The document provides information about electricity generation from coal at a power plant. It discusses the key steps which are:
1) Coal is crushed into a fine powder and fed into boilers along with air for combustion.
2) In the boilers, the coal is burned to heat water and produce high pressure steam.
3) The steam powers turbines which spin generators to produce electricity.
4) After passing through the turbines, the steam is condensed back into water in condensers to complete the steam cycle.
This document describes the methodology for conducting an energy audit of a turbine cycle. It discusses collecting data on steam and water cycle parameters, measuring turbine efficiency, identifying factors that affect heat rate, and evaluating the performance of feedwater heaters. The key steps involve collecting design specifications and operational data, measuring temperatures, pressures, flows, and outputs, calculating turbine efficiency using enthalpy methods, identifying reasons for deviations from design performance, and analyzing factors like steam conditions, condenser performance, heat exchanger fouling that affect the heat rate.
Feedwater heaters are used in thermal power plants to pre-heat feedwater and improve cycle efficiency. They extract steam from various turbine stages and use it to heat incoming feedwater in stages. This reduces the amount of heat needed in the boiler and lowers the condenser pressure, improving efficiency. Feedwater heaters come in low-pressure and high-pressure varieties and utilize extracted steam in shell-and-tube or open heat exchangers. Their performance impacts the overall plant heat rate and emissions. Maintaining optimal temperatures and addressing issues like fouling or leaks is important for efficiency.
This document discusses the performance calculation and monitoring of feedwater heaters in thermal power plants. There are three key variables used to monitor feedwater heater efficiency: terminal temperature difference (TTD), drain cooler approach (DCA), and feedwater temperature rise (TR). The TTD measures how close the outlet water temperature is to the saturation temperature, and a higher TTD indicates poorer performance. The DCA measures how close the drain outlet temperature is to the inlet water temperature, and a higher DCA can cause damage. These variables are calculated and trended monthly to monitor heater performance and identify any issues.
2003 ASME Power Conference Performance Evaluation of Feedwater Heaters for Nu...Komandur Sunder Raj, P.E.
The document discusses the design and operation of feedwater heaters in nuclear power plants. It provides specifications for various heaters, including temperature rises, terminal temperature differences, drain cooler approaches, pressures, flows, and heat transfer rates. It then analyzes the impact on heater performance of factors like plugged tubes, tube leaks, removing a heater from service, and increasing thermal loads during plant uprates. Removal of a heater or presence of plugged tubes/leaks decreases heat transfer and increases pressures and temperatures in the affected heater string.
This document describes closed feedwater heaters used in power plants. It discusses:
- Closed feedwater heaters are shell and tube heat exchangers that preheat boiler feedwater using extracted steam, improving cycle efficiency. No separate pumps are needed since streams remain at the same pressure.
- Advantages include reduced irreversibility in steam generation and avoiding thermal shock to boiler metal.
- Most power plants use a combination of open and closed feedwater heaters due to complexity and cost of closed heaters.
the presentation describes in details about the feed water and condensate heaters used in Thermal Power Stations or elsewhere. The performance parameters of the heaters are also described in details.
The document discusses various components of a thermal power plant including a boiler, air preheater, and ash handling plant. It provides details on the types, operation, and technical specifications of these systems. The boiler section describes supercritical boilers and includes diagrams of boiler components. The air preheater section explains regenerative and recuperative types. The ash handling plant introduces the collection and disposal of ash from coal combustion.
This document describes the methodology for conducting an energy audit of a turbine cycle. It discusses collecting data on steam and water cycle parameters, measuring turbine efficiency, identifying factors that affect heat rate, and evaluating the performance of feedwater heaters. The key steps involve collecting design specifications and operational data, measuring temperatures, pressures, flows, and outputs, calculating turbine efficiency using enthalpy methods, identifying reasons for deviations from design performance, and analyzing factors like steam conditions, condenser performance, heat exchanger fouling that affect the heat rate.
