The document outlines the design parameters and considerations for commercial office buildings and shopping centers, focusing on structural systems, layouts, and accessibility. It discusses core types, floor plate determinants, and mechanical systems, along with various shopping center classifications including neighborhood, community, and regional centers. Key factors for these buildings include safety regulations, user movement patterns, parking requirements, and aesthetic elements, illustrated through notable international and local examples.

1. •commercial office building

2. SEARCH PLAN

4. Office building
Started in Chicago and Newyork around 1880
With the development of the fire proof steel frame and elevators
Presents a powerful image to the public
types:
• head quarters
• speculative​

5. Key
considerations:
Core
Floor plate
Floor to floor height
Exterior wall systems
Elevators and mechanical system
Structural system
Area
Parking
cost

6. Module
• Structural grids: columns / beams
• Planning grids: furniture
• Construction grids: windows / tiling /ceiling
Types:

7. core
Main :
• Elevators shaft
• Lobby
• stairs
• Toilets
• Ducts
Additional :
• Mechanical room
• Electrical room
• Shear walls

8. Center core building Side core buildings
Multi core buildings
• Flexible arrangements
• Services in the center
• Ease of construction
• Open for light and view
• Core open to exterior
• Core can shade the office
space
• Mechanical system can
introduce fresh air
• Travel distances
to the core are
short
Use: Use:
Use:
Core types

9. Floor plate
Major determinants:
• Lease span : dimension between
the outside wall and the core
• Planning module

10. Floor to floor height
• Not less than 2.50 . toilets can be 2.30
• Open plan office's needs:
clear height celling 3.00
4.20 with ventilation installed
30 cm for computer cables
use
False floor
use Hide beam+ ventilation
Hide computer cables
False celling

11. Exterior wall system
• The building envelope
• Define the aesthetic character of the office building
• Primary material of the curtain wall is glass supported by an
aluminum frame

12. Elevators and mechanical
Elevators should be :
• Centrally located
• Near the main entrance
• Easily accessible on all
floors
Mechanical system include:​
•AC​
•Pluming and drainage​
•Firefighting system​

13. parking
Surface parking :
• Each car requires 30sqm which includes parking space and drive way
Structural parking:
• Each car requires 35 to 40 sqm which includes allowance for ramps
Basement parking:
• Ventilation
• Way finding
• Water drainage
• Fire and life safety

14. cost
• Profit is the prime motivation for all speculative building

15. Types of fire escape
1-Irone stair way
2-The slide escape
‫ي‬
‫خارج‬
‫ي‬
‫داخل‬
‫رخيص‬
‫يمكن‬
‫اضافته‬
‫بسهولة‬
‫الرسعة‬
‫ي‬
‫ف‬
‫الوصول‬
‫عديم‬
‫الفائدة‬
‫بسبب‬
‫دخان‬
‫النوافذ‬
‫يسبب‬
‫ي‬
‫ت‬‫حاال‬
‫رسقة‬
‫مكلف‬
‫يتم‬
‫تصميمه‬
‫مع‬
‫ي‬
‫المبن‬
‫قد‬
‫يسبب‬
‫االختناق‬
‫مستقيم‬
‫او‬
‫ي‬
‫منحن‬
‫يستخدم‬
‫عل‬
‫حسب‬
‫عدد‬
‫الطوابق‬
‫ورسعة‬
‫الوصول‬
.
‫مفتوح‬
‫ال‬
‫يستخدم‬
‫ي‬
‫ف‬
‫حالو‬
‫ي‬
‫المبان‬
‫متعددة‬
‫االرتفاعات‬

16. 3_ knotted
rope
4_rope ladder seared

17. Shopping Centers
Definition:
A complex of retail stores and related
facilities bunched together planned to:
• Induce maximum shopping
convenience
• Induce maximum exposure to the
merchandise

18. Types of Centers
• Neighbourhood Centers:
(Suburban)
- A row of stores usually, but not
always, in a strip or a line Parallel to
the highway and separated by a
parking lot.
- It is Serviced by an alley in the rear
- Area ranges from 20,000 to 100,000
sq. feet (1,860 to 9300 sq. meters)
- Usually contains a supermarket and a
drug store and around 6 or more
service type stores.
- Not normally competitive

19. Types of Centers
• Intermediate/community sized
centers: -
- Also usually strip stores but
they're substantially larger.

