The document discusses several key sociolinguistic concepts including bilingualism, language change, language shift, code switching, language death and revival, standard languages, vernacular languages, national languages, official languages, pidgins, regional dialects, and social dialects. It defines each concept and provides details on types and factors that influence them. The document is a guide to understanding how language interacts with society.
The results of our group discussion on sociolinguistics. We take this material from several book references. We uploaded this presentation with the aim that we can learn together especially sociolinguistics. We hope that readers can understand the contents of the material. There are many mistakes please forgive us. Thank you.
The results of our group discussion on sociolinguistics. We take this material from several book references. We uploaded this presentation with the aim that we can learn together especially sociolinguistics. We hope that readers can understand the contents of the material. There are many mistakes please forgive us. Thank you.
This slide contains about a linguistic branch which is soicolinguistics. It discusses about
*perspectives of sociolinguistics
*speech community
*varieties of sociolinguistics
*Pidgin and Creole
Social factors governing language variationZaraAnsari6
It is a presentation, presenting some social factors that govern language. All the factors are really well elaborated separately with no ambiguity. This presentation will be very beneficial for students to learn about social factors governing language variation.
Language, Culture and Society
Social dialects
Social variation
Regional variation
Group members
Nik Nur Amalia Bt Wan Anuar Shaipu'din
Alia Atikah Bt Jaafar
Nur Ain Batrisyia Bt Mohd Zaini
This slide contains about a linguistic branch which is soicolinguistics. It discusses about
*perspectives of sociolinguistics
*speech community
*varieties of sociolinguistics
*Pidgin and Creole
Social factors governing language variationZaraAnsari6
It is a presentation, presenting some social factors that govern language. All the factors are really well elaborated separately with no ambiguity. This presentation will be very beneficial for students to learn about social factors governing language variation.
Language, Culture and Society
Social dialects
Social variation
Regional variation
Group members
Nik Nur Amalia Bt Wan Anuar Shaipu'din
Alia Atikah Bt Jaafar
Nur Ain Batrisyia Bt Mohd Zaini
Language Contact:aspects and Its ResultsDESTAWWAGNEW
What is language contact?
Language maintenance and Language Shift
Language shift and maintenance in different communities
Factors affecting language shift and maintenance
How language should be maintained
Language Borrowing
Code switching and code mixing
Causes of CS and CM
Pidgins and Creoles
language variation and change Presentation1.pptxDESTAWWAGNEW
The Concept of Language Variation and Change
What language variation and change share in common
How Does Language Change?
Labov’s Principles and
types of language variation
Geographical variation
Social variation
contextual variation
Bi/multilingualism
Speech Accommodation
Gender
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
3. WHAT IS SOCIO-LINGUISTICS?
• It is the study on how and what way the
language is used in a specific society and
it is concerned with the effect of
language on the society’s cultural
perception, norms, identity, etc.;
• The investigation between the
relationship of language and society;
4. • Sociolinguistics is essential because it
helps us understand the differences
occur on how we speak in various
social settings, as well as how we use
particular language roles to express
social significance or facets of our
personality.
7. WHAT IS BILINGUALISM?
• It is the phenomenon of speaking
and understanding two or more
languages;
• Can be acquired early by children in
regions where most adults speak
two languages.
8. THREE GENERAL TYPES OF
BILINGUALS
1.Compound bilingual - developed
two language systems
simultaneously with a single
context.
2.Coordinate bilingual - learn two
languages in distinctively separate
contexts.
11. WHAT IS LANGUAGE
CHANGE?
• It is the phenomenon by which permanent
alterations are made in the features and the
use of a language over time.
•It caters all languages we could've ever
encountered.
12. TYPES OF LANGUAGE CHANGE
a. Lexical changes - refers to a change
in the meaning or use of a word, a move of
preference for one word or phrase over
another;
- most likely the recurrent type of language
change and definitely the easiest to detect.
13. Phonetic and Phonological changes –
phonological change is any sound change
that alters the distribution of phonemes in a
language.
- a language develops a new system of
oppositions among its phonemes. Old
contrasts may disappear, new ones may
develop, or they may simply be restructured.
14. - one person could actually adopt the
enunciation or how the other person spoken
out his utterances towards the other, with
this, change takes place.
15. b. Spelling changes - the spelling of English
words is not fixed all the time.
- differences in spelling often catch the eye of a
reader of a text from a previous century and that
it usually changes and is somehow the reason
why there is modification of sounds and
enunciation.
17. c. Semantic changes - the alteration of
meaning occurs because words are constantly
used and what is intended by speakers is not
exactly the same most of the time
- if a different intention for a word is shared by
the speech community and becomes established
in usage then a semantic change has occurred.
18. COMMON TYPES OF SEMANTIC
CHANGE
Amelioration - it is where to upgrade or
elevate word meanings such that one word could
affect negatively but here, it develops in a
positively.
Pejoration - worsen the negative meaning of
the word.
19. Broadening - an expansion or to broader
word meaning to be more inclusive than its prior
meaning.
Semantic narrowing - the opposite of
broadening wherein the meaning of the word
becomes less general or complete than the
former meaning.