Feedwater heaters are used in thermal power plants to pre-heat feedwater and improve cycle efficiency. They extract steam from various turbine stages and use it to heat incoming feedwater in stages. This reduces the amount of heat needed in the boiler and lowers the condenser pressure, improving efficiency. Feedwater heaters come in low-pressure and high-pressure varieties and utilize extracted steam in shell-and-tube or open heat exchangers. Their performance impacts the overall plant heat rate and emissions. Maintaining optimal temperatures and addressing issues like fouling or leaks is important for efficiency.
This document discusses the performance calculation and monitoring of feedwater heaters in thermal power plants. There are three key variables used to monitor feedwater heater efficiency: terminal temperature difference (TTD), drain cooler approach (DCA), and feedwater temperature rise (TR). The TTD measures how close the outlet water temperature is to the saturation temperature, and a higher TTD indicates poorer performance. The DCA measures how close the drain outlet temperature is to the inlet water temperature, and a higher DCA can cause damage. These variables are calculated and trended monthly to monitor heater performance and identify any issues.
2003 ASME Power Conference Performance Evaluation of Feedwater Heaters for Nu...Komandur Sunder Raj, P.E.
The document discusses the design and operation of feedwater heaters in nuclear power plants. It provides specifications for various heaters, including temperature rises, terminal temperature differences, drain cooler approaches, pressures, flows, and heat transfer rates. It then analyzes the impact on heater performance of factors like plugged tubes, tube leaks, removing a heater from service, and increasing thermal loads during plant uprates. Removal of a heater or presence of plugged tubes/leaks decreases heat transfer and increases pressures and temperatures in the affected heater string.
This document describes closed feedwater heaters used in power plants. It discusses:
- Closed feedwater heaters are shell and tube heat exchangers that preheat boiler feedwater using extracted steam, improving cycle efficiency. No separate pumps are needed since streams remain at the same pressure.
- Advantages include reduced irreversibility in steam generation and avoiding thermal shock to boiler metal.
- Most power plants use a combination of open and closed feedwater heaters due to complexity and cost of closed heaters.
the presentation describes in details about the feed water and condensate heaters used in Thermal Power Stations or elsewhere. The performance parameters of the heaters are also described in details.
The document discusses various components of a thermal power plant including a boiler, air preheater, and ash handling plant. It provides details on the types, operation, and technical specifications of these systems. The boiler section describes supercritical boilers and includes diagrams of boiler components. The air preheater section explains regenerative and recuperative types. The ash handling plant introduces the collection and disposal of ash from coal combustion.
Improve plant heat rate with feedwater heater controlHossam Zein
This document discusses improving thermal efficiency in power plants by optimizing feedwater heater performance and control. It contains the following key points:
1. Small deviations in heat rate can have large impacts on annual fuel costs, so precise control of feedwater heater levels is important for efficiency. Poor level control leads to heat losses.
2. Feedwater heaters use extraction steam to preheat feedwater and improve boiler efficiency. Accurate level control ensures optimal heat transfer. Instrument errors can degrade performance.
3. Two case studies show how unreliable level controls increased annual fuel costs by $243,000 in one plant and led to excessive heater bypasses in another. Updating controls provided paybacks of 1
1. Supercritical boilers operate above the critical pressure of water (221 bar), where there is no distinction between water and steam.
2. Operating above the critical pressure provides benefits like higher cycle efficiency, lower fuel consumption and emissions, and improved load change flexibility compared to subcritical boilers.
3. The key difference between subcritical and supercritical boilers is that supercritical boilers are drumless, with evaporation occurring in a single pass and flow induced by the feed pump rather than natural circulation.
The Presentation describes the basics about the Efficiency and performance of a steam based power plant. It also describes how the heat rate of the power plant is important from the point of view of fuel savings.
This document discusses heat rate audits in thermal power plants. It aims to identify causes of efficiency losses that increase heat rate. Some key points:
- Heat rate is the amount of heat input (fuel) required per unit of power generated and impacts generation costs. Lower heat rates reduce costs.
- Losses occur in the boiler, turbine, condenser/feedwater systems, circulating water system, and from electrical/steam auxiliaries.
- Common causes of higher heat rates include incomplete combustion, turbine erosion, condenser tube fouling, and electrical auxiliary inefficiencies.
- Tracking plant parameters and conducting monthly performance tests can identify losses and guide improvement efforts to lower heat rates.
