor space with
landscaping, an open atrium and houses
both retail shops and banks.
● It also has a popular religious temple
within its premise.
● In present context business arcade has turned
into commercial complexes.
● It is one of the major element of urban scape.
● We can say the present commercial complexes
are the filtered form of Agora with addition of
comfort and need in one.
● Use of modern material increase transparency
level in those structures to maximize exposure.

According to Time Savers
Types of Complex
1.NEIGHBORHOOD CENTRE (SUBURBAN)
- This is a row of stores customarily in a strip or
paralleling the highway and with parking
- Ranging from 20,000 to 100,000 sq.ft
- Usually contain a supermarket and a drug store
often a variety store and a half dozen or more
service type store
2.INTERMEDIATE OR COMMUNITY -SIZE CENTRE:
- also a strip of stores but larger than
neighbourhood centre and also called junior
department store
- parking pattern is similar as neighborhood
centre
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3.REGIONAL CENTRE :
- contain one to four department stores plus 50 to 100 or more shops
- All stores face inward to the mall with their backs to the parking
- Double decked parking parking to save land area
- Double decked stores
REGIONAL CENTRE
4.Downtown (Renewal Projects)
- Two or more shopping levels of department
stores, shops of all sorts, restaurants etc.
- Parking is normally multi decked and can be
above, below or better laterally contagious to
shopping facilities.

BASIC COMPONENTS
Clear-span interiors
High visibility and access from the front
High ceilings
Close proximity to pedestrian
traffic
Parking provisions
Grand and open front entrance

Commercial building
Business activities
● Retail shops
● Groceries
Entrance
● Entrance
● Zoning (Space)
Building regulations
● Bye laws
● NBC
Entertainment &
recreational spaces
● Game zones
● Food court
● Outdoor spaces
Office spaces
● Offices
Services and supporting
facilities
● HVAC

HORIZONTAL ZONING VERTICAL ZONING
OPEN SPACE
CENTRAL
HALL
ATRIUM
OFFICE
AREA
FOOD
COURT
RETAIL
STORES
CONNECTION
BETWEEN
INDOOR &
OUTDOOR
ENVIRONMENT
EXITS
ENTRY
ENTERTAI
NMENT
THEATRE
PLAY
AREA
W/C

Entrance
• Entrance should be aimed at center of building for
easy access to all part of building
• should be near from parking,highways
• Steel structure,rcc Canopy,porch can be used for
highlighting entrance
• Entrance of commercial building should be 10-15m
wide
• Its plinth level can be raised 450mm-1000mm
11

Plaza
Benefits
● Helps create a space for people to sit
and relax..
● Also creates a space to look and
admire a building.
● Beautifies the appearance of the building.
● Also helps in movement flow of the
building.
A public square, marketplace, or similar open space in a built-up
area.
Plaza

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SPACE ZONING IN COMMERCIAL COMPLEX
A typical commercial complex can possibly be distorted
into spaces as per their functions.
The spaces are ambiguous divided into :
● Transition spaces: spaces connecting static spaces
and are constantly changing
● Static spaces: has specific et distinct functions
Dynamic spaces are basically transition spaces that are
constantly changing and living.

TRANSITIONAL SPACES
Atrium
● An atrium is a large open-air or skylight covered space
surrounded by a building.
● The romans used atriums to providing light and ventilation to the
interior.
● Modern atria, as developed in the late 19th and 20th centuries,
are often several stories high, with a glazed roof or large
windows, and are often located immediately beyond a building's
main entrance doors.
● Serves as the main circulating space on the ground floor
● Provides visual link between the outer environment and inner
ambience
● Can be used as natural lighting and ventilation medium
● Used as a multi purpose space
● Core point of the commercial complex
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Transition space between 2 destinations
Transition space between 2 static spaces
Transition space between nature and built form

Atrium courtyard
Lighting in Atrium

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COURTYARD
● A courtyard is a circumscribed area, surrounded by a
building or complex, that is open to the sky.
● Courtyards are common elements in both Western and
Eastern building patterns and have been used by both
ancient and contemporary architects.
● Such spaces in inns and public buildings were the primary
meeting places for some purposes, leading to the other
meanings of court.
● Both of the words court and yard derive from the same
root, meaning an enclosed space..

HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION
● Corridors should have an unobstructed width of 1.8m .
● Minimum width of the Hallways: 1m
● Where stairways discharge through corridors and passageways, the height of
corridor and passageways should not be less than 2.4m.
● Entries and Exits shall not be less than 5m width and 2.5m in height for the use of
public.
● All Means of exit including staircases lifts lobbies and corridors shall adequately
ventilated.
● Staircase must be provided within 30 m travel distance
● If the distance increases 2 staircase can be provided
Horizontal Circulation involves:
Covered Hallways
Semi covered Hallways
Open spaces
Atrium
Corridor
Horizontal and Vertical Circulation

VERTICAL CIRCULATION
Vertical Circulation involves:
Stairs
Escalators
Ramps
Lifts
Horizontal and Vertical Circulation

CIRCULATION SPACES
Stairs
● Riser: not more than 16 cm
● Treads: 30-32 cm
● Width: 180 cm (min)
● Handrail: 0.9 m for adults and 0.7m for children
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● Handrails shall be provided with a minimum height of 100 cm
from the center of the tread.
● Interior stairs shall be constructed of non-combustible
material throughout.
● The main staircase and fire escape staircase shall be
continuous from the ground floor to the terrace level.
● No electrical shafts/AC ducts or gas pipe etc. shall pass
through the staircase. The lift shall not open in staircase
landing.
CIRCULATION SPACES
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General points to remember while constructing stairs

