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More from Thummala Nomeshwari (6) 2. DEPARTMENTALSTORES:
GENERAL DESIGN GUIDELINES
Planningforexpansionshouldbeconsiderediftheshoppingcenterislocatedinasteadilygrowingarea.
Insuchasituationthedepartmentstoreandothermajorstoreswilloftenexpressthedesiretoenlarge
whentheirsalesvolumereachesastatedfigure
Smalldepthisneededifservicefacilitiesareinbasements
andpedestriantrafficmovesonlyononesideofstructure
Greaterdepthisneededifdeliveryisatbackofstoreon
groundlevelandstoragefacilitieshavetobeprovidedon
groundlevelforeachtenant
Greaterdepthisneededifshoppingtrafficmoveson
bothsidesofindividualstores
PRINCIPLESOFRETAILSHOPDESIGN
Inordertodesignsatisfactoryshops,
Thefirstphase-isanunderstandingofthoseportionsofcurrentmerchandisingtheorieswhichaffectthedesignproblem
Briefly,''merchandisingpsychology"consistsof,first,arousinginterest;second,satisfyingit
Thesecondphase-theactualsale-involvesfactorsofconveniencewhicharedesirableinordertomakebuyingeasy,tosatisfy
customerscompletely,andtoachieveeconomyofspaceandtimeforthestoremanagement
ATTRACTING CUSTOMERS
Thiscanbeaccomplishedbymeansofadvertising,prices,show-windowdisplays,orneworremodeledquarters,whichoccupies
muchofamerchant'sefforts
Regimentationinstorefrontdesign
Individualityinstorefrontdesignwithinastrongarchitecturalframework
PRINCIPLESOFSHOPDESIGN.
Merchandiseislocatedaccordingtoclassification:
staplegoodsareunobtrusivelyyetaccessiblyplaced;
luxuryitemsarespottedwheretheprospectivecustomercannothelpbutbeattractedtothem.
Whitecounterareasareallocatedtoservices:cashier,wrapper,information,etc.
ORGANIZING STORESPACES
Organizingstorespaces,andconsequentlythemerchandisetobesold,intodepartments,enablescustomerstofindobjects
easily,andpermitsstorekeeperstokeepclosecheckonprofitsorlossesfromvarious
typesofgoods.
INTERIORDISPLAYS
Interiordisplaysrequireparticularattentioninspecialtyshops.Typesrangefrom
displaysofstaplegoodswhichassistcustomersinselection,todisplaysof
accessorieswhichthesaleofstaplesmaysuggesttothecustomer
Fig.15.Originalzoningplan
flicPlan-showsZoningConditionsastheyexisted
W hentheoriginalShoppingCentewasProjected
Enclosedmallshavebeenintheform ofhuge
courts;theyhavebeenwide,
narrow,straight,circuitous,empty,
orfilledwithamenities;theyhave
hadonelevelortwoormorelevels;
andtheyhavebeenlightedby
skylightsorsoleskylightsorsolelybyartificialmeans
(Fig4).
ColumnSpacing
Significantdimensionisalongthemallasthisinvolvesthe
widths,i.e.,frontages,ofstoresOftenusedspacesare
20,25and30ft,withthelasttheroostflexible
StoreDepths
Forone-storystoresinAmerica,buildingsareusually
120to140ftdeep,sometimesmoretoaccommodatelarger
stores.Iftherearebasementsormezzanines,thedepth
dimensionusuallycanbereduced20to25percent
ClearHeights
Thesevaryfrom10to14ftormore,with12ftagood
average.Abovethisclearheight,theremustbeadequate
spaceforair-conditioningducts,recessedlights,structural
system,etc.
ExteriorWalls
Asthesemayhave,dependingoneachstore'srequirements,
servicedoors,publicentrancedoors,trashrooms,show
windows,etc.,
Traffic
Thecarcapacityofallcontiguousroadwaysusedforingress
andegressmustbesufficienttoaccommodatepresentand
futurethroughtrafficplusthetrafficgeneratedbythe
shoppingcenter.
GENERALDESIGNANDPLANNINGCRITERIA
Toachievethisequalityofdesirability,ofcustomer
appeal,andofrentbalance,itisessentialthatboth
(orall)levelshave:
a.Equallyconvenientaccessibilityfromparkingareasbymeans
oftwoormorelevelsofimmediatelyadjacentparking,whether
ongradeorondecksorbymeansofotherdevicestoequalize
theparkingcotheparkingconvenience.
b.Nomalldeadendonanylevelwithoutadepartmentstore
asitsterminus.
c.Adequateverticaltransportationbetweenlevels,usually
oneormoresetsofescalatorsandseveralsetsofconvenient
stairs.
dVisualinterconnectionoflevelsthroughtheMaximumuse
ofopenofopenwellspermittingmaximumvisibilityofonelevel'sshops
andcustomersfromtheother.
3. DISPLAYSOPPOSITEDOORWAYS
MechanicalSystemsLightingoftripleandothermirrorsandfittingroomsisextremelyimportant.Strongdirectoverheadlightsaretobeavoidedbecausetheycast
unflatteringshadows.Well-diffusedindirectlightwithdirectsidelighthasbeenfoundfairlysatisfactory.Special"daylight"fixturesandlampsarehelpfulincolormatching.
BOOKSHOPS
Eachcustomerinabookshoprequiresprivacy,directaccesstothebooksdisplayed,andsufficientlightforcomfortablevisionwhilereading.Bookbuyingcustomersliketobrowse,and
nothingislessattractivetothemthancrowdedcirculation.
NonsellingAreas
Stockroomsrequirearangeofsizesofshelving,from8to12or20in.wide,aswellasclosedcupboardsforobjectswhichmightbedamagedbydust.Thereceivingandpacking
roomwillhavetohandlelargequantitiesofinflammablepackingmaterial.Awrappingtable,3ft6in.by5ft,withtwopaperrolls,18,24to30in.longisusuallysufficient.
Weighingscalesarerequired.
TYPICALCOUNTERAND CASELAYOUTS
CenterIslandTypeillustrated,
L=13ftavg.min;W =9ft6in.to13ft.
Islandscomposedofshowcasesonly,
L=10ftmin;W=5ft10in.to6ft3in.
Forfloortables,
LL=4to7ft;W=2ft6in.to3ft.
AisleWidthsForclerks,min.=1ft8in.;
desirable,2ftto2ft3in.
Formainpublicaisles,min~=4ft6in.;
avg.,5ft6in.to7ft;usualmax.,
11ftSecondarypublicaisles,3ftto3ft6in.