Feedwater heaters are used in steam power plants to pre-heat water delivered to boilers. They work by using extracted steam from turbine stages to gradually heat feedwater up to saturation temperature. This improves efficiency by reducing costs and preventing thermal shock to boiler metal. Feedwater heaters come in open and closed designs, with open designs mixing extracted steam directly into feedwater and closed using heat exchangers. Their use recovers some energy from steam and optimizes the balance between extracted steam and turbine power output.
This document discusses boiler instrumentation and control. It begins with an introduction to boilers, their classification into fire tube and water tube boilers, and an overview of boiler instrumentation and control systems. It then describes the key components of boiler instrumentation including flow meters, furnace TV systems. It provides diagrams of fire tube and water tube boiler designs. It details the major control loops for combustion control and feedwater control and concludes with advantages and disadvantages of boiler control systems.
This document discusses boiler control using a Distributed Control System (DCS). It provides an overview of boiler components like the steam drum, furnace, superheater, air preheater and economizer. It includes a Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) of the boiler control system and lists I/O devices and control loops. It also presents a project implementation flowchart outlining steps for creating the DCS project like defining nodes, control loops, interlocks and operator displays.
Power Plant Regenerative feed heating and design aspects of Feed Heaters.This is a ppt for beginners in Power Plant Engineering.Also discusses Heat Transfer and Rankine cycle.
This document discusses instrumentation and controls for boiler plants. It describes the key inputs and outputs to a boiler control system for maintaining energy and mass balance. The document outlines several basic control loops for fuel, combustion air, and feedwater. It then provides more details on combustion control systems, including different control schemes and hardware. Finally, it discusses various feedwater control systems from single element to multi-element approaches for maintaining proper water levels over a range of boiler loads.
Indian scenario of super critical power plants issues and challenges by ntpc...Ajay Singhal
This document discusses supercritical power plants in India, including:
1. NTPC operates several supercritical power plants in India with a total installed capacity of 3,300 MW. Their Sipat plant includes 3 x 660 MW supercritical units.
2. Supercritical technology provides benefits like reduced emissions, improved efficiency, and lower fuel costs compared to subcritical plants.
3. Operating supercritical plants presents issues and challenges related to boiler control, chemistry regimes, and performance optimization. NTPC's experience provides lessons for addressing these challenges.
This document summarizes 17 major fire losses that occurred at various Indian power plants between 1988-2002. It provides brief descriptions of each plant, location and cause of fire, estimated losses, and recommendations to prevent future fires. Some common causes included electrical faults, coal spontaneous ignition, and oil leaks igniting on hot surfaces. Recommendations focused on improved maintenance, monitoring, insulation, detection systems and fire suppression.
This document discusses options for replacing the existing conventional cooling tower at Asian Paints Limited (APL) with an adiabatic cooling tower. It provides an overview of different cooling tower types, their working principles, and compares the technical specifications, costs, water and energy savings of conventional versus adiabatic cooling towers. Based on its analysis of four vendor options for an adiabatic cooling tower for APL's 100TR chiller cooling requirement, the document recommends installing a tower from International Coil Limited due to its technical capabilities, lowest cost, and satisfactory customer feedback on existing large-scale installations.
Air compressors
Pump house
Steam header
Feed water System
Operating Parameters
Fuel Gas path
Ash content vs fuel efficiency
Operating alarms
operating instruments on panel
Practical Boiler Control & Instrumentation for Engineers & TechniciansLiving Online
This document provides an introduction to boiler controls, including:
1) It outlines the key objectives of boiler control systems which are to ensure safety, availability, and performance through reliable controls, robust safety systems, efficient operation, and more.
2) It presents a simplified view of the boiler combustion and steam generation processes to provide background for control systems.
3) It introduces the main control functions for boilers, mapping them out according to safety, availability, and performance objectives.
Performance evaluation and optimization of air preheater in thermal power plantIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on optimizing the performance of an air preheater at a thermal power plant in India. The study evaluated the performance of a Ljungstrom air preheater (model LAP 13494/2200) before and after adjusting radial sector plate clearances. Key findings include:
- Performance metrics like air leakage, gas side efficiency, and X-ratio were calculated from temperature and gas composition measurements taken at the air preheater inlet and outlet.