CIRCULATION SPACES
● Minimum gradient of 1:8 [7 degrees] for the
difference in height not more than 450mm
● Maximum gradient of 1:12 [5 degrees] for the
difference in height more than 450mm Shall have
level platforms for every 1.5m of vertical rise.
● The level platform shall not be less than 1.2m in
length and the same width as the ramp.
● Minimum width of ramp shall be 1m.
Ramps
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For differently-abled people
● All edges must be protected to keep
anyone from slipping off.
● All ramps shall have top and bottom
landings as wide as the ramp itself.
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CIRCULATION SPACES
Lifts
● Lifts, at least two, are required for all the buildings above 5 stories or 16m in height.
● For all buildings, lifts should normally be positioned at the source of traffic flow.
● At least one of the lift shall be fire lift in case of emergency.
● Should be provided in accessible place with adequate space for waiting & queuing.
(space equal to the width of lift)
● Door clear width should be not less than 1065 mm.
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Escalator components
The following components make up an
escalator system:
● Landing platforms
● Truss
● Balustrade (this is the structure
supporting the handrail of the
escalator and can be made of metal,
sandwich panels or glass.)
● Handrail
● Tracks
● Steps
● Motor
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Speed
The speed of escalators is constant and is generally around 0.3-
0.6 m (1-2 ft) per second. This translates to around 27-55 m (90-180
ft) per minute. An escalator moving an average of 44 m (145 ft)
per minute can transport over 10,000 people per hour
Configurations
There are three basic configurations that are used for most
common escalator systems:
Parallel: Escalators positioned side-by-side, moving in opposite
directions.
Criss-cross: Escalators moving in one direction are ‘stacked’,
minimising space requirements.
Multiple parallel: A bank of two or more escalators, with differing
directions
Design considerations
There a number of factors that affect the design of escalator
systems, including:
● The vertical and horizontal distance to be spanned
● The location
● Other building infrastructure
● Traffic patterns
● Carrying capacity
● Safety considerations
● Aesthetic preferences
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Length in plan :
With 30° escalator = 1.732 x storage height
With 35° escalator = 1.428 x storage height
Example : storey height 4.50 m and angle 30° ( note that 35°
angle is not allowed in some countries)
Length in plan = 1.732 x 4.5 = 7.794
Including landings top et bottom, total length is approximately 9
m , allowing for about 20 people to stand in a row on the
escalator .

Different types of Escalators
Parallel escalator
● Inclination :30, 35
● Step width :800/1000
● Speed : 0.5m/s
Crisscross escalator
● Inclination :30, 35
● Step width : 600/800/1000
30

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Curved Escalators
● Inclination :30
● Vertical rise: 3500-
6600(m)

COMMERCIAL SPACE
DEPARTMENTAL STORES
● Target floor: ground floor or first floor
● Should critically understand customer flow
● Transition zone should be avoided
● Narrow aisle should be removed
RETAIL SHOP
● Target floor: first floor/ second floor
● Understand customer flow
● Avoid transition zones and narrow aisles.
● General requirements are : display area,
configure circulation, storages, cashier, etc.
OFFICES
● Target floor: above retail shops
● Hidden from the mass
● Privacy and professional environment
ATM
● Target floor: ground floor or inside the
premises
● General requirements are :
waiting area etc.
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Retail shops
● 4 to 5m wide or 15 to 18m wide by 20 to 25m
● Basements 2.7 to 3 m high, in the clear, permit
economical stock storage.
● Ground floors are preferably approximately 12 ft high
if not mezzanine is included; mezzanines at least 2.4
m above floor level will accommodate most fixtures
heights.
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COMMERCIAL SPACE

Planning Guidelines
Structural mode is Width (m) remarks
Small shops 5.3 to 6 Mostly 5 to 6 m
Large space users 7.3 to 10
type Sales area Sales: ancillary area
Small shops >280 sq. m sales area 45:55
Department stores 10000-20000 sq. m 45:55
Variety stores 5000-15000 sq.m 50:50
supermarkets 1000-2500 sq.m 60:40
superstores 5000-10000 sq.m
hypermarkets At Least 2500 sq. m 60:40
Shopping centers 25000-50000 sq. m
Retail parks At least 4500 sq. m
34

Types of Layouts
GRID LAYOUT:
● Used for grocery stores and
convenience stores
● Easier access and properly
categorized
LOOP LAYOUT:
● Accessories, toy stores,
homewares, kitchenwares
etc.
● Maximum display space
HERRINGBONE LAYOUT:
● Used for stores having small
area
FREEFLOW LAYOUT:
● Allows most creativity
● Used in small upscales
specialty and boutique
shops
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LOOP GRID
HERRINGBONE
FREEFLOW

Retail Shop
Grid plan for groceries,
convenience store, big box
store.
Loop plan for apparel store,
homewares, kitchenwares,
personal care.
Free flow plan for delis store like
bakery, accessory, personal care,
speciality brand

STORE FRONT
● Emphasis placed on display windows
● Typically recessed and/ or sheltered by a covered arcade
structure or canopy to increase emphasis on entrance
● Storefront windows as large as possible to maximize
visibility into storefront displays and interior
● At the storefront entry, display fixtures to be placed 90 cm
behind tenant’s entry door

RETAIL OUTLETS
RETAIL SHOP DESIGN
General Size of Retail shops are
● 4m - 5m wide minimum
● 7m - 9m wide maximum
Floor Height:
● 2.4m - 2.7m in case of basement
● 2.5m - 3.6m in case of ground floor
● If there is a mezzanine (Low Storey between
two others) 1.8m - 2.1m above floor level
Shelf Units:
Height: 1.8m maximum and no lower than 0.3m from
floor level

