Language contact occurs when speakers of different languages interact and their languages influence each other. It can result in language shift, where one language replaces another, or even language death when a language is no longer passed to new generations. Factors like linguistic hierarchies, language attitudes, and the prestige assigned to different languages can impact outcomes of language contact. Phenomena associated with language contact include code-mixing, code-switching, pidgins, language spread, decline, revival, and shift.

1. LANGUAGE CONTACT
• 1.What is language contact?
• 2. Where, when and how a language contact
emerged?
• 3. What are elaborators of language contact?

2. • The use of more than one language in the
same place and at the same time. Sarah,
(2001).
• Occurs when speakers of different languages
interact and their languages influence each
other. Matras,(2009).
• Involves face to face interactions among groups
of speakers at least some of whom speak more
than one language.
Definition of Language Contact

3. Definition continue….
• Words from Italy, French, Latin, English and
Arab penetrated into Amharic.
Example
-democracy,
-television
-million
Sidama language
-dimokiraase,televizhiine, miiliyoone

4. Definition continue….
• It occurs language borders
• Between ad-stratum languages- result of
immigration
• With a disturbing language acting as either a
super stratum or a sub stratum

5. Definition continued….
Example
• If two groups of young travelers are speaking
two different languages while cooking
their meals in the kitchen of a youth hostel,
and if each group speaks only one
language, and if there is no verbal interaction
between the groups, then this is
language contact

6. The study of Language contact
• Is understanding of the inner function of the
inner structure of grammar
• Ways that language community interact and
impact of that contact on the languages
• In this study there are direct and indirect
contact

7. The study continued…
• In direct contact speakers of one language
turn up in the midst of speakers of another
• Indirect one through the mediation of
literature or nowadays television, radio or
internet
In general, language contact consists of
borrowing different words, pronunciation ,
grammar and vocabulary of others’ language

8. How old language contact?
• Hickey,(2012), “Language contact is as old as
language itself”
• Sarah (2001) says contact certainly for
thousands of years and probably since the
beginning of human kind
• Humans spoke more than one language

9. Where is language contact?
• Is every where.
• There is no evidence …languages have
developed in total isolation from other
languages Edwards,(1994).

10. What happens to languages in contact?
• Disappearance of one of the languages
• The loss of vocabulary and simplification of
structure without any compensating additions
in the form of borrowing or newly creating

11. How do languages come into contact?
• Know how particular language contact
situation arose in the distant past.
• South Africa, the original inhabitants of what
is now the public of South Africa were
speakers of Khoisan languages.

12. Factors That Elaborate Language Contact
1. LINGUISTIC HIERARCHIES
Linguistic hierarchies demand equivalent, fair
and reasonable rational investigation and
assumption on language and cultures of the
societies

13. HIERARCHIES continued….
• Richard Carew (1555-1620) in Edwards,
(1994), compares some languages with each
other in an unreasonable way: “English as
‘excellent’, Italian ‘without sinews’, French
‘delicate’ and Dutch ‘manlike’, (pp.89)”.

14. HIERARCHIES continued….
• Antoine De Rivarol (1753-1801) observed, as
cited in Edwards, that French was synonymous
with clarity, and that English, Greek, Latin, and
Italian were mediums of ambiguity, (Ibid).
• No language can be described as better as or
worse than another on purely linguistic
grounds

15. HIERARCHIES continued….
• Demand to display scientific hierarchy of
languages and societies , rather opting to
sequence in illogical generalizations on
language.
• We cannot say this language is best, that one
is worse
• Languages are always sufficient for the needs
of their speaker

16. HIERARCHIES continued….
Cultural and linguistic relativism
Cultural relativism represents a welcome
and logical change from the ethnocentrism-
based on the ideas and beliefs of one
particular culture and using these to judge
other cultures

17. HIERARCHIES continued….
• Linguistic relativity is unshaken as a basis for
understanding language variation precisely
• The development of adequate language is a
universal

18. 2.Language Attitude
• Attitude is a disposition to react favorable or
unfavorable to a class of objects
-feelings
- thought
- pre dispositions to act in certain way

19. Language Attitude continued…
• Two points may be made here:
1) there often exists in consistently between
assessed and attitudes and actions
2) there is some times confusion between
beliefs and attitudes

20. Language Attitude continued…
• Example
• Mother’s response of the query; “Is a knowledge
of Amharic important for your children’s, yes or
no? “this indicates beliefs.
• To gauge attitude one would require further
probing in to the responded feeling about her
expressed belief: for example she might believe
that Amharic is important for her children’s
career success; yet she may loathe the language.
Thus, many attitude questionnaires are, in fact,
belief questionnaires.