- Adjusting the radial sector plate clearances helped reduce air leakage and improve the air preheater's gas side efficiency.
An air preheater is a heat exchanger that heats incoming combustion air by transferring heat from the flue gases before they are exhausted to the atmosphere. This improves boiler efficiency. There are two main types: recuperative, which uses stationary heat transfer surfaces, and regenerative, which uses rotating heat transfer surfaces. Proper operation and maintenance is important to minimize issues like air leakage, erosion, corrosion, plugging, and fouling that can reduce the air preheater's effectiveness over time. Regular inspection and cleaning helps maintain high performance.
The document discusses condensers used in thermal power plants. It describes the functions of a condenser as condensing exhaust steam from turbines to be reused in the steam cycle, creating a vacuum to improve turbine efficiency, and removing non-condensable gases. Key aspects covered include the condenser's role in the Rankine cycle, operation, materials used for tubes, sources of air leakage, methods for detecting water leakage into tubes, and cleaning and testing of condenser tubes.
The document discusses a regenerative air preheater (GAH) used at a power plant. It contains specifications for the GAH such as its size, heating surface areas, temperatures, and pressure drops. The GAH uses a rotating cylinder filled with heating elements to transfer heat from flue gases to combustion air. It helps increase boiler efficiency. However, leakage of air through the seals is an inherent issue. The document examines various paths and causes of leakage, including thermal expansion differences between the hot and cold ends of the rotor. It notes the importance of properly setting seals to account for this "turn down" and minimizing gaps between sealing surfaces. Excessive leakage reduces efficiency and increases heat rate and power consumption.
The document provides standard operating procedures for a boiler and steam turbine in a waste heat recovery unit. For the boiler, it describes startup and shutdown procedures, monitoring parameters, maintenance schedules, and safety precautions. For the steam turbine, it outlines startup steps including gradually increasing rpm over time, monitoring key parameters like oil pressure and temperature, and checks to perform before startup. The overall purpose is to safely and efficiently operate the boiler and turbine system to recover heat from waste gases.
ABSTRACT
Heat/light/electrical energy is out today’s necessity and has scarcity also. Energy conservation is key requirement of any industry at all times.
In general, industries use heat energy for conservation of raw material to finished product. The source of heat energy is generally saturated or super heated steam. The steam generation is common use one boiler with carity of fuels. Whatever may be the fuel the generation should be as economy as possible which adds to the product cost. Further the usage of steam and recycling steam condensate back to boiler is an art depending on plant layouts.
In this project the steam generator is water tube boiler fired with rice husk. The steam is transferred to the tyre/tube moulds where tyres/tubes are cured while the heat is rejected to the tyres the condensate forms and this condensate is put back to the boiler. While doing so the steam is also stopped back to boiler without rejecting complete heat to the product. This gets flashed into atmosphere at feed water tank. The science of separation of condensate from steam saves energy. Better the separation more the fuel conservation.
In the steam generator the fuel is burnt to heat the water and form steam. This fuel burnt flue gas carries lot of energy, out through chimney. Prior to exhausting through the heat left in flue need to be recovered, through heat recovery mechanisms’. In this project an air-preheater condensate heat recovery unit is the major energy consuming station.
The document provides information about electricity generation from coal at a power plant. It discusses the process of coal delivery and storage, crushing the coal, and feeding it into large utility boilers. In the boilers, coal is burned to heat water and produce high-pressure steam. The steam powers turbines that spin generators to produce electricity. The steam is then condensed in a condenser and pumped back into the boiler to restart the process. Key components discussed include coal storage, crushers, boilers, turbines, condensers, and the control room.
The document provides information on different types of boilers. It discusses fire tube boilers which have tubes that hot combustion gases pass through to heat surrounding water. Water tube boilers are also described, where water passes through tubes surrounded by hot gases. Modern power station boilers are large water tube boilers with sections for combustion, steam generation, and heat recovery units like superheaters and economizers. Different boiler components like the furnace, drum, and circuits for water, steam, and air/gas are also summarized.