20. Types of Centers
• Regional centers:- (suburban)
- Contains 1 to 4 department stores, 50
to 100 more satellite shops.
- Fronting on an internal pedestrian
mall, or a shopping walk way.
- Parking completely surrounds the
building group.
- All stores face inward with back to
the parking.
- A trend toward a decking parking,
and stores themselves has been
growing to save land area, and
costs. -double decking stores help
keeping horizontal walking distance
within reason.
-Double decking began due to the land
costs.

21. Types of Centers
• Renewal projects:- (Downtown)
- A trend towards close integration can be observed.
- Multi level shopping centers connect to other nearby shopping facilities,
office buildings, theatres or hotels either directly or by bridge.
- Parking is usually is multi decked and can above, below or lateral to the
shopping facilities.

22. Criteria for Regional Centers
• Column Spacing:
- Usually the width of Store
fronts, which are 6m, 7.5m, or
9 m
- Dimensions from mall to store
rear is set by the most
economical structural system,
due to the roof, which is a
major cost factor

23. Criteria for
Regional Centers
• Store depths:
- One story stores are usually 37 to 43
meters deep, to accommodate larger
stores
- if basements or mezzanines are present,
depth can be reduced 20 to 25 percent
- in centers with many very small stores a
problem of how to achieve shallow depths
without incurring higher costs for greater
mall lengths in relation to floor area arises
A solution often used is to "dog-leg" or
"ell" (wrap) a larger store around a smaller
one.

24. Criteria for Regional Centers
• Clear Heights:
Definition:
The height measured from the underside
of the lowest hanging object on the
ceiling, be it a light, sprinkler, or a
crossbeam.
- Clear Heights Vary from 3 meters to
4.25 meters with 3.75 meters being
a good average
- Above the Clear heights there must
be adequate space for Air-
Conditioning Ducts, recessed lights,
structural systems, etc.
Vertic
al
Vertical
Vertical
Vertica
l

25. Criteria for Regional Centers
Vertic
al
Vertical
Vertical
Vertica
l
• Ducts and shafts:
- The building's shell must be flexible enough to accommodate any reasonable tenant
requirements

26. Criteria for
Regional Centers
• Roof Equipment Concealment:
Eye sores can be managed by the
use of roof screens and enclosures
to result in a more clean look

27. Criteria for Regional Centers
• Exterior walls:
- Depending on each stores requirement, they may have
public entrance door, service doors, trash rooms, show
windows, etc...
- Modular designs that can sustainably accommodate for any
of the aforementioned features visual effects are very much
desired
- Show windows and Public Entrances are rare on Parking lot
facades as it has been found that the great majority of
customers enter stores from the mall rather than directly from
the parking lot
- Public entrances from the parking lot usually only occur for
department stores, restaurants drugstores, and the like.

28. Criteria for Regional Centers
• Anarchy vs Regimentation:
- In early shopping centers, there often was no
design Control at all resulting in a anarchy of
signs and materials and design
- The Situation gradually changed to where so
much rigid control was exercised that the
project became far too monotonous and boring
- Proper design calls for a homogeneous whole
with the widest possible range for each store,
Generally giving the stores the greatest Possible
range to their mall facades with fairly Strict
restrictions placed on the exterior facade
Allowing Unity of design for the exterior and
gives interest in the interior.