ISOLATIONOFDISPLAYSBYANGULARPLANNING
SECTIONSTHRU TYPICALFIXTURESAND AISLES
CLERKSAISLES.MINIMUM WIDTHL'-8',RECOMMENDED
2'-0"TO 2'-3".WIDE(OFFORGROCERY)3=0"
PUBLICAISLES.MAIN,MIN.WIDTH4'-6;AVQ.5'-6"TO7'-0"
MAX/MUML'-O"L
SECONDARY,.MIN3'-0".
RECOMRECOM.3'-6"
RETAILSHOPSGUIDELINES
4. SHOE-REPAIRSHOP
Dataarebasedonrequirementsforaonemanshop,possiblywithhelper.Doorisalways
atonesideofshowwindow;smallwindowissometimesomitted.Largewindowcontains
10-to12-inch-wideworkbench.Boothsfor"while-you-waif"arestandardizedat1ft.8in.
wide,with2-in.armrestsbetween;depthisvariable.Shoeshinebenchesareneverplaced
oppositewaitingbooths(Fig21).
DDIMENSIONS
a.5'-6" d.6'-0" i.6'-0"
b.5'-8" e.II'-0" j.3'-6"
c.5'-0"stdfor f.2'-6" k.S'-6"
2chairs:6'- g.6'-0" l.3'-6"
0"sizealso h.7'-0" m..13'-0"
available
DRUGSTOREPLANDIMENSIONS
a.8'-6" f.21'-6"
b.32'6"(wall g.14'-6"
cases,counter, h.6'-9"toT-0"
steppedcount- i.5'-9"to8'-0"
er) j.4'-6"to5'-8"
cc.10'-6" (varieswith
d.9'-0" counterdepth)
e.13'0"
SODABOOTHS
a.l'-4"C.4'-8"min.
b.2'-0"d.3'-6"min.
Aceilingdisplaygridfacilitatesthehandlingofsuspendeditems.
Inshowwindows,lightingmustbepredominantlyincandescent;
fluorescentlightingisusedonlytoprovidegeneralillumination
Goodvisionare(drawingatleft)demandsthattopshelfbenotover5ft.3in.high,permittingan
angleofviewnotmorethan15°abovethehorizontal.Easy-to-reachzonestartsatabout15in.
abovethefloor,theminimumheightforthebottomshelf.Faceofcansor.packagesshouldbeas
nearlyatrightanglestoeyeaspractical.Cansforbottomshelvesarenowdesignedtobelegible
lyingontheirside.Lengthof"superisland"unitsvaries,9ft.beingthelongestincommonuse.
Distancebetweenshelfsupportsvariesaboutanormof2ft.6in.Supportsshouldbesetbackto
ppermitanappearanceofuninterruptedmerchandise
suchashousewares,softgoods,glassware,health,andbeautyaidsThemostimportantsquarefootage
isthatrequiredbythecheck-outstands--oneforeach$10,000.00ofprojectedweeklyvolumeplusan
additionalcheck-standforfutureexpansion(thisisonlyaruleofthumbfigureandvarieswiththe
regionofthecountryandthetypeofservicethemarketprovidesthecustomer)
About50percentofthesupermarketstotal
equipmentandfixtureinvestmentisin
refrigerationequipment-meat,dairy,produce,
frozenfood,delicatessen,andthestorage
coolersnecessaryforeachdepartment.The
remaining50percentisdevotedtogrocery
iitems--halfofwhichcanbenonfooditems.
Properlysituatedonitssite,thesupermarketandany"satelliteshops,"attachedornot(shopswhich
canbeenteredfromthemarketorfromaseparateoutsideentrance)offeraperkingratioof3.6sq
ftto1sqftoftotalstorearea.Toobtainthenecessaryparkingareainareaswithhighlandcosts,
rooftopandbasementparkingshouldbeconsidered.Thesatelliteshopssuchasconvenience
grocerystores,liquoranddrugstores,andacarry-outfoodshopremainopenafterthesupermarket
hasclosedfortheday.
SUPERMARKETS
Thestorefrontisthesee-throughtype,withalargeenclosedshowwindowfordisplayof
themaximumnumberofshoes.Averagedepthoftheshowwindowisfrom4ft6in.to
5ft0in.withplatforms2ft0in.abovethefloor.Dustonshoesshowsupveryquickly,
downgradingthemerchandise,thusshowwindowsshouldbeenclosedandhavetight
slidingorhingedaccessdoors.Aceilingdisplaygridfacilitatesthehandlingofsuspended
items.
SHOESTORES
BEAUTYSHOP
Thetypicalsmallbeautyshophastocontainatleastsixtoeightboothsinorderfodo
enoughbusinesstobesuccessful.Ifmanicuringistobedoneinbooths,20%oftheshop's
totalareaisdevotedtowaitingroom.Ifmanicuretables(15by30in.,with5ft.between
tables)havetobeplacedinwaitingspace,the20%proportionmayhavetobeenlarged
DIMENSIONS
aa.l'-0"fol'-6" d.3'-0
b.l'-0" e.6'-6"toT-0"
c.5'-0",6'-0",T-0" f.3'-6"toT-0" g.6'-6"toT-0"[wallcabinets]
BARBERSHOP
Thetypicalfive-chairbarbershopcanbeaccommodatedinastore14by
42ft.insize.Ashopforasmallcommunityordinarilyhasasingle
shampoobasin;ifindividualbasinsarerequiredatallbarberchairs,
spacerequirementshavetobeslightlyincreased(Fig.18).
SHOPCLEARANCES
aa.10'9" e.0'-iO"
b.4'6" f.12'-O"to14'0"
c.7'6" g.2'-6"
d.4'-0" Manicuretable:1'.4"
CHAIRUNIT
a.3'-0" d.4'6" g.6'-0"
b.1'6" e.l'-0" h.0'6"
cc.1'-6" f.l'-0" i.01-3"
TAILORANDCLEANER
Theschematicplanherepresentedshowsareasrequiredforthe
variousfunctionsinacompletesmalltailoringandcleaningestablishment.
Ifatailorsshopistheonlyrequirement(forpressingandrepairs)and
cleaningworkissentout,cleaningandboiler-roomareasmaybeomitted(Fig.19).
PRESSINGUNIT
VVacuumsteamunit:2'6'x7'9"
pressingmachine:5'-9"x3'-0",5'-0",or6'-0"
Tablesandracks:2'-0"wide,15l,n.ft.