Improve plant heat rate with feedwater heater controlHossam Zein
This document discusses improving thermal efficiency in power plants by optimizing feedwater heater performance and control. It contains the following key points:
1. Small deviations in heat rate can have large impacts on annual fuel costs, so precise control of feedwater heater levels is important for efficiency. Poor level control leads to heat losses.
2. Feedwater heaters use extraction steam to preheat feedwater and improve boiler efficiency. Accurate level control ensures optimal heat transfer. Instrument errors can degrade performance.
3. Two case studies show how unreliable level controls increased annual fuel costs by $243,000 in one plant and led to excessive heater bypasses in another. Updating controls provided paybacks of 1
1. Supercritical boilers operate above the critical pressure of water (221 bar), where there is no distinction between water and steam.
2. Operating above the critical pressure provides benefits like higher cycle efficiency, lower fuel consumption and emissions, and improved load change flexibility compared to subcritical boilers.
3. The key difference between subcritical and supercritical boilers is that supercritical boilers are drumless, with evaporation occurring in a single pass and flow induced by the feed pump rather than natural circulation.
The Presentation describes the basics about the Efficiency and performance of a steam based power plant. It also describes how the heat rate of the power plant is important from the point of view of fuel savings.
This document discusses heat rate audits in thermal power plants. It aims to identify causes of efficiency losses that increase heat rate. Some key points:
- Heat rate is the amount of heat input (fuel) required per unit of power generated and impacts generation costs. Lower heat rates reduce costs.
- Losses occur in the boiler, turbine, condenser/feedwater systems, circulating water system, and from electrical/steam auxiliaries.
- Common causes of higher heat rates include incomplete combustion, turbine erosion, condenser tube fouling, and electrical auxiliary inefficiencies.
- Tracking plant parameters and conducting monthly performance tests can identify losses and guide improvement efforts to lower heat rates.
Feedwater heaters are used in steam power plants to pre-heat water delivered to boilers. They work by using extracted steam from turbine stages to gradually heat feedwater up to saturation temperature. This improves efficiency by reducing costs and preventing thermal shock to boiler metal. Feedwater heaters come in open and closed designs, with open designs mixing extracted steam directly into feedwater and closed using heat exchangers. Their use recovers some energy from steam and optimizes the balance between extracted steam and turbine power output.
This document discusses boiler instrumentation and control. It begins with an introduction to boilers, their classification into fire tube and water tube boilers, and an overview of boiler instrumentation and control systems. It then describes the key components of boiler instrumentation including flow meters, furnace TV systems. It provides diagrams of fire tube and water tube boiler designs. It details the major control loops for combustion control and feedwater control and concludes with advantages and disadvantages of boiler control systems.
This document discusses boiler control using a Distributed Control System (DCS). It provides an overview of boiler components like the steam drum, furnace, superheater, air preheater and economizer. It includes a Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) of the boiler control system and lists I/O devices and control loops. It also presents a project implementation flowchart outlining steps for creating the DCS project like defining nodes, control loops, interlocks and operator displays.
Power Plant Regenerative feed heating and design aspects of Feed Heaters.This is a ppt for beginners in Power Plant Engineering.Also discusses Heat Transfer and Rankine cycle.
This document discusses instrumentation and controls for boiler plants. It describes the key inputs and outputs to a boiler control system for maintaining energy and mass balance. The document outlines several basic control loops for fuel, combustion air, and feedwater. It then provides more details on combustion control systems, including different control schemes and hardware. Finally, it discusses various feedwater control systems from single element to multi-element approaches for maintaining proper water levels over a range of boiler loads.
Indian scenario of super critical power plants issues and challenges by ntpc...Ajay Singhal
This document discusses supercritical power plants in India, including:
1. NTPC operates several supercritical power plants in India with a total installed capacity of 3,300 MW. Their Sipat plant includes 3 x 660 MW supercritical units.
2. Supercritical technology provides benefits like reduced emissions, improved efficiency, and lower fuel costs compared to subcritical plants.
3. Operating supercritical plants presents issues and challenges related to boiler control, chemistry regimes, and performance optimization. NTPC's experience provides lessons for addressing these challenges.