29. Circulation in Regional Centers
Methodes of
Movement:
Horizontal:
Pathways
Entrances
Exits
Vertical:
Escalators
Lifts
Stairwells

30. Vertical Methodes of Movement
• Escalators:
• The angle of escalator off the floor
usually varies from 30 to 35 degrees
• The step width of the escalator depends
on the number of expected users, and
can vary from 60cm where it can fit a
single person all the way to a meter,
where its able to fit two people.
• The Opening in the floor on the above
level is 6.2 meters long, to allow for a 2.3
meter headroom for the user
• A 1.15 meter deep, 3.75 meter long pit
is needed on the ground level of the
escalator to fit all the machinery
underground and make the escalator
level with the floor
• Are not stairwell and cannot be used as
fire escapes

31. Vertical Methodes of Movement
• Lifts:
 Small lifts can carry up to 400 kg
used by passengers with hand
baggage only and have an area of
around 1m sq.
 Medium lifts can carry up to 630 kg
and are used by passengers with
strollers and wheelchairs and have
an area of around 1.5m sq.
 Large lifts can carry up to 1000 kg
and are used to carry furniture,
stretchers and wheelchairs and
have an area of around 2.25m sq.

32. Vertical Methodes of Movement
• Stairwells:
 Can be used as fire escapes.
 Number of stairwells needed to provide adequate escape routes depends on:
o The size of the structure (every 18m a stair well must be present)
o The number of users

33. Study cases
International :
• Al Hamra Firdous tower
• The Hearst (new York)
Local:
• al Barka tower
Regional:
• City stars
• Kingsway tower

34. Al Hamra Firdous Tower

35. • Location :
Kuwait City, Kuwait
• Climate Of Kuwait :
Desert Climate, Hot & Dry Climate.
• Facts :
• First Asymmetrical Skyscraper & World Tallest Stone
Cladded Tower.
• Total Floor Level Of Commercial Skyscraper :
• 80 Levels
• YEAR Of Construction : 2006-2011
• Height :
• 412.6 M From Ground To Tip.
• Total Floors : 77
• Total Elevators : 47
• Escalators : 16
• Total Bua Of All : 2.1 Million Sq Feet

36. ‫واقع‬
‫ي‬
‫ف‬
‫منتصف‬
‫منطقة‬
‫سكنية‬
‫االقبال‬
‫علي‬
‫ال‬
‫مول‬
‫كبير‬

43. 1400
250
800
50
Area = 2500

45. Collums
Shear wall
‫زجاج‬
‫عازل‬
‫للحرارة‬
‫مضاف‬
‫له‬
‫الجير‬

47. 4 structure ‫التصاعد‬
‫اللولبي‬
..
‫يركز‬
‫الغربي‬ ‫الجانب‬ ‫علي‬ ‫االحمال‬
.
‫غرس‬ ‫تم‬
‫الخرسانه‬
‫للمسلحه‬
‫و‬ ‫بعمق‬
‫بكثره‬
‫االكثر‬ ‫المناطق‬ ‫في‬
‫ضعطا‬
.
‫الهيكل‬
‫الرقائقي‬
..
‫موجود‬
‫في‬
‫الردهه‬
‫ارتفاعها‬ ‫التي‬
٢٠
‫متر‬
(
‫يتحمل‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫الوحيد‬ ‫الهيكل‬ ‫هو‬
‫البرج‬ ‫اعلي‬ ‫الدعم‬ ‫يقدم‬ ‫و‬ ‫االرتفاع‬ ‫هذا‬
)
‫انه‬ ‫اي‬
_
‫ردهه‬ ‫يوفر‬
‫مستمره‬
_
‫تحريك‬
‫يعمل‬ ‫االرض‬ ‫نحو‬ ‫االحمال‬
_
‫تقويه‬ ‫كعنصر‬

56. Users : 80
Leasing span : 9 m

57. 250
152
112
154
300
Area = 970 m
2

58. • AL-BARAKA TOWER
Location :
Khartoum,Sudan,Khartoum 1,Block 1
Alsuwq alarabi
Total Area :
2962m
Total Floor Level :
15 Levels
Total Floors :
12 Floors
Height :
No. Of shops :
66
No. Of offices :
86

59. Building Site:

60. Commercial Building: Also referred to as investment/income property intended to generate
profit from mainly rental income
Trade Centre space
uses
Electical
Equipment
Electronics
Gifts
Tourism
Companies
Airline
Companies
Tailor
Shops
Ready-made
Clothes
Shoes
Beauty
Shops
Bookshops
Perfume
Shops
Furniture
Shops
Households
The Trade Centre possesses 3 floors of the whole building: -1(first basement),0(Ground Floor),1(First
Floor).
Main Users
Traders Customers
Bank's Staff Workers
Verical Movements: Stairs, Ramps, Elevators
Horizontal Movements: Corridors
Bank