HANDWORKAREA
Tables:3'-0"x6'0".2'-6"x5'-6"
Sewing:3'-6"x6'-0"
Finishingboard:4'x0"x6'0"
HHangingrack:2'0"wide,4i/?lire.ft.
5. DishwashingArea
Thespacerequiredforthedishwashingoperation
dependsonthemethodsandequipmentused.
Inallinstancestheremustbeadequateroomto
receivethevolumeofsoileddisheslikelytoarrive
atanyonetime.
EmployeeFacilities
Facilitiesforemployeesmayincludelockerandloungearea,toilets,
showers,time-recordingequipment,handbasinsnearworkareas,
anddiningrooms.Anemployeeentranceshouldbesolocatedthat
theemployeesmaygodirectlytothedressingroomswithout
passingthroughthediningroomorproductionarea.
LockerandLoungeArea
Employeepossessionsshouldbeprotectedinasuitablysafeand
sanitaryconditionwhiletheemployeesareatwork.
ToiletsandShowers
Thelocationoftoiletfacilitiesnearworkareasispreferredovera
remotelocationinpromotinggoodhealthhabits,lesseningloss
oflabortime,andpermittingcloseremployeesupervision.Separate
facilitiesshouldbeprovidedformenandwomen.Ttleyshouldbe
separatedfromfoodareasbyahallwayordoubleentrance
GuestFacilities
Comfortandcordialityshouldcharacterizetheentranceand
waitingareaforguests.Thesizeoftheareashouldbebased
onprobableneedforwaiting,typeofservice,andnumber
ofpersonslikelytocongregateatonetime
Cashier
Preferredlocationforthecashier'sdeskorcounter,according
totheAlbertPickCo.,isontherighthandsideofthedoorwhen
leaving,inordertoavoidcross-trafficandresultingcongestion
TelephoneFacilities
Boothsareusuallypreferredtotelephonejacks,
probablybecauseofcostsofinstallationandof
relocatingwiringwhenredecoratingorreplanning.
Bootheshouldbeoutofdirectvisionyetconvenient
todiningandloungeareas.Oneboothper50seats
iistheusualratiooronephonejackperdiningbooth.
MiscellaneousSanitationAreas
Forwashingmobileequipment,spaceisneeded
wheresplashingcanbeconfinedandthathas
satisfactorydrainage.Thisareamaybeadjacentto
thedishwashingsectionortotheplacewherecan
washingisdone.Thesizeandtypeofequipment
ttobehandledwillgovernthespaceneeds.
Astorageareaforemergencycleanup
equipmentisneededinconvenientrelationshipto
diningroomsandworksections.Spillageand
breakagecreateunsightlinessandareaccident
hazards
Barlength:
AllowfromIft.8in.toIft.10in,perpersonforstandupbars;
2ft.foreachstool.
Bardepth:
NoincreaseindepthisneededformorethanIbartender,aseach
manshouldbeprovidedwithhisown"set-up''spaceinthework
ccounterandback-bar.
Servicebars:
Theseareusuallyfrom6to8f*.long,for-rnanservice;from10
to12ft.longif2bartendersareneededforpeakserviceperiods.
NofcotraiI,counteroverhang,orstoolsarerequired.Locationis
oftenadjacenttokitchenandconcealedfrompatrons;however,
advertisingvaluessometimescauseittobesetinpuclicview.
IInthelattercase,aroperailorsimilardevice,todiscourage
patronsfromstandingatttiebar,isoftenadvisable,
RESTAURANTSGUIDELINES
Adequacyofspacewillinfluencebuildingandoperatingcostsandefficiency.Whenspaceistoosmall,labortimeendeffortarelikelytoincreaseendthevolumeandqualityofoutput
decrease.Whenitistoolarge,buildingandmaintenancecostsareexcessive.iable."Manyfactorsinfluencespacerequirements,suchas:
1.Typeofpreparationandservice 2.Amountofthetotalproductiondoneintheunit 3.Volumeintermsofthenumberofmealsserved 4.Varietyoffoodsofferedinthemenu
5.Elaboratenessofpréparationandservice 6.Amountofindividualservicegiven,asinahospitaltreyservice 7.Seatingandserviceplan,whetheronone floorormany
6. NOTES
1Thistableisconsideringbuildingswithaveragefloor
heightof3.0m.
2Forofficebuildingsaveragefloorheightis4.2m
3Finalizingtheliftspeedforanybuildingdependson
detailedtrafficanalysisbecausenumberoffloors,area
pperfloor,areaperpersonandclassofbuildingarecrucial
factors,whichserveasinputsforsuchtrafficanalysis.
DESIGNGUIDELINESFORESCALATORSANDMOVINGWALKS
Escalatorsaredesirablewherethemovementofpeople,inlargenumbersatacontrolled
rateintheminimumofspace,isinvolved,forexample,railwaystations,shoppingcentres
airports,etc.Theseencouragepeopletocirculatefreelyandconveniently.Inclinedmoving
walksarepreferablewheretrolleymovementisexpectedbetweenlevels,likedepartment
stores,airport,etc.Typically,horizontalmovingwalksareusedwheremediumtolong
ddistancetravelisinvolvedsuchasairports/metrostations/exhibitionhalls.
Indepartmentstores,officesandadministrationbuildings,tradefairhallsandairports,escalatorspeedisnormallynohigherthan
0.5m/s.Inundergroundrailwaystationsandpublictransportfacilities,0.65m/sispreferred.Theaveragedistributionofupward
trafficindepartmentstoresis:fixedstairs2%,passengerlifts8%,escalators90%.Approx.threequartersofdownwardtraffic
usestheescalators.Althoughtheaverageshoppingareaforeachescalatoris1500m2atpresent,thisshouldbeloweredtoan
optimumof500-700m2•
Theadvantageofamovingwalkwayisthatitcanalso
carryprams,wheelchairs,shoppingtrolleys,bicycles
andbulkyluggagewithlittledanger.Atthedesign
stage,theexpectedtrafficmustbeestablishedcare
fully,sothattheequipmentcanprovideoptimal
capacity.Thetransportcapacitydependsontheclear
wwidth,travelspeedandoccupationdensity.