This document summarizes 17 major fire losses that occurred at various Indian power plants between 1988-2002. It provides brief descriptions of each plant, location and cause of fire, estimated losses, and recommendations to prevent future fires. Some common causes included electrical faults, coal spontaneous ignition, and oil leaks igniting on hot surfaces. Recommendations focused on improved maintenance, monitoring, insulation, detection systems and fire suppression.
This document discusses options for replacing the existing conventional cooling tower at Asian Paints Limited (APL) with an adiabatic cooling tower. It provides an overview of different cooling tower types, their working principles, and compares the technical specifications, costs, water and energy savings of conventional versus adiabatic cooling towers. Based on its analysis of four vendor options for an adiabatic cooling tower for APL's 100TR chiller cooling requirement, the document recommends installing a tower from International Coil Limited due to its technical capabilities, lowest cost, and satisfactory customer feedback on existing large-scale installations.
Air compressors
Pump house
Steam header
Feed water System
Operating Parameters
Fuel Gas path
Ash content vs fuel efficiency
Operating alarms
operating instruments on panel
Practical Boiler Control & Instrumentation for Engineers & TechniciansLiving Online
This document provides an introduction to boiler controls, including:
1) It outlines the key objectives of boiler control systems which are to ensure safety, availability, and performance through reliable controls, robust safety systems, efficient operation, and more.
2) It presents a simplified view of the boiler combustion and steam generation processes to provide background for control systems.
3) It introduces the main control functions for boilers, mapping them out according to safety, availability, and performance objectives.
Performance evaluation and optimization of air preheater in thermal power plantIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on optimizing the performance of an air preheater at a thermal power plant in India. The study evaluated the performance of a Ljungstrom air preheater (model LAP 13494/2200) before and after adjusting radial sector plate clearances. Key findings include:
- Performance metrics like air leakage, gas side efficiency, and X-ratio were calculated from temperature and gas composition measurements taken at the air preheater inlet and outlet.
- Adjusting the radial sector plate clearances helped reduce air leakage and improve the air preheater's gas side efficiency.
An air preheater is a heat exchanger that heats incoming combustion air by transferring heat from the flue gases before they are exhausted to the atmosphere. This improves boiler efficiency. There are two main types: recuperative, which uses stationary heat transfer surfaces, and regenerative, which uses rotating heat transfer surfaces. Proper operation and maintenance is important to minimize issues like air leakage, erosion, corrosion, plugging, and fouling that can reduce the air preheater's effectiveness over time. Regular inspection and cleaning helps maintain high performance.
The document discusses condensers used in thermal power plants. It describes the functions of a condenser as condensing exhaust steam from turbines to be reused in the steam cycle, creating a vacuum to improve turbine efficiency, and removing non-condensable gases. Key aspects covered include the condenser's role in the Rankine cycle, operation, materials used for tubes, sources of air leakage, methods for detecting water leakage into tubes, and cleaning and testing of condenser tubes.
The document discusses a regenerative air preheater (GAH) used at a power plant. It contains specifications for the GAH such as its size, heating surface areas, temperatures, and pressure drops. The GAH uses a rotating cylinder filled with heating elements to transfer heat from flue gases to combustion air. It helps increase boiler efficiency. However, leakage of air through the seals is an inherent issue. The document examines various paths and causes of leakage, including thermal expansion differences between the hot and cold ends of the rotor. It notes the importance of properly setting seals to account for this "turn down" and minimizing gaps between sealing surfaces. Excessive leakage reduces efficiency and increases heat rate and power consumption.
The document provides standard operating procedures for a boiler and steam turbine in a waste heat recovery unit. For the boiler, it describes startup and shutdown procedures, monitoring parameters, maintenance schedules, and safety precautions. For the steam turbine, it outlines startup steps including gradually increasing rpm over time, monitoring key parameters like oil pressure and temperature, and checks to perform before startup. The overall purpose is to safely and efficiently operate the boiler and turbine system to recover heat from waste gases.
ABSTRACT
Heat/light/electrical energy is out today’s necessity and has scarcity also. Energy conservation is key requirement of any industry at all times.