20. Bleaching /Semantic loss/Reduction of word
meaning - refers to how the intensity use of a
language differs and here it lessens that emphasis.
Metaphor/Metaphorical change - in semantics,
it is defined on a similarity of form or function between
the original concept and the target concept named by a
certain word.
21. Metonymy - refers to shifting names
between things that are somehow known
to be connected in reality.
22. e. Syntactic change - a phenomenon
creating a shift in language patterns over
time, subject to cyclic drift, which means a
long term pattern.
- where the evolution of the syntactic
structure of a natural language existed.
24. WHAT IS LANGUAGE
SHIFT?
•also known as the assimilation of language
which the community shifts to different
language in an extended period of time.
•the new language is adopted as a result of
contact with another language community and
may cause in the endangerment of the old
language.
25. Factors contributing to Language shift
(Katibatufah, 2015)
•Economic Factor - the role of economic factors
such as a need for work is also reflected to language
shift.
- people can change their location as well as their
language. The most obvious reason of studying another
language is to find jobs.
26. • Social factor - when a group sees no need
to take active action to preserve their ethnic
language, language shift occurs.
- when a group of speakers relocates to an area or
nation where the language is different from their
own, they are more likely to adopt the new
language.
27. •Political Factor - when people are anxious to
succeed in a society where knowing a second
language is needed, a rapid shift occurs.
- in a multilingual nation a political factor forces
language shift, the authority usually select one
language as the lingua franca to unite various ethnic
groups.
28. •Demographic Factor - when the group of
speakers move to an area or country where language
is different from their own, there is tendency for a
new language to become dominant. Since rural groups
are segregated from political power, they are more
resistant to language.
- change in rural areas than urban areas. The majority
of people’s social need can be meet in minority
language.
29. •Attitude and Values - when the minority
group supports the minority language's use in a
number of domains, it makes it easier for them
to resist the majority group’s pressure to turn to
majority groups language.
- the language shift may also be accelerated by
negative attitude toward the language.
- It happens when an ethnic language is
undervalued and not used as a sign of identity.
31. WHAT IS CODE
SWITCHING?
• Code switching is one of these tricks,
which we see more often in school. It’s
natural merging that occurs frequently
among multilingual speakers who shared
two or more languages.
32. •
• when a speaker switches / alternates
between two or more languages ( or
dialects, or variations of language) in
the same conversation
33. REASONS WHY SPEAKERS CODE
SWITCH :
1.To fulfill a need - Code switch tend to
occurs when the speaker is tired, upset, angry
or when they are less fluent in one language.
2. To express Solidarity - switching is often
popular when someone wants to show
solidarity with a specific group.
34. 3. To exclude others - They
use their first language to
gossip or talk about important
matters.
35. TYPES OF CODE
SWITCHING
1. Inter-Sentential - Sentence boundaries,
words or phrases at the start or end of a
sentence are used to switch languages.
- this form is common in bilingual speakers who
are fluent in both language.
36. 2. Intra-Sentential - there are no
interruptions, hesitations, or
delays to signify a change in the
middle of a sentence.
- usually the speaker is completely
unaware of the change.
37. 3. Extra -Sentential / Tag switching - it
is when a single word or a tag phrase is
switched from one language to another.
- it entails inserting tag from one
language into sentence in a different
language.
39. WHAT IS LANGUAGE DEATH?
• this occurs when a language have
already lost its last native speaker;
• when a certain language have no
written documents, or none of the
people are aware about the
language.
40. FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTES TO
LANGUAGE DEATH
1. Language assimilation or language
shift - this is when a bilingual speaker
replace his native language with his second
language as the primary means of
communication.
41. 2. Cultural assimilation - occurs when
a certain ethnic group or a small group
adapts to the culture of much bigger
groups.
- this also occur when a speaker or a
group of speakers migrate from another
language speaking community.
42. 3. Colonialism - it occurs when
one nation tyrannize another
through conquering its
population, and forcing its own
language and cultural values upon
its citizens (Blakemore, 2019).
43. FOUR TYPES OF
LANGUAGE DEATH
1.Radical death - this is when the
native speakers stops speaking their
language as a self-defense.
2.Gradual death – when a speaker
gradually replace L1 with L2.
44. 3. Sudden death – a rapid extinction
of language.
4. Bottom-top-death – when a
language is only being used for certain
purposes rather than being a means of
communication.
45.
46. WHAT IS LANGUAGE
REVIVAL?
• Language revival is the process to
which a nearly extinct language is
being revived or brought back.
• This action is taken by Linguists,
the government, community or
cultural groups.
47. FIVE STAGES OF LANGUAGE
ENDANGERMENT
1. Healthy/strong - all generations use
language in variety of settings;
2. Weakening/sick - spoken by older people;
not fully used in younger generations;
3. Moribund/dying - only a few speakers
(non-children) remain; no longer used as
native language by children;
48. 4. Dead - no longer spoken as a
native language; and
5. Extinct - no longer spoken and
barely has written records (if at
all).
50. •A standard language is one that is written
and has been regularized or codified to
some degree (for example, in a grammar
and a dictionary).