SERVICEREQUIREMENTSInformationtobeprovidedbyArchitector
Engineerlifts
a)Number,typeandsizeofliftsandpositionofliftwell;
b)Particularsofliftwellenclosure;
c)Size,position,numberandtypeoflandingdoors;
d)Numberoffloorsservedbythelift;
ee)Heightbetweenfloorlevels;
f)Numberofentrances;
g)Totalheadroom;
h)Provisionofaccesstomachineroom;
j)Provisionofventilationand,ifpossible,naturallighting
ofmachineroom;
k)Heightofmachineroom;
mm)Depthofliftpit;
n)Positionofliftmachine,aboveorbelowliftwell;
p)Sizeandpositionofanytrimmerjoistsor
stanchionsadjacenttotheliftwellateachfloor;
q)Sizeandpositionorsupportingsteelworkat
rooflevels;
r)Sizeandpositionofanyfootingsorgrillage
foundations,iftheseareadjacenttotheliftpit;and
s)InThecaseofpassengerliftswhetherthelift
cageisrequiredtocarryhouseholdluggage,suchas
refrigerator,steelalmirah,etc.
Theliftlobbyshouldbedesignedappropriately
sincethishasbearingonthetraffichandlingespecially
whenmorenumberofliftsareinvolved.
7. STAIRSANDKITCHENREQUIREMENTS
Forworkplaces,theregulationsoftherelevanthealth
andsafetybodyaretobeobserved.AccordingtoGerman
standards,residentialbuildingswithnomorethantwo
flatsmusthaveausablestairwidthmin.0.80m,17/28riser
totreadratio,stairsnotdeemedbybuildingregulations
tobelegallyessential(asfireescaperoutes)0.50m,
2121/21butlegallyessentialstairs1.00m,17/28,high-rise
flats1.25mwidth.
Notjustchanginglevelisimportant,buthowthelevelis
changed.Foroutsidestairs,lowstepsarepreferable,with
dimensionsof12x41to16x30em.Stairsinofficesor
emergencystairsshould,incontrast,makeitpossibleto
changelevelquickly.Allmainstaircasesmustbeenclosed
inacontinuousstairwell,whichisdesignedandarranged
ssothat,includingitsaccessroutesandexittotheopenair,
itcansafelybeusedforescape.Exitwidthshouldbe~stair
width
Everylocationininhabitedvroomsandbasementsmust
be~35mfromthestairwellofatleastonelegallyessential
stairwayorexit.Ifanumberofstairwaysarenecessary,
thentheyshouldbearrangedsothattheescaperouteis
asshortaspossible.
Anyopeningsfromstairwellsintocellars,uninhabitedroof
spaces,workshops,shops,storerooms,andsimilarmust
befittedwithself-closingdoorswithafireresistance
ratingof30minutes.
Ahumanbeingrequiresthemostspaceathandrailheight,
andconsiderablylessatfootheight.Thestairwidthhere
canbemadenarrowerinfavourofalargerstairwell.
Galleries,mezzanines,balconiesandcircleseatingin
theatresmusthaveaprotectiveguardrail(heighth),
compulsoryfrom1mheightdifference:
drop<12m,h=0.90m
drop<12m,h=1.00mfor
workplacesandifthestairwellisatleast20emwide,also
fforover12mh.
drop>12m,h=1.10m
LegendforRestaurantandHotel
KitchenLayouts
1.Waiters'passageway-mealandbeveragecounter-dishreturn
2.Dishwashingarea3.Beverages-preparationandserving
4.Pastrypreparationandserving S.Coldkitchen
preparationandserving 6.Warmkitchenarea-preparation
iincludinglargeapparatusareaandserving7.Warmkitchenarea
includinglargeapparatusareaandserving8.Potandpanwash
ing-casserolierarea 9.Vegetablepreparation 10.Meat
preparation 11.Vegetablecold%forage 12.Meatcoldstorage
13.Economat(drystorage) 14.Beveragecoldstorage
15.Linen,dish,cleaningsuppliesstorage16.Staplegoodsstorage
17.Goodsacceptanceandcontrol18.Emptygoodsandgarbage
ccollectingrooms
AISLESPACE
Manyoftheproblemswhichexistinkitchensare
uetoinadequatethoughtoftheflowsequencesof
foodthroughthekitchen.Thematterofaislespaces
isofgreatimportanceinthefoodfacility.Thereare
somegeneralrules,commentsandrecommendations
wwhichcanbemadefortypicalestablishments.
1,Separateworkandtrafficaislesasmuchaspossible.
2Trafficaislesshouldbemadetoservetwodepart
mentswherepossible.Trafficaislesagainstwallscan
serveonlytheonedepartmentadjacenttotheaisle.
3Aislesaroundtheperimeterofkitchenhaveseveral
disadvantages:
aaTheyserveonlyonedepartment
b.Theyutilizealargeareawhencomparedtotheremainingarea.Forexample:a5-ft-wideaislerunningaroundtheentire
perimeterofa40-sq-ftareausesalmost25percentofthetotalareaavailable.
c.Pathsalongtheperimeterofaroomarethelongestpathsavailablebetweendepartments,requiringincreasedmovingtime.
Remember,movementperasaddsnothingtoaproductexceptcost
8. PARKING STANDARD REQUIREMENTS
Sloping-FloorSystemsThesloping-floorparkinggarage,initssimplestform,containstwoadjacentparkingmodulestiltedinoppositedirections,with
cross-aislesateachendsothatvehiclestravelingthelengthofbothaislesmakea360-degreeturntomoveupordownonecompleteparkinglevel
(Fig.10).Thus,thereisnoareasetasideforrampsintheordinarysense.Thecross-aislesmaybeslopedorlevel.eslopedorlevel.
Parkingindustryexperienceindicatesthatthesloping-floordesigniswell-suitedtoself-parkoperations.Therelativelyflatfloorslope(customarilyranging
between3and5percent)permitscomfortableparkingandpedestrianwalking.
HHelicallyCurvedRampSystemsThehelix(spiral)rampcanbeasinglesurfacethatpermitsvehiclestotravelonacontinuoushelicalpathbetween
parkinglevels.Whentwo-waytrafficishandledonasinglehelix,theouterlaneisusedforupmovements,sinceithasalargerradiusofcurvatureandlower
grade.Upmovementsareusuallycounterclockwiseanddownmovementsclockwise.
Helical-rampentranceandexitpointscanbelocatedonthesamesideoroppositesidesoftherampcoil.Ineithercase,rampaccesspointsarelocated
directlyaboveeachotheroneachsucceedingfloor
ExpressExitRamps
Largeparkingstructureswithfrequenthigh-turnoverconditionsmaybeserved
bestwithanexpressrampforonedirectionoftravel-usuallyforexitingtraffic.