SHOPS LAYOUT
• 12’-19’ wide min
• 23’-30’ wide ma floor height
• 8’-9’ in case of the basement
• 12’ in case of the ground floor
• If there is a mezzanine, at least 7’-6’’
above floor level is required
41

DEPARTMENTAL STORE
COMMERCIAL SPACE
Grocery store layout includes the following factors:
● Size of the building and length of the walkways
accessible from the entrance and exit
● Use of furniture and exterior space for people to
gather and interact
● Style of architecture of the retail building
● Color of paint and choice of exterior building materials
● Design of the physical entrance and exterior window
displays
42

● Circulation space between 2 aisles: 1200 mm
● Shelves called gondolas racks are used.
● The lowest height of the shelf should not be lower
than 0.2 m
● The shelves height should be 2.2 m at maximum with
stretch
Grocery stores
43

Mart checkout counter dimensions:
45

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A wine rack should be at least 14.5 inches (37 cm) to
store wine horizontally and adequately. The average
wine bottle is 12 inches (30.5 cm) tall. How deep a wine
rack is also depends on its design and affects how
much of the wine bottle is exposed.

Width: Lockers are usually designed in standard widths: 12 inches (30.5 cm.) wide is a common width, and 15
inches (38 cm.) has become more common recently. Other widths are occasionally found, however, especially
in the U.S., where narrower or (occasionally) wider lockers can be found.
LOCKERS
Lockers are placed outside the
stores and shops in all the
available floors and divided
according to the space.

FOOD COURT
● A food court is an enclosed plaza or open area inside a facility where several food vendors'
counters are located.
● 40 percent to 60 percent of the total space reserved for the dining room; 30 percent used for the
kitchen; and 10 percent can be used for food preparation and cooking, dish washing, trash,
receiving, storage and administrative activities.
● The size of a food court is commonly from 250 sq. to 1,000 sq. A perfect size should be under 500 sq.
and less than 5 tenants.
DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR FOOD
COURT
1) The food court shall be located
adjacent to the theatres/ cinema hall
with direct visibility and in the primary
circulation to the cinemas.
2) The service corridor must be at least
1500mm wide running behind the shops.
3) Split level may be considered for
zoning seating areas
4) Terraces can also be the part of the
food court layout.

Restaurants
Restaurants are most common amenities provided in any of
the multi complexes.
Dining area, kitchen, pantry and storage area make up a
restaurant.
.
● Fine dining: 18–20 square feet
● Full service restaurant: 12–15 square feet
● Fast casual: 11–14 square feet
● Fast food: 11–14 square feet
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Types of restaurants Space required per person
(m2/person)
Snack bar services 1.5-2.2
Coffee bars 0.83-1.5
Self service 1.4-1.7
Cafe 0.83-1.5

SIZE OF TABLE FOR SEATING REQUIREMENTS

COMPONENTS OF RESTAURANT
● Kitchen
● Dining area
● Service counter
● Storage area
● Cleaning room
Kitchen
The recommended layout includes:
➢ kitchen island
➢ cooking area
➢ walk in storage
➢ refrigeration area
➢ cleaning/ washing area.
Kitchen,
Storage
50% of total
area

DINING SPACE
• Distance between table and wall around 75cm(30’’) and if the space is also used for the access then
around 100cm(40’’).
• The emergency exits must be 1m wide per 150 people.
• One person requires a table area around 60cm(24’’)wide and 30-40cm(12’’-16’’) deep.
• Typically, the dining room will take the majority of the space. 40% to 60% of the total space reserved
for the dining room.
• Space for dining area is usually based on the number square feet per person seated times the no. of
person seated at one time.
• The space occupied by a person when he is sitting in a comfortable position is 12 sq. feet.
(12 sq. ft * no.of persons required= Area of the dining space to be seated + aisle and traffic space.)

tables seat
s
Waiter
services(m2/se
at)
Self
services
(m2/seat)
square 4 1.25 1.25
rectangul
ar
4 1.10 1.10
rectangul
ar
6 1.05 1.10
rectangul
ar
8 1.05 1.05
Table space requirement
56
Dinning floor areas Walkways width
Up to 100m2 ≥ 1.10𝑚
Up top 250 m2 ≥ 1.30𝑚
Upto 500 m2 ≥ 1.65𝑚
Upto 1000m2 ≥ 1.80𝑚
Over 1000m2 ≥ 2.10𝑚
Arrangement/shape of table.
• Diagonal arrangement of table
provides more room for
circulation than rectangular
arrangement so it is preferred to
arrange the tables diagonally.
• Round tables encourages
conversation, but square or
rectangular tables are space
efficient.
Dining area Height of the room
<50m^2 2.50m
>50m^2 2.75m
>100m^2 3.00m

A) Total booth
width
66-84’’
B) seat back
depth
3-6’’
C) seat back to
table edge clearance
16’’
D) table width 24-42’’
E) table edge to back
of seat cushion
19-24’’
F)tabletop height 29-30’’
G)seat height 18-19’’

SERVICE COUNTER
● There can be 2 or more than two service counters
depending upon the variety of food items. It can
be
a display counter or simple counter.
● The length of a cafeteria counter is determined
by the variety and volume of food. The width
of the service counter should be 2 feet.
● The minimum distance between counter and back
counter is 5 feet but it is taken as 6 or 7 feet
for convenience.
● The height of the service counter should be
3 feet 6 inches.

STORAGE AREA
● Storage area is the integral component of any cafe.
● The amount of dry storage and refrigerator space required is determined by the no. of days
storage is to be provided.
● Aisle space should be according to the area and volume of the goods.
● Walk in refrigerators are used in large cafe which are very efficient. These are available in different
sizes depending upon the total size of cafeteria.