61. Vertical Movements
Bank's Safe

62. Trading shops
Bank's Safe
Vertical Movements
Core
Horizontal movement
inside building
Basement -1
• Larger shops for stock
selling, furniture and fabrics.
• Smaller shops for electrical
equipment and electronics.
• Basement is 75cm above
ground level so that shops
receive natural lighting and
ventilation.
Activity Space Users Area No. of spaces
Trading Shops Customers, Traders 1340m^ 24
Administrative Bank's Safe Bank's Staff 120m^ 1
Movement Stairs, elevators, ramp All 70m^ 1 ramp,4 stairs,
7 elevators

63. Public entrances
Trading shops
Bank Main Branch
Vertical Movements
Horizontal movement
inside bank
Horizontal movement
inside building
Vehicular entrances/exit
Core
Ground Floor
Trade Shops
Entrances
Exterior Interior
Interior & Exterior
Activity Space Users Area No. of spaces
Trading Shops Customers, Traders 370m^ 26
Administrative Bank's Main Branch, Banks
Administration
Bank's Staff 380m^ 2
Movement Stairs, elevators, ramp All 77m^ 1 ramp,5 stairs,
7 elevators

64. Trading shops
Bank Main Branch 2
Vertical Movements
Core
Horizontal movement
inside bank
Horizontal movement
inside building
First Floor
Activity Space Users Area No. of spaces
Trading Shops Customers, Traders 950m^ 14
Administrative Bank's Safe Bank's Main Branch 2 120m^ 1
Movement Stairs, elevators, ramp All 70m^ 1 ramp,4 stairs, 7
elevators

65. ‫المستخدمين‬ ‫المكون‬
‫المنشطي‬ ‫مساحته‬
‫م‬ 2 ‫المكون‬
‫الفراغي‬
‫اداريين‬ ‫اداره‬ 212 ‫مكاتب‬VIP
‫موظفين‬ ‫اداره‬ 250
77,4
‫مكاتب‬
‫موظفين‬
- ‫قضاء‬
‫حاجه‬ - ‫اكل‬
‫و‬
‫شرب‬-‫بيع‬- ‫ايقاف‬
‫سيارات‬
- ‫فراغات‬
‫خدميه‬
( ‫خاصه‬
‫و‬
‫عامه‬ )
35 ‫ايقاف‬
‫السيارات‬ 36 ‫موقف‬
‫سيارات‬
1 ‫على‬
‫االقل‬ ‫بيع‬
‫و‬
‫شراء‬ 35,4 ‫محل‬
‫تجاري‬

69. 6th-7th typical floor
Activities Spaces Users Area Area average No. Of spaces
Administrative Offices,Tower
Management
Managers,Staff
839m
----
998m
209,7m
-----
249,5m
4
W.C , Buffet
(Private,Public)
All - - 6
Movement Stairs,elevators,
Corridors
All - - 5 Stairs,
7 Elevators
Offices
Core
Vertical Movements
• Offices are
characterized by the
presence of sereval
entrance to one office,
which allows flexibility
in design and plannung

70. 8-9-10-11typical floor
Activities Spaces Users Area Area average No. Of spaces
Administrative Offices,Banks Administ
ration
Managers, Bamk’s
Staff
1022,5m 85,2m 12
W.C
(Private,Public)
All - - 12
Movement Stairs
,elevators, Corridors
All - - 5 Stairs , 7 Elevators
Offices
Core
Vertical Movements

71. Core

75. city
stars
Location :
Cairo Egypt
Climate : hot dry in
summer
Rainy and warm in winter
Total Area :
Total Floor Level :
15 Levels​
Total Floors :
8 Floors​
Concept: style simulates
the eygptian civilization