Expressexitscanbecurvedorstraight,andaredesignedalwaysontheclearway
principle,providingonewaytrafficmovement(Fig.15).Theyaregenerally
desirabletoservehigh-turnovertransientpatronage.Theyimproveoperating
eefficiencybyreducingtraveltimeandconflicts-butmayaddsignificantlyfo
structurecosts,sincetheyincreasetheareaproratedtoeachparkingspacein
determinationsofspace-useefficiency.
RampWidthandRadiiForone-waystraightramps,minimumacceptablewidth
is12ft(3.66m);andfortwo-waystraightramps,whereopposingtrafficflows
arenotseparated,22ft(6.71m)istherecommendedminimumwidth.Where
abarrierisusedbetweenlanestoseparatetrafficflows,eachlaneshouldbeatleast12ft(3.66m)widefortangent
lengths.Circularramplanesgenerallyshouldbe14-18ft(4.3-5.5m)wide.Therepeatedturningmovementsofvehicles
travelingbetweenparkinglevelsisaprimarydesignconsideration.Thespiralingpathradiusmustbekeptminimalto
cconservespaceandreducetraveldistance
10. RECREATIONALSPACESREQUIREMENTS
500-SEATMOVIETHEATER
500-SEATMOVIETHEATERsection:
l.Thefirstrowofseatsshouldbenoclosertothescreenthanapositiondetermined
asfollowsTheangleformedwith`thehorizontalbyalinefromthetopoftheprojected
picturetotheeyeoftheviewerinafront-rowseat,shouldnotexceed33deg(Thetop
leveloftheprojectedpictureshouldbethesameforallsystemsofprojectioninagiven
ouditorium))SeeFig.1
2.Themaximumviewingdistanceshouldbenogreaterthantwicethewidthofthe
wwidestpicturetobeprojected(Fig.2).
3Thewidthoftheseatingpatternshouldvaryfrom1timesthewidestprojected
pictureatthefirstrowto1.3timesoftherowfarthestfromthescreen(Fig.2).
MOVIETHEATRES: THEATERAUDITORIUM FLOORSLOPES:
HandicappedSeating
ROW SPACINGANDAISLES
Minimumspacingbetweenrowsshouldbe34in.,with1-in.-thickchairbacksGreater
chair-backthicknessiswastefulandunnecessary.Where40to42incanbeusedfor
rowspacing,manybuildingcodeauthoritiespermittheeliminationofalllongitudinal
aislesotherthantheaislesagainstthesidewalls
LOUNGESANDTOILETS
LLoungeareas,oneitherlevel,servetoseparatethetoiletsfromthetheaterseating.
Forcapacitiesofover600seats,atleasttwoloungeareasshouldbeprovidedand
arrangedsoastobepartiallyorwhollyvisiblefromthelobby,foyer,orcirculating
areas.Itisalsodesirabletohavesomepartoftheloungecommandaviewofboth
seatingandscreeninorderthatwaitingpatronsmayfollowseatavailabilityas
wellasperformanceprogress
WASHROOM STANDARDS:
SCREENS
Allscreensareperforatedtoallowforsoundtransmissionfromspeakersplaced
behindthescreen.(Adepthof5ftshouldbeorovidedbehindthescreenforspeakers
Theseatsnearestthescreenwill
remainacceptableforuseifthe
followinggeneralruleisfollowed:
Projectedpicturewidthsshouldnot
exceed35ftforstandard35mm
film,45ftforCinemascope35mm
ffilm,and65ftfor70mmfilm(See
laternotesregardingmodificationof
thesewidthsinconnectionwith
picturemasking.)
11. RECREATIONALSPACESREQUIREMENTS
BADMINTON
ARCHERY
Archerytargetrange.Spacebehindandtoeithersideoftherangetobeclearandfreefromhardobjects.Backgroundbehind
targetstobepreferablydensetrees,naturalormanmadehillsorprotectiveshields.Rangetobesitedonfairlylevelland,freefrom
obstructions,preferablyshelteredfromhighwindsandorientedtonorth--!:45°.Standardroundsforadults,30-100yd.Standard
roundsforjuniors,20-50yd.Targetmaybemountedonaroundbuttofspirallysewnstraworrushsupportedbyaportable
softwoodtargetstand.Colorsmaybepaintedonanoilclothcover.
Tenniscourt.Allmeasurementsforcourtmarkingsaretotheoutsideoflinesexceptforthoseinvolvingthecenterserviceline
whichisequallydividedbetweentherightandleftservicecourts.Allcourtmarkingstobe2inwide.Fenceenclosure,ifprovided,
shouldbe10-ft-high,11-gauge,13/4inmeshchainlink..Minimumdistancebetweensidesofparallelcourtstobe12'-0".
Badmintoncourt.Allmeasurementsforcourtmarkingsaretotheoutsideoflinesexceptforthoseinvolvingthecenterservice
linewhichisequallydividedbetweenrightandleftservicecourts.Allcourtmarkingstobel'/2"wideandpreferablywhiteorin
color.MinimumdistancebetweensidesofparallelcourtstobeS'-0"
RecommendedAreaGroundspaceis1620sqftminimum
toedgeofpavement.
SizeandDimensionSinglescourtis17'X44',
doublescourtis20'X44'witha
5'-0"minimumunobstructedareaon
allsides.
OOrientation Preferredorientationisforthelong
axistobenorth-south
SurfaceandDrainageSurfaceistobeconcreteor
bituminousmaterialwithoptionalprotectivecolorcoatingfor
permanentinstallation.Drainageistobeendtoend,sideto
side,orcornertocornerdiagonallyataminimumslopeof
1in.in10ft.
Badmintonmaybeplayedonaturfcourtforgeneralrecreation
uuse,withsurfacedrainageasdescribedaboveataminimum
slopeof2%andadequateunderdrainage.
TENNIS
Shuffleboardcourt.Alldimensionsaretocentersoflinesandtoedgeofcourt.Maximumlinewidth11/2in,minimum3/4in.Lines
andFigures"10,""g,""7,"and"10OFF"shouldbemarkedwithblackshoedyeorblackacrylicpaint.Courttobeconstructedof
concretewithoutexpansionjoints.Adepressedalleyatleast24inwide,andnotlessthan4indeepatmidcourf,shouldbe
constructedbetweencourtsandontheoutsideofendcourts.Thealleyshouldslope1in.inthefirst6ftofthelengthofthealley
fromeachbaseline,thenslopetoaminimumdepthof4inatmidcourtwhereasuitablewaterdrainshouldbeprovided.
RecommendedArea Groundspaceis312sqftminimum.
SizeandDimension Playingcourtis6'-0"X52'-0"plusa
recommendedminimumof2'-0"on
eachsideor4'-0"betweencourtsin
battery.