DISHWASHING AREA
● The space required for dishwashing operation depends
upon methods and equipment's used.
● The washing area in the cafe should be allotted the
maximum space for the workflow to be smooth.
● Manual dishwashing is used in small cafeteria but for
better flow a big dishwashing machine is used.

RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES
● Recreation is an activity of leisure, leisure being
discretionary time.
● Recreational activities are often done for
enjoyment, amusement, or pleasure and are
considered to be "fun".
● It includes indoor as well as outdoor activities, such
as; bowling, arcade, train, bouncy castle, remote
cars, etc

Color Psychology for kids
• Use calming colors like blue and green in quiet areas to relax children.
• Avoid painting your child’s room dark, cool colors because they can inspire gloomy, stormy day
feelings.
• Bright, warm colors colors for the playroom since they are known to enhance growth and
development.
• Use bright red, yellow, or orange dishes and placemats in the kitchen as these colors are
associated with food and stimulate appetite.
AGE GROUP AREA(M2)
0-6 0.6
6-12 0.5
12-18 0.9
● Circulation:1.5m-2.0m

Gaming arcades
RECREATIONAL SPACE
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Bowling Alley
Bowling alleys can be divided into following
areas:
● The runup, in which the ball is bowled
after a few approach steps and it is
approximately 4 m long
● The lane, the surface along which the
ball rolls and is approximately 18.30 m
long
● The catching pit, in which the fallen pins
and balls are collected is approximately
60 m long
Materials Used:
● Tiled or Wooden Flooring
● Run ups are made from sanded
parquets
● Lanes are made from polished or
varnished parquets, even asphalt,
plastic and wood

Children’s Play Area
● Play area must be varied, changing and
changeable.
● They must meet children’s need while
being safe
● They must be clean and hygienic
Jungle Gym
Swing Slide

OFFICE
Offices must have flexible and technologically-advanced
working environments that are safe, healthy, comfortable,
durable, aesthetically-pleasing, and accessible.
It must be able to accommodate the specific space and
equipment needs of the tenant.
Special attention should be made to the selection of interior
finishes and art installations.
70

Types of Office Layouts
Low partition office Team-based office layout
71
Open plan office
Hybrid office
Coworking office layout

The parking may be provided in
● basements or cellars
● on stilt floor
● in open spaces
For parking in open spaces, the minimum required setbacks (except front) to be left around the building
with adequate vehicular access, aisle, drives, ramps, required for maneuvering of vehicles.
● Parking should be within 30 meters of the main entrance the building.
● To accessible parking lots with dimension 3600mm X 5000mm.
● International symbol of accessibility painted on the ground and also on asignpost/board.
● Directional signs guiding people to the accessible parking.
● Wheel stoppers to be provided.
PARKING AND TRAFFIC
• In the matter of parking layout, car stalls can be set at angles (say, 70' to the lanes, which then requires
one- way traffic; or stalls can be at 90' to the lanes, permitting two-way traffic.
PARKING

o Customers need ease, comfort and convenience
when visiting a store.
o Arriving without the challenge of finding and
navigating busy parking lots immediately puts them
in the right frame of mind to enjoy their shopping
experience.
o Parking should be configured so traffic flow is easily
understood by drivers.
● Bikes: 3 sq. m. (3X1) per
● Cars: 12 sq. m. (5X2.5) per
● Accessible length and slope of ramp
● The gradient of ramp leading to parking
space shall be 1:6
o The total parking ratio in a commercial
complex is 20% of the total ground
coverage area.
o Not in reach of children walking and
playing area.
Parking

30° PARKING
45° PARKING
60° PARKING
PARKING
According To National Building
Code (NBC)
• one car parking area must not
be less than 13.75 Sq. M and one
two wheeler parking area must
not be less than 1.25 Sq. M
• Parking requirement in multi-
storied buildings: One
parking space for every 100
square meter carpet area.

TYPES OF VEHICLES LENGTH WIDTH HEIGHT TURNING RADIUS (outer)
Motorcycle 2.2m 0.7m 1.0m 2.6m
Car
● Standard 4.7m 1.75m 1.5m 5.75m
● Large 5.0m 1.6m 1.5m 6.0m
● Small 3.6m 1.9m 1.5m 6.0m
Truck 1 7.0m 2.5m 2.4m 7.0m
Truck 2 8.0m 2.5m 3.0m 8.0m
Fire Engine 6.8m 2.5m 2.8m 9.25m
Furniture Van 4.5m 2.5m 2.8m 9.25m
Turning radius for other vehicles

Types of Parking system
● Outdoor parking
● Basement Parking
● Podium Parking
● Rooftop parking

1.
2.
Outdoor Parking
• Surface parking refers to parking which is not enclosed or
created by a structure and is allocated an area 'at grade'
on ground level

Basement Parking
● The Basement Parking space type
refers to parking located below grade
within an occupied building.
● Any floor above 1.2m level shall be
considered as Semi-basement floor.
● Attention should be given to providing
the maximum driver visibility possible at
all turning points along the roadway.
Basic Requirements
● The minimum height of the basement
floor shall be 2.4m
● Adequate arrangement shall be made
such that surface drainage doesn’t
enter the basement. The walls and
floors of the basement shall be water
tight.
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87
Parking Ratio
● A parking ratio is a commercial real estate metric
that looks at the relationship between a building's
size and the number of parking spaces in its lot,
ramp or garage.
● Parking ratios are calculated by dividing the total
rentable square footage of a building by the
building's total number of parking spaces.
● This provides the amount of rentable square feet
per each individual parking space, and is typically
expressed as 1 parking space per 200 SF or 5
parking spaces per 1,000 SF.
● While the most common office building parking
ratio is currently around 4 (spots per 1,000 sq. ft.),
many tenants have been asking for ratios of 5 or
6.
● For the first 100 parking spots, there must be 1
handicapped spot per 25 spots.
● There must me 1 parking spot for each 5 to 10
spectators in cinema halls.