76. Stars Centre:
Offers 750 stores over an area of
151,000 square metres, including
diverse entertainment venues and
spacious exhibition halls
Citystars Heliopolis is the first project undertaken by Citystars Properties
and it is considered to be one of the first integrated urban developments
in the Middle East and Europe. The complex is extended over an area of
750,000 square metres in the heart of Cairo, with a total investment of
over a billion dollars. Citystars is the newest landmark in Cairo

77. •Structure
:

78. •Site Plan:

79. Level -1
Level -3
Level -2
Level -4
Level -5
Parking Levels:

80. •Parking Levels:
Level -1
Level -3
Level -2
Level -4
Level -5
-1 Total area:
-2 Total area: 4000 sqm
-3 Total area: 15,500 sqm
-4 Total area: 5300 sqm
-5 Total area: 5100 sqm

81. Parking standers

86. ‫خالصة‬

87. Activities
Administration
Supervision
Arranging
Training
Maintenance
Resting
Reception
Meeting
Eating
Archive
Spaces Area
Private offices 9.2 - 27.8 Sqm
Semi-Private offices 13.9 - 37.1 sqm
Human
Administrators
Workers
Visitors
Employees

88. commercial office building
office
• Private offices
• Open offices
• Meeting rooms
Mall
Front end:
• Retail shops
• Food
• Lobby
• entertainment
Back end:
• Store
• Bathrooms
• Fire
• Security
• admin
core
parking
• Lobby
• Bathrooms
• Elevators
• Kitchin
• Stairs fire
• printers
• Duct
• Electric room
• Mechanical room
• Air con
Services :
Technical :

90. Circulation Vertical
Horizontal
Mechanical
Normal
Mechanical
Normal
Flat conveyors
Corridors
Stairs
Ramps
Escalators
Lifts

91. Relate to work in general
Relate to specifically to office
work

92. •Ground Floor:
•Total area:

93. •Mezzanine Level:
Function : pass air
to lower floors
Total area=500m*
Area:36m*

94. •First Floor:
Area:31000m*
Each 3 customers :10m*

95. Space User no. area
hypermarket 280 2800
cafes 2
15
8
25
115
85
Electronic 3
8
35
80
Furniture 20
26
210
265
Home accessories
jewelry 3 35
Restaurant 30 100
Mobile operators 12 120

96. Services
Mobile
operator
Looby
Café
Hypermarket
Entrance
Electical
Equipment
Electronics
Gifts
Tailor
Shops
Ready-made Clothes
Shoes
Beauty
Shops
Bookshops
Perfume
Shops
Furniture
Shops
Jewelry
ATM
Restauran
t
Function relationship
digrams:-

97. •Second Floor:

98. Total area: 6000m2
•8th Floor:

99. King`s way tower
Location: Nigeria –Lagos –
Ikoyi
Area: 5000M2 -1:1.16-

100. Building Site:
‫كه‬
‫حر‬ ‫الرياح‬
‫التلوث‬
‫ي‬
‫السمع‬
‫المداخل‬

102. Reception
area
• 244 M2 lobby
• Height 6.5 M
• Access control
• Attracts users because of
its shape through the
glass

103. section

104. Commercial area:-
• 1) 3 commercial areas
• Area of 1545 m2
• Exposing at the outdoor
• 244 m2 lobby area
• Access control

105. Administrative areas :-
• Flexibility in spaces was achieved by making it open/partitioned
• 1-4 tenancies per floor
• Provideing lights, air conditions and cables
• Total of office spaces =240
• 192 offices ->32 users per floor -> 384 users total
• 48 VIP offices -> 4 users per floor ->48 users total
• 4 meeting rooms per floor ->48 total ->
• 12 users ->48 per floor -> 576 total
• 4 reception areas -> 48 total
• 4 secretary offices ->48 total

106. core
• Central core includes
(considering that the space is
small):-
• 2 escape stairs
• 7 restrooms
• 4 elevators
• Lobby
• 1 core per 1289 M2
• 1 rest room per 14 employees

107. Parking floor

108. Structure

109. • Concrete structure used for
the building. (columns ,
beams , slabs)
• Covered with transparent
curtain walls.
• Walls are doubled because of
the climate solutions
Structure