21. Language Attitude continued…
• Language can be evaluated by listener on the
three dimensions:
- competence
- integrity
- attractiveness

22. Language Attitude continued…
• There are two broad determinants of
language perceptions
- standardization-is associated with dominant
social groups
- vitality – refers to number and importance

23. Language Attitude continued…
• Major measurement techniques of language
attitudes:
1. Content analysis- includes historical and
sociological observations as well as
ethnographic studies
2. Direct assessment- involves questionnaires or
interview methods
3. Indirect assessment is the matched- guise
approach

24. Language Attitude continued…
• Efurosibinac,(1994), put an example of African
countries :
African countries at the colonization reign,
their indigenous languages were forgotten
and people tended to use their colonial
languages. After they adopted this new
language, they thought their languages as
inferior of the new one. This is the attitude
that they have towards own language.

25. Language Attitude continued…
In our context:
• urban religious institutions the worshippers
and singers, or prayers feel comfort when they
use urban spoken language, perhaps Amharic,
rather than own language.

26. Language Contact
My Friend Workineh Getachew
continues the rest parts of our
term paper….

28. MURDER AND SUICIDE
• Murder occur when dissimilar language are in
contact and where high prestige variety
extends across domains
• Suicide is occurred when similar languages
come into contact but where again on
possesses higher status
• Suicide involves the ever increasing borrowing
from prestigious form Edwards, (1994).

29. Murder and suicide continues…
• The direct cause of language death is lack of
transmission to children.
• When two or more languages come into
contact, it is possible for a new language to be
born, or for some of the old languages to die
out,Trusk(1994).

30. LANGUAGAGE REVIVAL(MAINTAINCE)
• One language due to failure of transmitting to
coming generation, may arrive to die.
• Then , if it has been attempted to make
rebirth on it by initiated groups or individuals,
revival may occur

31. REVIVAL(MAINTAINCE) continued
• Frankly speaking, Gafat and Geeze from Ethiopian
languages were dead. Gafat does not have
speakers and records, so it may be difficult to
revive it.
• But, many records of ancient history of Ethiopia
in every aspect had been written in Geeze. Now,
the Geeze is being taught up to first degree in our
country Universities, like Mekelle and Wollo
Universities; PHD degree in German Universities
in scholarships.

32. REVIVAL (MAINTAINCE) continued
• By maximizing the trained people on this
language, different records can be translated
and offered to the beneficiaries, and at the
end language can be revived through this.
• Additionally, in Israel, Hebrew language is
thought be revived or maintained by initiators.

33. LANGUAGE SHIFT
• A phenomenon occurring solely in dominated
communities, Wendel and Heinrich (2012).
• Loss of language in the societal level
• Is the major mechanism underlying the loss
of linguistic diversity that we are witnessing
today across the world

34. LANGUAGE SHIFT continued…
• The result of the contact of two languages can
be the replacement of one by the other. This is
most common when one language has higher
social positions. This sometime leads to
language endangerment or extinction.

35. LANGUAGE SHIFT continued…
• Hadiyyoosi- mesmes
• Watta-Afaan Oromo

36. LANGUAGE SPREAD AND DECLINE
• Spread of language can be occurred
-by the expansions of people from place to
place.
- Commandments of imperial power too use
certain language
- Trade and military actions support the spread
of language. (sarah,2001).

37. SPREAD AND DECLINE continued…
• A language is in decline if it is no longer
passed on to children; it comes to be preserve
of middle- aged or elderly people who no
longer see any point in transmitting
in.(Edwards, 1994)
• Gafat did not have speakers who transimits
coming generation

38. CODE MIXING
• The mixing of two or more languages or
language varieties in speech.
• Risdianto, (2015), put the definition of code-
mixing as the transition from using linguistic
units (words, phrase, clauses, etc.) of one
language to using those of another within a
single sentence.

39. CODE- SWITCHING
• switching of between two or more languages,
or language varieties, in the context of a single
conversation.
• Intra-word switching occurs within a word,
itself, such as at a morpheme boundary.

40. CODE- SWITCHING continued…
• Inter-sentential switching is to use sentences
from two languages following each other.
Inter-sentential switching involves the use of a
word or an expression from one language in a
sentence whose structure belongs to another
language.

41. PIDGIN
• Sociolinguistic phenomenon where two
people whose firs languages are different
attempt to communicate using elements from
both of their language in mixed languages.
• Characteristics of pidgin language
-Limited vocabulary
- Simple grammatical rule
- Small inventor of sounds

42. PIDGIN continued….
-spoken by small fraction of the
community
-Used for specific purpose such as
trade ,religion and extra

43. PIDGIN continued….
• Some of pidgin languages are:
- patois( Jamaician and English)
-Basque-Icelandic- pidgin(Basque,
Germanic and Romanic)

44. Creole
• is simply a former pidgin which has become
some body’s mother tongue and which has
been enriched and elaborated to the point
where it is just like any other language.

45. Creole continued….
• is a stable natural language developed from
the mixing of parent languages; Creoles differ
from pidgins in that (Creoles have been
nativized by children as their primary
language.