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Differently-abled parking
• Wider space for disabled peoples
• At least 5% of all car parking bays must be reserved for differently
abled people.
• They must be clearly identified , both on the bay surface with a
vertical sign immediately adjacent to the bay.

o Construction Materials:
Use durable and sustainable materials with a reduced carbon footprint or that are locally
procured and/or recyclable. Consider the material life cycle in the decision-making process in
order to reduce the production and consumption of new materials.
o Indoor Environmental Quality:
Use natural ventilation, heat recovery, and other sustainable technologies whenever
possible. Using exhaust sensors to automatically turn fans on and off can reduce fan runtime,
which will reduce energy consumption without reducing air quality.
o Lighting: Incorporate energy efficient lighting and lighting controls into the parking areas,
entrances, and exits to improve lighting levels while also reducing energy use.

WASHROOM
➢ The washroom should be situated on the entrance
floors and on alternate floors.
➢ People should not have to walk more than 150m to
washrooms from he shops.
➢ The cubicle panels and legs should be durable enough
to withstand constant cleaning
For the commercial building in excess of 1000 sq.m ,it requires:
➢ 1 WC for 500 males.
➢ 2 urinals for up to 500 males.
➢ 1 washbasin per every male WC.
➢ 1 WC for every 100 females .
➢ 1 washbasin, plus 1 for every 2 (or part of) WCs

Bathroom building code typically says that toilets need at least 21 inches of clearance in
front opting for 30 inches provides more & comfortable space.
Toilet types Standard size Door type
Standard toilet 850 mm wide x 1500 mm deep Inward opening
Ambulant disabled 850 mm wide x 1500 mm
deep
Outward opening
Wheelchair accessible 2250 mm wide x 1500 mm
deep
Outward opening
Enlarged toilet 1210 mm wide x 1500 mm deep Outward opening
92

Toilets
One additional toilet for every 40 employees over 150.
• Free space for sink area-30” X 48”
• The centerline of the toilet must be between 16” to 18” from
side wall.
• Wheelchair radius-clear circle of at least 60 inches around
the side wall
• 56 inches from the rear wall
• The toilet seat height must be 17-19 inches
no . of people No. of toilet
16-35 2
36-55 3
56-80 4
81-110 5
111-150 6
Above 150 7-8
93

Differently abled people
• 1 disable friendly toilet
after each 20 normal toilet
• Standard manual
wheelchair
94
• 640mm-700mm X 900-1100mm
• door clearance-50mm to each
side
• doorways -disabled people clear
opening 900mm recommended
size

FIXTURES PUBLIC
MALE FEMALE
STAFF
MALE FEMALE
upto12

Wheelchair accessibility
The term "accessible" means "in compliance with the
accessibility guidelines." An accessible facility has no
barriers.
● The minimum clear width for single wheelchair
passage= 32 in (815 mm) at a point and 36 in (915
mm) continuously.
● The minimum width for two wheelchairs to pass=
60 in (1525 mm).
● The space required for a wheelchair to make a 180-
degree turn= 60 in (1525 mm) diameter or a T-
shaped space.
96

BARRIER FREE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
● Accessible doors to permit operation by
one person in a single motion with little
effort, power- operated doors are suitable.
● Activator System should be automatic or
placed within easy reach
● Where possible, rooms and entries should
be placed at ground level/ floor level
● Ramps should be placed to reach higher
ground level
● Gentle slope of 1:12 max
● 1800 X 1800 landing after 9m of travel
distance
● Width of 1800mm minimum
● Handrails placed on both sides at 2 levels-
760mm and 900mm
● Warning tile placed at 300mm before the
ramp edges

ATM booths
Placement of ATM booths: generally on the ground floor if
inside the building or mostly around the boundary
premises of the commercial complex.
The atms in the complexs can also be used for wide variety
of reasons such as:
● Loading monetary value into stored-value cards
● Adding prepaid cell phone / mobile phone credit.
● Purchasing
● Concert tickets
● Lottery tickets
● Movie tickets
● Postage stamps.
● Train tickets
● Shopping mall gift certificates.
● Donating to charities
98

SIGNAGE
● Placed at entrances , each
floor and exits
● Gives idea of spaces
● Directs exits and entry
● Easy access
● Easy mass flow
● Brand Image
● Visibility
● Location

Signage in commercial complex:
● To make a great first impression.
● A significant impact on the property’s aesthetic but
its traffic and appeal too.
● Retail businesses to have excellent visibility.
● Creating a brand impact and increasing footfalls.
● Brand Image –communicate what company sells
● Visibility – Building/façade, as well as pylon signs
● These signs attract the attention of drivers. For malls
that are set back from the road
● Location – Retail stores today have to deal with the
competition at physical locations as well as in the
online space therefore its important to have well-
designed and prominently placed signage

BUILDING
SERVICES
ELECTRICAL
SERVICES
● Transformer room
● Voltage control room
● Lt room
HVAC SERVICES
● Chiller plant room
● Air handling unit at each
floor
● Pump room

Components
● Transformer room LT Room
● IT Room
● Voltage Control Room
LT ROOM
SERVICES: ELECTRICAL
● LT room is the distribution room of size 15’X30’
● Isolator room is a room installed with an Air Circuit
Breaker Machine which act as a MCB in case of voltage
fluctuations.
● Every machine has a setback of minimum 3’ from the
walls and 4’ from adjoining machines.
● Every room is installed with shutters instead of doors. •
IT room keeps a central control room size 15’by 12’
102