Orientation Recommendedorientationisforthe
longaxistobenorth-south.
SurfaceandDrainageSurfaceistobeconcrete
withaburnishedfinish.Courtsurfaceistobelevelwith
drainageawayfromtheplayingsurfaceonallsides.
SpecialConsiderationsSecurecoveredstorageforplaying
equipmentshouldbeprovidednearthecourtarea.
SHUFFLEBOARD
PLATFORM TENNIS
Platformtenniscourt.Allmeasurementsforcourtmarkingsaretotheoutsideoflinesexceptforthoseinvolvingthecenter
serviceline,whichisequallydividedbetweenrightandleftservicecourt.Allcourtmarkingstobe2inwideFencingrequired-
12'-0"highwith16-gaugehexagonal,galvanized1-inflatwiremeshfabric.Fornetpostdetailsseemanufacturers'literature.
Netheighttobe3'-1"atpostsand2'-10"atcentercourt.
Recommendedarea Groundspaceis1,800sqfttothe
playableperimeterfence.Sizeand
DimensionPlayingcourtis20'-0"X
44'-0"plusan8'-0"spaceoneachend
anda5-0"spaceoneachside.
Orientation Preferredorientationisforthelong
axistobenorth-south.
SurfaceandDrainage Raisedlevelplatformisnormally
constructedoftreatedwoodoraluminum
superstructurewithcarriageseton
concretepierstopermitconstruction
onslopes.Drainageisprovidedby1/e-
inspacebetween6-indeckplanksor
channels.
Snowremovalisfacilitatedbyhingedpanels
(snowgates)betweenpostsaroundbottomof
perimeterfence.
SpecialConsiderationsTensionfencing-12-ft
high,16-gauge,hexagonal,galvanized,1-inflat
wiremeshfabricmustbeprovidedonallsides
ofthecourt.Lightsshouldbeprovided,sincethis
gameisplayedatnightthroughouttheyear.
-Heatingunitswithfansundertheplatformare
uusedincoldclimates.Prefabricatedcourtsare
availablefromseveraln,onufaciurers
12. RECREATIONALSPACESREQUIREMENTSBOWLINGALLEYS
1.ColumnSpacing
NaturallyanydesignerwouldratherworkwithaclearspanHowever,inthoseestablishmentswheresupportsforthe
structureabovethelanesdictatethatcolumnsbeused,itisdesirabletouseaminimumlateralspacingbetweencolumns
of22ft-6'/in.-afourlanebayplus1in.forclearance-toreducetransmissionofnoiseupordownthestructureofthe
building
Longitudinally,thefewercolumns,thebetter.The16ft-15/,,in.oftheapproachareaandatleast2ftbeyondthefoul
liline,ifpossible,shouldbekeptcompletelyfreeofcolumns.
WashroomsPublictoiletsareareasofheavytrafficandrequireconstantcleaningSincetheyreceiveconstantinspectionbythepublic,theymust
bekeptimmaculateTheentrytoanypublictoiletmustbescreenedtoensureprivacy.Insomeareas,thelawrequiresacouchorloungeinpublic
restroomsforladies.Mirrorsarerequiredinallrestrooms.
BarsandCocktailLoungesInthemajorityofinstallations,thebowlingcenterbar(orbars)functionsfortheconvenienceofbowlersandisnot
intendedtorelyonstreettrafficasanormaltavernmustThelocationofthebarwithinthebowlingcenterisofprimeimportanceandisrelated
tolocallaws,trafficflow,anddrinkinghabitsofbowlersinthelocalareaIfbowlersusuallyenjoyalcoholicbeverageswhilebowling,asimplequick-
servicebarmaybeindicatedinadditiontothecocktaillounge.
Anaquariumbuiltalmostanywherewillprovetobeapopularattraction.Nevertheless,tobesuccessful,whetherfinancially
orintermsofeducationorrecreation,itmustbesitedwherearealneedexists.
Theconceptoftheaquarium,whatitwillbeanddo,mustbedeterminedearly.Withinthefundsavailable,whatusualand
whatspecialfeatureswillbeincludedmustbedecideduponAspreviouslystated,plannersofaquariumsoftenconsiderthe
facilityonlyfromthevisitor'sviewpoint.Theydonotrealizethatthewelfareandattractivenessofthespecimensand
minimumcostsforoperationandmaintenancedependupontheattentiongiventobehind-the-scenesdesign
WWaterQuality
Thechemicalconditionofthewaterinwhichfishesandaquaticanimalswithoutbackbones(invertebrates)arekeptisvital
totheirhealth.Anythingsuspendedordissolvedinthewatercomesintothemostintimatecontactwiththeseanimals,
mostlythroughtheirgills,andthereislittletheycandotokeepharmfulsubstancesfromenteringtheirbloodstreamor
body.Inordertokeepanimalsassensitiveasthisaliveincaptivity,thereisonlyonesaferuletofollow:
allaquariaandotherpartsofwatersystemsmustbemadeofchemicallyinertmaterials
Tanksforthedisplayofaquatic
specimensareexpensive.
Materialsintanksforseawater
mustbemorecarefullychosen
thanforfreshwater
AQUARIUMS
Snackbarsshouldbebrightlyilluminatedanddecoratedinlively,bright
colorsconducivetofoodconsumption.Maintenanceofwallsandceilings,
aswellasfloors,counters,andequipment,isofprimeimportance;and
thecarefulselectionofthesematerialsismandatory
Typicalcontroldesk.BOWLINGALLEYSWITHBILLIARDROOMS
16. DESIGNFORSLOPINGSITES
ThisDesignGuidanceshouldbeappliedto
proposalsfordevelopmentontheslopesof
theMountainRangesaslistedintheFirst
ScheduleoftheForestandReservesAct1983
SLOPESTABILITY•Developmentwillnotnormallybe
permittedonslopessteeperthan1:5(20%).•Aboveslopes
of1:10(10%),andinareasofpoorbearingcapacity,the
groundconditionsshouldbecheckedandproposed
structurescertifiedbyaqualifiedengineer.ASite
ConstraintAnalysisandwrittenstatementdetailingall
proposedmitigationmeasuresshouldbesubmitted toand
approvedbytheapprovedbythePermitAuthoritypriortothe
SITELOCATIONANDVISUALIMPACT •Asageneralguide
developmentshouldnotbeanyhigherthan45metresabovethe
mountainbase,orinthecaseofslopesfacingthesea,45metres
aboveMeanSeaLevel.•Buildingprofilesshouldnotvisuallybreak
theridgelineoftheslope,especiallywhenseenfromimportant
vantagepointsandbuildingsshouldnotbebuiltonthecrestof
slopes.Thehillsideshouldactasabackdroptothebuildings.