110. structure
• slim columns duo to the small
height of the tower
• Curtain walls used in the
facades
• Prominent slabs
• Walls are doubled because of
the climate solutions
• Canopy used as a shelter & to
attract users
• Unit-seismic

111. Construction materials • Glazed glass in all
facades to benefit the
sunlight and give an
insider & outsider view
• Concrete slabs (prevent
stress & strain)
• Not surrounded by
fences to isolate users
• Timber uses in
reception

112. climate
solutions
• Aluminum used in facades
to reduce sun radiation
• Long sides along north &
south
• Curtain wall used to
reflect shadow on the
inner spaces also as the
tower`s ID
• Aluminum sheets provide
led lights at night

113. Basement floor relation ships Ground floor relation ships

114. Second floor relationship Third and above floors relationships

115. components

116. office standers

117. A- 5 Sqm
B- 6 Sqm
A- 4.7 Sqm
B- 6 Sqm
A- 4 Sqm
B- 5 Sqm A- 7 Sqm
B- 8.7 Sqm
A-5.5 Sqm
B- 6.3 Sqm
D- 6.5 Sqm
A- 8.2 Sqm

118. A- 4.7 Sqm
B- 5.5 Sqm
D- 6 Sqm
A- 3.8 Sqm
B- 4.7 Sqm
D- 5 Sqm
A- 4.2 Sqm
B- 5 Sqm
D- 5.4 Sqm
A- 3.5 Sqm
B- 4.1 Sqm
D- 4.5 Sqm
A- 4.5 Sqm
B- 5.5 Sqm
D- 5.7qm
A- 4 Sqm
B- 5 Sqm
D- 5.2 Sqm

119. A- 4.7 Sqm
A- 4 Sqm
B- 5 Sqm
D- 5.1 Sqm

120. Site Analysis
• Location: Bahri-West to the Mek Nemer Bridge
• Total Area: 21981sqm
• Neighborhood Area: 4500~5000 Neghborhood residents
• Land Use: Investment Purposes
• Maximum Floors For Investment Buildings In Area: 25 Floors
• Price Of 1sqm of Land: ~$400
• Morphology: Flat Land
• Geology: Clay Soil
Dimensions:

121. Technological
Pollution
Kinetics
Views +
Landscape
Climate
Hot desert climate
Distance
From
SITE
Market
Bus Station
Grand Mosque
Hospital
Judical Housing
Courthouse
River Nile
Water Tanks
500m
500m
280m
800m
250m
270m
250m
250m
‫كه‬
‫حر‬
‫الرياح‬

122. Click to add text

124. NEAR BY SERVICES
1. gadoora foul resturant 82.43m
2. Taiba resturant 163.82m
3. International park resturant 480
4. Alkhiam resturant 300m
5. Alta`em burger 260m
6. Aljaber endowmental library
154.62m
7. Nour altariq library 298.22m
8. Alustaz grocery store 41.52m
9. Alajayeb foodstuff 63m
10. Abu alrakha grocery store 290m
11. Havana hotel 805.94m
12. Albarkal plaza hotel 550m
13. brazzarille hotel 560m
14. Albraka bank (ATM) 200m
15. Alsalam bank 346m
16. Nour alquran center for the legitimacy of
the legit 510m
17. Court of health care 620m 370m
18. Alblsam pharmacy 450m
19. Hamed modern pharmacy 173m
20. Bahry`s big mosque
21. Sheikh hammad accepted school 500m
22. International evangelical school 268m
23. Alartiqa boys school 700m
23
24
25
N

125. Case Global Case Regional Case Local Case Notes
Site Area
Movement
Neighbors
Services
Parkings
•Planing Criteria
16000m2 2900 m2
5000 m2 Not specified
Main street Main street Main street
Residential building
Commercial
Commercial
building
Administration
Officials building
Of public building
Mosque Hospital
Income
In the building
Have a building In basement
Speces Offices and shops Offices and shops
Offices and shops
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
skeletal system
building system skeletal system

126. Case Global Case Regional Case Local Case Notes
•Design Criteria