TRANSFORMER ROOM
● Room size: 20’X15’
● Ceiling height 12’
● Purpose to regulate
the incoming
voltage by
amplifying to an
optimum level.
VOLTAGE CONTROL ROOM
For 11,000 volts.
● Machine size: 6’X6’
● Min setback of 3’ from machine
● Purpose to regulate the incoming voltage to
an optimum level.
● Wiring fixed at the ceiling by suspending a
metal cage for heavy gauge wires
● Light gauge wire are fixed directly with the
ceiling
103
SERVICES: ELECTRICAL

HVAC – Heating, Ventilation, Air
Conditioning
Used as “climate control” mechanism in medium to
large commercial and industrial buildings.
Ductwork, and space requirements for air-conditioning
plant and ventilation system has to be take into
account while deciding the lay-out
HVAC is necessary where humidity and temperature
must all be closely regulated whilst maintaining safe
and healthy conditions within

SERVICES: HVAC
Components
● Chiller plant room
● Air Handling Unit at each floor
● Pump room
PUMP ROOM
• Handles water supply to chiller plant , fire fighting plants and
other services
Room size 30 ft * 15 ft
Collects water from mains and converts into usable form
Tanks installed
Domestic water tank 75 KL
Raw water tank 75 KL
Fire water tank 100 KL
105

CHILLER PLANT ROOM
● 200 TIA chiller plant for a floor area of 36000
sq.ft.
● TIA is the tonnage capacity
● It is used to cool down the water et act as a
condenser
AHU
● Min setback of 3’ from machine
● Purpose is to act as a compressor of the
cooling system
● Receives the cool water from the chiller plant
and condenses the air.
106

SERVICES
Water supply is a provision to deliver Water to
consumer with appropriate quality, quantity and
pressure by public utilities, commercial organizations,
community endeavors or by individuals, usually via a
system of pumps and pipes.
Distribution System for a Building
Water is conveyed from the street mains to the
individual building, and then to the taps and other
fixtures. The supply from the main line to the
individual is made through the house service
connection. It consist of two types:
1. Communication Pipe: The Pipe which runs from the
municipal distribution mains to
the boundary of the premises.
2. Supply Pipe: The pipe which runs inside the
premises is called as supply
pipe/consumers pipe.
Water Supply System
107

LIGHTNING AND VENTILATION
All habitable rooms shall have the provision to admit natural light and ventilation. Minimum area of
openings
(excluding internal doors) for a habitable room towards exterior or into an open verandah shall be
as follows:
108

VENTILATION
● Where mechanical means are used for ventilation, there
should be cross ventilation
● The exhaust air should be discharged to the exterior of
the building at a position of at least 2m above the
pavement level and at least 5m from any window for fresh
air intake
● For natural ventilation, suitable fresh air inlet grilles
should be provided to ensure an air exchange rate of 5
air changes per hour
Cross ventilation

Ventilation
Natural ventilation :
Through windows and other openings
● The air exchange rate should have a minimum of
15 air changes per hour.
● The exhaust air should be discharged to exterior
of the building at a position at least 2 m above the
pavement level and at least 5 m from any window
ore fresh air intake

Artificial ventilation:
● The air exchange rate should
have a minimum of 15 air
changes per hour.
● The exhaust air should be
discharged to exterior of the
building at a position at least
2 m above the pavement level
and at least 5 m from any
window ore fresh air intake

Structural details
Column sizes: 0.4m by 0.4m
Column spacing: 6m, 7.5m, 9m
Slab thickness-0.18m
Floor height-4m
Wall thickness-generally 5½ inches, with 7¼ inches
Clear heights:
A building’s clear height is defined as the usable height to
which a tenant can store its product on racking.
This figure is measured below any obstructions such as
joists, lights or sprinklers.The actual clear height in an
occupied building however, must also take into account
other items such as suspended lighting, fire protection
systems, mechanical equipment, etc. It may vary from 3 to
4 m.
113

Expansion joints
● Expansion joints can be incorporated into various building
parts to provide complete separation like floors, ceilings,
walls, roofs, and facades.
● They can be placed floor-to-floor, floor-to-wall, wall-to-wall,
ceiling-to-ceiling, ceiling-to-wall, roof-to-roof, or roof-to-
wall.
● Common types of joints used in building construction
include the construction joint, control joint, expansion joint,
settlement joint, and the seismic joint.
● Building joints can accommodate movement vertically,
horizontally and along the depth of the structure.
● Mall visitors and customers should not be bothered by
mundane structural details.
114

FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT
Class of fire Causes & material Principle of extinguishment Extinguishment media
A Wood , cloth , paper cooling water
B Petroleum products , solvents ,
paints , etc.
Starvation Foam
C Fuel gas , hydrogen liquefied
petroleum gas , etc.
Smothering CO2
D Occur in combustible metals
generally called alkali metal (Mg
,Na ,Ti )
Inhibition of active Dry chemical powder
115

Fire safety
Manual fire alarm
- pull station or call point which then sounds
the evacuation alarm for the relevant building
or zone.
Automatic Fire detectors
●system that senses changes in specific physical
and chemical parameter to detect a fire.