skybackground.Ifthebuildingorstructuredoesbreaktheplaneofthenaturalbackdrop,itshouldbedesignedto
mimicthenaturallinesofthemountainsandhillsidesExistingandnewvegetationshouldbeplacedtosoftenthemass
ofbuildingasviewedfrom offsite
Buildingsshouldbeplacedfarenoughaparttorevealviewsofthemountainandthenaturallandscapedbackdrop
from otherbuildings
•Careshouldbetakentoprotecttheviewofdwellingsbothaboveandbelowanynewdevelopment,andunitspacing
shouldbesuchthatviewsofthenaturallandscapeareretained
•Buildingsandstructuresshouldbesetbackfarenoughfromridgesandcliffedgessothatthestructuredoesnot
appeartobeperchedontheedge
••Themountainorslopeshouldactasthebackdroptothebuilding.Thisisfarmorepreferabletohavingthebuilding
projectintoablueskybackground.Ifthebuildingorstructuredoesbreaktheplaneofthenaturalbackdrop,itshould
bedesignedtomimicthenaturallinesofthemountainsandhillsidesExistingandnewvegetationshouldbeplacedto
softenthemassofbuildingasviewedfromoffsite
•Buildingsshouldbeplacedfarenoughaparttorevealviewsofthemountainandthenaturallandscapedbackdrop
fromotherbuildingsanddownslope.
•
particularlyprominentanddueconsideparticularlyprominentanddueconsiderationmustbegiventodistantviewsandimportant
skylines.Thesamedwellingsitedatdifferentheightsandlocationscanhaveverydifferentimpacts
onthehillsideandskyline.Permitapplicationsfordevelopmentonslopesmustincludesufficient
informationforjudgementstobemaderegardingtheacceptabilityofthedevelopment;for
instancephotomontages,elevationsoverawideareashowingthesettingofthebuildingaswellas
sectionsandcontours
•BuildingssitedtomaximiseviewsattheexpenseofnaturalvegetationshouldberesistedBuildingsshouldnot
appearoverlyprominentorobtrusive•Buildingsshouldbeplannedtoenhanceasite’snaturalfeatures.Theform,
mass,profileandarchitecturalfeaturesshouldbedesignedtoblendwiththenaturalterrainandpreservethe
undulatingprofileoftheslopes.Multistoreybuildingsonorclosetoridgelinesshouldbeavoidedandonallsites
lowerprofilebuildingsshouldbeencouraged•Inareasofvaryingtopography,buildingshigherthantheir
skylines.skylines.ndskyline.Permitapplicationsfordevelopmentonslopesmustincludesufficientinformationfor
•Retainingwallsandstructuresshouldbeplannedina
curvilinearmannerthatreflectsthenaturalcontoursofthe
landscape,andmaterialsandfinishesshouldharmoniseboth
withtheterrainandthebuildingsonthesite
••Longunbrokenrooflinesshouldbeavoided.Instead,roofs
shouldbebrokenintosmallercomponentstoreflectthe
irregularnaturalhillsidepatterns.Theroofshouldbe
orientatedinthesamedirectionoftheslopecontourand
largegableendsondownhillelevationsshouldbeavoided
••Darkorearthtonecoloursshouldbeusedtomakethe
buildinglessconspicuousasseenfrom offsite.Whiteorlight
coloursshouldbeavoided.Thecoloursusedforbuildings
shouldharmonisewiththenaturalcoloursofthehillside.
IINFRASTRUCTURE
Highwaysandutilityinfrastructureservicesshouldbeofahighstandardfordevelopments
onsteepslopes:
•Roadsshouldbelaidouttoavoidsteepgradesandshouldnormallynotexceed1:8
(12.5%))
•Stormwatershouldbedisposedofwithintheplotboundaryortoacent•Stormwatershouldbedisposedofwithintheplotboundaryortoacentralisedstormwater
soakawaysystem andshouldnotbeallowedtoflowtoadjacentplotsorintoroadreserves
•Specialcareisneededtocontrolsurfacewaterdrainageandengineeringstudiesshouldbe
providedtoshowtheeffectthatdrainagemighthaveonotherproperties.Inadequate
drainagemaytriggerlandslips
•On-sitesewageandwastewaterdisposalsystemsmusttakeaccountofsoilcha•On-sitesewageandwastewaterdisposalsystemsmusttakeaccountofsoilcharacteristics.
Theuseofseptictanksmaynotbepossible,orspecialdesignsmightberequired,becauseof
theriskofeffluentappearingatthesurfaceinland/propertiesbelowthesitebeing
developed
•Undergroundutilityservicesandpolesshouldnotbeplacedinmade-upground
••Waterpressurefrom CentralWaterAuthorityfacilitiesshouldbeadequatetoreachthe
upperlimitsofdevelopmentonahighslope.Aminimum residualpressureof10metresat
propertyboundaryisrecommended
•Theprovisionofwatertopropertiesabovethelevelofexistingwaterstoragereservoirs,
orremotefrom theexistingsupplynetworkmaybedifficultand/orcostlytoachieve.Early
discussionshouldbeheldwiththeCentralWaterAuthority.
ARCHITECTURALFORM
••Theform,massingandarchitecturalfeatures
ofbuildingsshouldbedesignedtoblendwiththe
naturalterrainandpreservetheundulationsof
theslopes.Roofsshouldbeorientatedinthe
directionoftheslopeandlargegableendsshould
beavoided
•Cont•Contrastingandvariedhorizontalandvertical
buildingplanesshouldbeusedtocreatevarious
light,shade,andshadowpatternstoreduce
perceivedbulk.Largeexpansesofwallinasingle
planeondownhillelevationsshouldbeavoided•
Themaximum heightofbuildingsshouldnot
normallyexceed7.5m.Themaximum heightofa
buildingbuilding’scombinedelevationshouldnot
normallyexceed10.5m measuredfrom the
lowestpartofthebuildingtothehighest
•Theheightofthelowestfinishedfloor(s)ofa
structure,excludingbasements,shouldnotbe
morethan1.2m aboveexistinggradetoensure
buildingsfollowslopes
Developmentonsteepslopeswillalso
requirethesubmissionofaPreliminary
EnvironmentalReportand/or
EnvironmentalImpactAssessment.You
shoulddiscusstheneedforthesewiththe
MinistryofEnvironment
17. F F O S P
FIREESCAPE
Afireescapeisaspecialkindofemergencyexit,usuallymounted
totheoutsideofabuildingoroccasionallyinsidebutseparate
fromthemainareasofthebuilding.Itprovidesamethodof
escapeintheeventofafireorotheremergencythatmakesthe
stairwellsinsideabuildinginaccessible
STAIRCASES
SIZE–2MWIDE
MATERIAL–GRANITE
SIGNAGES/DIRECTIONS
Propersignage'sanddirectionswere
providedoneachfloor.