•It is also a form of language that a group of
people uses in public.
WHAT IS A STANDARD
LANGUAGE?
51. CHARACTERISTICS OF A
STANDARD LANGUAGE
•A recognized dictionary (standardized
spelling and vocabulary)
• A recognized grammar
•A standard pronunciation (educated
speech)
53. WHAT IS A VERNACULAR
LANGUAGE?
• refers to a language which has not been standardized
and which does not have official status.
• the language or dialect spoken by the common people
of a country or area is known as vernacular.
•often used for a relatively narrow range of informal
function.
54. • the language is spoken as one's
mother tongue rather than being
taught or imposed as a second and it
is also the use of a country's or
region's mother tongue in speech or
written works.
55. CHARACTERISTICS OF
VERNACULAR LANGUAGE
•The standard native language of a country or
locality.
•The everyday language spoken by a people as
distinguished from the literary language.
•A variety of such everyday language specific to a
social group or region.
56. •The idiom of a particular trade or
profession: in the legal vernacular.
• An idiomatic word, phrase, or expression.
•The common, nonscientific name of a plant
or animal.
57. •Native to or commonly spoken by the members
of a particular country or region.
•Using the native language of a region, especially
as distinct from the literary language: a
vernacular poet.
• Relating to or expressed in the native language
or dialect.
58. •Of or being an indigenous building style using
local materials and traditional methods of
construction and ornament, especially as
distinguished from academic or historical
architectural styles.
•Occurring or existing in a particular locality;
endemic: a vernacular disease.
60. WHAT IS A NATIONAL
LANGUAGE?
•A language officially designated the
language of a nation or country.
•national language is meant to bind the
society, in order to achieve our goal to
be an independent state (Muhammad
Ridwan, 2018).
61. FUNCTIONS OF NATIONAL
LANGUAGE
•Represents nation's identity which makes it
distinct to the other nations;
• Promotes independency;
•Unifies the people despite the difference
between regions; and
•Performs political, social, and cultural means.
62. COUNTRIES CHOSE ITS
NATIONAL LANGUAGE BY:
•depending on the initial language of the
first people that occupied the homeland.
•depending on the language that the
majority of the people are aware of and
also know how to enact it.
64. WHAT IS AN OFFICIAL
LANGUAGE?
• A language that is given with legal
status to use for a state's
governement, courts,
administration, and other official
purposes (Tanvir Shameem, 2019).
65. •An official language could
not be a national language
unlike national language is a
part of the official language.
66. DE FACTO AND DE
JURE
• segregations or status that are
connected with the national
and official language.
67. WHAT IS A DE FACTO?
• de facto is a language that is not a
legally recognized national language.
It’s a national language that just so
happens to be spoken by the majority
of the people in a particular country
68. WHAT IS A DE JURE?
• A de jure is a language that is a legally
recognized national language. This is a
language that has been legally
established as the national language
of the country.
69. PIDGIN
• Pidgin is created by words and other form
of body language from one or multiple
tongue to develop means of
communication between two or group of
speakers with no common language.
• It is a mode of interaction used in specific
scenarios and it only has small vocabulary
and simple grammatical structure.
70. • This means of communication would
later use as the first language of
children as they grow up and by that,
the pidgin language becomes a creole
and that creole is now a widely
spoken language.
72. WHAT IS A REGIONAL
DIALECT?
• Regional dialect is the various linguistic
differences accumulate in a particular
geographical region.
• The geographical position of an area
has a significant impact on the growth of
a local tongue (Sarah Etter, 2005).
73. International Variety - this variety
talks about the variety of languages
within parts of the world.
Intra-continental or Intra-national
Variety - This variety covers the
differences of the dialects within the
country.
74. Dialect Chain or Cross-continental
Variation - It is the spread of language
variety across the neighboring areas.
- These dialects have a slight common in
its near borders but might be difficult to
be understood on the distant geographical
areas.
76. WHAT IS A SOCIAL
DIALECT?
•It is the variety of language to
which differs from the social
group of the speaker.
77. FACTORS THAT AFFECTS THE
SOCIAL DIALECT
• Social class – whether the speaker is from the upper
class, or the lower class.
• Religion – language also differs from religion. For
instance, a Roman Catholic speaker refers their religious
leader as Priest however, for a Hindu speaker, they refer
them to as Brahmin.
78. • Education – it is very obvious that education
would be one of the factors that affects the social
dialect. Through a speakers grammar and
pronunciation, we can recognize whether the
speaker have a formal education or not fortunate at
all.
• Profession – the use of language also varies from
profession, since, a single word may have different
use and meaning for each profession.
79. • Caste – is a form of social classification it
divides the people by their endogamy,
hereditary transmission, ritual status in a
hierarchy, and customary social interaction
and exclusion based on cultural notions of
purity and pollution.
- It is seen in India and Bangladesh, to which,
their matter of speech depends on their caste.
80. • Age – it is understood that the language has
already evolved and left various words from
different generation.
• Gender – the differences may also vary
from the gender. As expected that the
genders are very different from each other.
Each of them have different codes that only
the insider have the ability to understand.