Types of Automatic Fire alarm
● Smoke detectors
• Optical smoke detector
• Ionisation smoke detectors :
● Flame detectors :
triggered by radiation from flames
used in rooms containing material that burn without
smoke.
● Heat detectors
Maximum detectors: triggered temperature is exceeded
(70°c)
117

Sprinkler systems
Dry sprinkling system
WeT sprinkling system
Space between sprinklers
umbrella sprinkler - 4.6m to 6.5m normal
sprinklers- 3.75m to 4.45m
distance from walls and ceiling must be at
least 1.5m
Co2 fire extinguisher system
• Used for the room greater than 30m². Room height 5m.
• fire extinguishers mounted on walls at distances of less then 75 feet,
Powder extinguisher systems
• Used under normal conditions at temperature of -20°c to +60°c

Fire safety norms
Stairways and ramps:
● Minimum width of the thread= 300mm
● Maximum height of the riser= 150 mm
● Minimum width of the staircase= 2 m
● Minimum headroom= 2.2 m
● Maximum slope = 1:10 or 1:8
Horizontal exits:
● For building more than 24 m in height, refuge area of 15 sq. m or an area of equivalent to 0.3 sq.m
per person to accommodate of two consecutive floors.
Capacities of exits:
● The unit of exit width, used to measure the capacity of any exit= 500 mm
● The maximum distance from dead end to the corridor= 30 m
● Clear width less that should not be counted as exit
Doorways:
● Minimum width of the door= 1000 mm
● For assembly buildings= 2000 mm
● Minimum height of the doorway= 2000 mm

Fire escape
● A fire escape is a special kind of emergency exit,
usually mounted to the outside of a building or
occasionally inside but separate from the main
areas of the building to provide a method of escape
in the event of a fire or other emergency.
● Consists of a number of horizontal platforms, one at
each story of a building, with ladders or stairs
connecting them. The platform and stairs are usually
open steel gratings, to prevent the build-up of ice,
snow, and leaves. Railings are usually provided on
each of the levels, but as fire escapes are designed
for emergency use only, these railings often do not
need to meet the same standards as railings in other
contexts.

Means of exit
• Free space for passages staircase landings
• Exit door- 1m width and 2.1m in height
• corridor,passageway staircase more than 1.5m. wide
• doors width- toilets verandah 0.75m wide.
122

No of people in the area No of exits required
500 2
1000 3
2000 4
4000 5-6
No of people Width of escape routes
50 800mm
110 900mm
220 1100mm
220+ Extra 5mm/person
123

Emergency services
• No. of lifts in row =4
• Fire resistivity- wall resisting min 2 hour
• Collapsible gates not permitted for the lifts
• Vent in lift shaft- top of area not less than 0.2mts
Horizontal escape routes:
• 18m in one direction and 45m in other.
• Max number of steps=15 steps
• Min.=3 steps access of the theatre in the upper storey should have
at least two independent stair of fireproofing construction
124
Emergency lights and exit sign
• Emergency lights and exit signs _easily visible location
and colour with siren area.

EXITS
● Exits should not exceed 30 m travel distance on the
floor
● Every sales area, occupied room and shop passage
must have a min. 2 exits leading to the open air or
into an emergency stairway.
● One exit is sufficient for sales areas < 1 00 m2 in
total
● Exits from a floor of a sales outlet into the open air
or into an emergency stairway must have a width of
30 m per 100 m2 of sales area, and be min. 2 m wide
● For exits from sales areas <500 m2, a width of 1 m is
sufficient .
● An exit leading into a corridor may not be wider
than the corridor
● Exit leading into an emergency stairway may not be
wider than the stairway.
ESCAPE ROUTES
● These must be accessible within a distance of 25 m from
every point of a sales area (or 35 m for other areas or
shop passages).
● The doors must open in the direction of escape and be
without thresholds.
● A main entrance or a shop passage must be provided
within 10 m (linear distance) of every point in a sales
area.

Emergency corridors
● For customers these must
be at least 2 m wide. A
width of 1.40 m is sufficient
if corridors are intended
for sales areas <500 m2

Essential safety measures
include:
● air-conditioning system
● exit doors
● early warning system
● emergency lifts and lighting
● emergency lighting
● emergency power supply
● emergency warning system
● exit signs
● fire control centre
● fire curtains and doors
● fire extinguishers
● fire detectors and alarm system
● fire hydrants
● fire isolated stairs
● fire rated materials
● fire windows
● mechanical ventilation
● passage ramps
● path of travel to exits
● smoke alarms
● smoke control systems,
and
● sprinkler systems.

CONTROL ROOM
A control room is typically made up of one or more desks together with a video wall.
Video wall is placed in room in such a way that enables all the operators to have a clear view of every
screen on it.
Monitor are placed at a distance of about 50 – 75 cm on eye level.

CONNECTION
BETWEEN INTERIOR
AND OUTDOOR SPACE
Connection through open spaces
as well as use of glass as building
materials which provides
transparency.
Landscape also helps to connect
indoor and outdoor environment
through the flow of people as it
acts as attraction and creates
interesting spaces

SOFT LANDSCAPE
● Shrubs
● Hedges
● Turf
● Trees
The basics of good
commercial
landscape design
● Direct the flow of traffic.
● Attract clients.
● Accentuate the
architecture.
● Help people engage with
your business.
● Conserve water and energy

HARD LANDSCAPE
● Walkways
● Sitting areas
● Gathering spaces
● Use of tiles of different
types

LOOSCAPING
The ambience of toilets can be
enhanced further by:
- introducing plants that can be
easily maintained
- placement of wall pictures
illuminated with slight lighting
- placing of ornaments or
sculptures at dead corners of
toilets

BUILDING FACADE
● Plain
● Glass
● Green facade
● Tiled
● Glazed
● Textured
● Latticed
● Screening
● Pannaled
● Used as advertisement
display

External Fenestration
Fenestrations are basically the required
transparency on a façade to attach ourselves
with the external environment or the exterior
world. They play a dual role of bringing the
out in and the in out.
These fenestrations serve well to create an
ambience with variety of light and shadow
inside as well as serve an impactful elevation
to the façade.
The various style of windows and openings
are:
● Slit windows
● Perforated windows
● Folding windows
● Glazed windows: structural glazing, strip
glazing,etc.
● Curve or frameless shop fronts
● Double or single glazed windows
● Automatic doors
● Low energy-rated glass systems
● Curtain walling
● Self-cleaning
Common materials used are Wood, uPVC,
aluminium, steel, fiberglass. 136