FIREEXITS
•FireExistdoorsareopenedby
apushbar.
•Speakerwereprovidedonfire
existforguidanceincaseof
emergency
VENTILATION
•Glassventilatorsoneithersideof
thestaircase.
•Smokeoutlets/ventilationsystem
frombasement.
ENTRY/
EXIT
SMOKEDETECTORS:
Asmokedetectorisadevicethatdetectssmoke,typicallyasanindicatoroffire.
Smokedetectorsaretypicallyhousedinadisk-shapedplasticenclosureabout150millimetres(6in)indiameterand25millimetres(1in)thick,
Mostsmokedetectorsworkeitherbyopticaldetection(photoelectric)orbyphysicalprocess(ionization),whileothersusebothdetectionmethods
toincreasesensitivitytosmoke.
Smokedetectorsinlargecommercial,industrial,andresidentialbuildingsareusuallypoweredbyacentralfirealarmsystem,whichispoweredby
thebuildingpowerwithabatterybackup.thebuildingpowerwithabatterybackup.
TYPESOFSMOKEDETECTORS
IONIZATION:Inthistyperadioactive
sourceisusedtoionizetheairwithin
sensingchambers.
PHOTOELECTRIC:Inthistypeprinciple
ofreflectedorscatteredlightis
usedtoindicatethepresenceofvisual
smoke.smoke.
PHOTOELECTRIC
H S V
•HeatandSmokeVentsareinstalledinbuildingsasanactive
fireprotectionmeasure
•Theyareopeningsintheroofwhichareintendedtovent
theheatandsmokedeveloped byafireinsidethebuilding
bytheactionofbuoyancy,suchthattheyareknownas
"gravityvents".
T
Automaticheatandsmokeventsareavailablecommerciallyin
twogeneralcategories.
•Mechanicallyopenedvent,poweredbysprings,pneumatic
actuator,orelectricmotor.
•Drop-outvent–constructedofplasticwhichshrinksinthe
presenceofheat(i.e.,drop-outpanel).presenceofheat(i.e.,drop-outpanel).
SYSTEMSFORFIREEXTINGUISHING
SPRINKLERSYSTEMS-Afiresprinklersystemisanactivefireprotectionmeasure,consisting
ofawatersupplysystem,providingadequatepressureandflowratetoawaterdistribution
pipingsystem,ontowhichfiresprinklersareconnected.Sprinklersystemsprovideearly
firecontrolorextinguishment,helpingtomitigatethehazardsforoccupantsand
firefightersalike.
TYPESOFSPRINKLERSYSTEMSTYPESOFSPRINKLERSYSTEMS
Standpipesystem
Wetstandpipesystem
Drystandpipe-system
CarbonDioxideFireExtinguisher:
CarbonDioxideextinguisherscontainpressurized
liquidcarbondioxide,whichturnstogaswhen
expelled.Ofparticularimportanceifthefireexpelled.Ofparticularimportanceifthefire
protectionisneededinareaswithsensitive
electronicequipment.
HEATDETECTORS
•Aheatdetectoris
afirealarmdevice
designedtorespond
•whentheconvectedthermalenergyofa
fireincreasesthetemperatureofaheat
sensitiveelement.sensitiveelement.Thethermalmassand
conductivityoftheelementregulatethe
rateflowofheatintotheelement.Allheat
detectorshavethisthermallag.Heat
detectorshavetwomainclassificationsof
operation,"rate-of-rise"and"fixed
temperature."
H R S
Hosereelsystemisintendedfortheoccupanttouseduringthe
earlystagesofafireandcompriseshosereelpumps,firestorage
tank,hosereeels,pipworkandvalves.
WHEREFIREALARMCONTROLPANELSHOULDBELOCATED??
TheFireAlarmControlpanelshouldnormallybesitedinan
areaasfollows:
Preferablyinanareaoflowfireriskandonthegroundfloor
bytheentranceusedbytheFire
Brigadeandpreferablyviewablefromoutsideofthebuilding.
ItshouldbelocatedinanareaItshouldbelocatedinanarea
commontoallbuildingusersandwhereautomaticdetection
isinuse,theControlPanelshouldbeinaprotectedarea.
AllFireAlarmSystemsessentiallyoperateon
thesameprinciple.Ifadetectordetectssmoke
orheat,orsomeoneoperatesabreakglassunit,
thenalarmsoundersoperatetowarnothersin
thebuildingthattheremaybeafireandto
evacuate.
TYPES:
•Conventional•Addressable
•AnalogueAddressable
AutomaticSprinklerSystem
Anautomaticsprinklersystemisintendedtodetect,controland
extinguishafire,andwarntheoccupantsofoccurrenceoffire.
Theinstallationcomprisesfirepumps,waterstoragetanks,
controlvalvesets,sprinklerheads,flowswitches,pressureswitches,
pipeworkandvalves.Thesystemoperatesautomaticallywithout
humanintervention.humanintervention.Thesprinklerheadhasaliquidfilledglassbulb
thatbreaksduetotheheatofthefireandreleasewaterthatsprays
overfire.
ExternalFireHydrant
Firehydrantinstallationconsistsofasystemofpipworkconnected
directlytothewatersupplymaintoprovidewatertoeachandevery
hydrantoutletandisintendedtoprovidewaterforthefiremento
fightafire.Thewaterisdischargedintothefireengineformwhichitis
thenpumpedandsprayedoverfire.Wherethewatersupplyisnot
reliableorinadequate,hydrantpumpsshouldbeprovidedtoreliableorinadequate,hydrantpumpsshouldbeprovidedto
pressurizethefiremains.
AttackHose ForestryHose
BoosterHose SuctionHoseorHardSuction
TypesofHose:
IONIZATION
MISSUSEOFSTAIRCASE
•Improperstorageofflammablematerialsin
fireescapestaircase.
•Hosereelsystemadjacenttothestaircase.
•Curveddesignmakesitsinefficientforuse
asafiresafetystaircase.