● Acoustical Materials
● Stone
● Timber
● Brick
● Glass
● Cement
● Fiberglass
● Fiberglass
● Reinforced Plastic
● Metal and steel
● Tiles
● ACP panel
BUILDING MATERIALS

Occupancy Area per person (m2)
Assembly halls (closely seated) 46@450 mm c/c movable seats 60@500mm c/c fixes seats
Dance halls .55 to 0.90
Restaurants(dining area) .90 to 1.1
Retail shops and showrooms 4.6 to 7.0
Department stores,bazaars 0.9 (including counters ,etc)
Bargain sales areas 0.46 (gangway areas only)
Offices 9.3 (excluding stairs and lavatories)
AREAS REQUIRED:

Overall allowance for public areas in public -handling buildings 2.3 to 2.8
Waiting areas, 100 percent standing ,no cross -flows (e.g.lift,lobby) 0.5 to 0.65
Circulating people in corridors ,reduced to halt by obstruction 0.2
General design purposes 0.8
People moving at good walking space (1.3 m/s) 3.7
People moving at a shuffle (0.4 to 0.9 m/s) 0.27 - 0.37
People at a standstill due to obstruction 0.2
Area per person to be allowed in various circulation areas
Flow capacities of corridors and staircases
AREAS REQUIRED:

Minimum floor height: 2.9m
Ground Coverage: 50%
For building greater than 17m tall and non-residential, minimum road width is 8m
Setback: 3m on all sides
In commercial subzone and residential zone, mixed dense residential subzone, FAR is 3.5.
FAR not countable in basement and in ground floor with parking facility.
.
For commercial building the minimum floor height should be of 3m
● The minimum height of the basement floor shall be 2.4m
● Minimum height clearance for indoor parking space shall not be less than 2.2m
● Ramp of parking should be 1:5
Building Regulation
A set of rules that specify the standards for constructing building. A set of local laws relating to how
buildings should be designed or built,especially so that they are safe and of acceptable quality.`

Building Type: Commercial
The occupant load of the building or area within the building can be calculated using the relation
below. Occupant Load of the building or area = Net or gross area/Area per occupant
NBC requirements
Maximum floor area per Occupant [Sq.m] - 2.75 sq.m
Main floor & Basement Other floors - 5.5 sq.m
Maximum distance to exits or - 30m
stairways within single floor - 40m for external corridor
Width of the Doorway –
Minimum Width (m) - 1.0
Building Codes
143

Width of the Corridors -
Minimum Width (m) - 1.25
Medium/High rise(m) - 1.5
Staircase
For all buildings above 500sq.m in plinth area there shall be at least two staircases.
Additional exit route shall be provided for every 500sq.m of plinth area there on.
High rise building above 50m shall have one pressurized staircase as dictated by the ‘Fire safety
code’.
All secondary or fire escape staircase shall have at least one side facing towards exterior.
Staircase Details
Minimum Tread - 279mm [11”]
Maximum Riser - 175mm [6.9”]
Maximum no of risers per flight – 15
Minimum Head room under the staircase - 2m [6’-6”]
Height of the Handrail from center of the tread - 900mm [3’]

Light &Ventilations
Min. area of openings for natural light - 1/10th of the room area for hilly regions.
- 1/8th of the room area for other regions.
Min. area of opening for natural ventilation - 1/16thof the room area
Lifts Provision requirement
Provision of Lift(s) shall be made for all the buildings above 5 stories or 16m in height.
Provision of at least two lifts shall be made for building above 8 stories or 25m in height.
At least one of the lifts shall be fire lift that can be used by fire fighter for rescue and access in case
of emergency.
Lift Size and Capacity requirement
- Minimum width of the Category 3 disabled accessible lift car shall be 1200mm X 1400mm while it shall
have minimum clear opening of 800mm
- Minimum width of Hospital lift car shall be 1200mm X 2400mm while having a minimum clear opening
of 900mm
-A fireman’s lift shall have loading capacity of not less than 500kg [8 persons]. The lift car of the fire
lift shall have floor area not less than 1.44sq.m.

Disabled Accessibility Requirements
- All lifts shall be accessible without disturbance from the parking and main approach of the building to
the wheel chair bound people
- All disabled accessible lifts within the buildings shall emit audible sound to ease the travel of visually
impaired people.
- Height of the controls from the lift floor level shall be at most 1200mm for all disabled accessible lifts.
Fire Safety Requirements
- Shafts for all lifts shall be enclosed by walls having fire resistance of two hours
- The fire lift shall have fire protection and control mechanism as specified under ‘Fire safety code – 107’
Parking
Parking space - 20% of the site area
- The minimum height clearance for indoor parking space shall not be less than 2.2m.
- For common parking, area allocated for each car shall not be less than 2.5m X 4.5m.
Parking area allocated for each bike and scooter shall not be less than 1.25 sq.m while the same for
the cycle shall not be less than 1 sq.m
Min area for parking one car and one bike should be 13.75 sq.m and 1.25 sq.m respectively

References
Time Savers
Nuefert
Nepal Building Code
Kathmandu Building Byelaws
https://www.dimensions.com/
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Time-saver-standards-for-building-types-Chiara-
Callender/466db3e91b940f000f28bf982
https://www.ada.gov/regs2010/2010ADAStandards/2010ADAstandards.htm
https://elevation.fandom.com/wiki/List_of_elevator_and_escalator_companies
https://www.elevatorlab.com/blog/your-comprehensive-guide-to-elevator-
dimensions#:~:text=Commercial%20elevators%20can%20carry%20anywhere,and%20people%20
than%20residential%20elevators

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