In general, industries use heat energy for conservation of raw material to finished product. The source of heat energy is generally saturated or super heated steam. The steam generation is common use one boiler with carity of fuels. Whatever may be the fuel the generation should be as economy as possible which adds to the product cost. Further the usage of steam and recycling steam condensate back to boiler is an art depending on plant layouts.
In this project the steam generator is water tube boiler fired with rice husk. The steam is transferred to the tyre/tube moulds where tyres/tubes are cured while the heat is rejected to the tyres the condensate forms and this condensate is put back to the boiler. While doing so the steam is also stopped back to boiler without rejecting complete heat to the product. This gets flashed into atmosphere at feed water tank. The science of separation of condensate from steam saves energy. Better the separation more the fuel conservation.
In the steam generator the fuel is burnt to heat the water and form steam. This fuel burnt flue gas carries lot of energy, out through chimney. Prior to exhausting through the heat left in flue need to be recovered, through heat recovery mechanisms’. In this project an air-preheater condensate heat recovery unit is the major energy consuming station.
The document provides information about electricity generation from coal at a power plant. It discusses the process of coal delivery and storage, crushing the coal, and feeding it into large utility boilers. In the boilers, coal is burned to heat water and produce high-pressure steam. The steam powers turbines that spin generators to produce electricity. The steam is then condensed in a condenser and pumped back into the boiler to restart the process. Key components discussed include coal storage, crushers, boilers, turbines, condensers, and the control room.
The document provides information on different types of boilers. It discusses fire tube boilers which have tubes that hot combustion gases pass through to heat surrounding water. Water tube boilers are also described, where water passes through tubes surrounded by hot gases. Modern power station boilers are large water tube boilers with sections for combustion, steam generation, and heat recovery units like superheaters and economizers. Different boiler components like the furnace, drum, and circuits for water, steam, and air/gas are also summarized.
The document provides information on different types of boilers. It discusses fire tube boilers which have tubes that hot combustion gases pass through to heat surrounding water. Water tube boilers are also described, where water passes through tubes surrounded by hot gases. Modern power station boilers are large water tube boilers with sections for combustion, steam generation, and heat recovery units like superheaters and economizers. Different boiler components like the furnace, drum, and circuits for water, steam, and air/gas are also summarized.
1) A boiler produces steam by heating water with a fuel source like coal, gas or oil. The steam is used to generate power via steam turbines or for industrial processes and building heating.
2) A typical thermal power plant has a coal handling plant to feed coal into the boiler furnace. Other key components include a pulverizing plant to grind coal, a draft system to circulate air, superheaters and reheaters to further heat steam, steam turbines to convert steam energy to mechanical energy, and a condenser to condense steam back into water.
3) Auxiliary components include an ash handling plant to remove ash residue from combustion, cooling towers or ponds to cool condenser water for reuse
The document describes the basic principles and components of a coal-fired thermal power plant. The key components include the boiler, turbine, generator, condenser, and cooling tower. Coal is burned in the boiler to produce high-pressure steam. The steam powers the turbine, which turns the generator to produce electricity. After passing through the turbine, the steam enters the condenser where it is cooled and condensed back into water, which is pumped back to the boiler to repeat the process.
This document provides a detailed overview of the key components and working principles of a typical coal-fired thermal power plant. The principal components include the boiler, turbines, generator, condenser, cooling tower, and ash handling system. The power plant works on the principle of the Rankine cycle where coal and water are inputs that are converted into steam to power the turbines and generate electricity as the output, with ash and flue gases as wastes. A deaerator is used to remove dissolved gases and oxygen from feedwater before steam production to prevent corrosion.
SUMMER INTERNSHIP(INDUSTRAIL REPORT) ON THERMAL POWER PLANT Amit Gupta
The document describes the key components and processes involved in a typical coal-fired thermal power plant, including coal handling, pulverizing, combustion in the boiler, steam generation, power generation in the turbine, and condensing spent steam. It also provides details on equipment like draft fans, superheaters, reheaters, the ash handling system, feedwater heaters, and installed capacity of thermal power plants in Rajasthan.
Panipat thermal power station training pptMohit Verma
This training report summarizes the Panipat Thermal Power Station, which has a total generation capacity of 1360MW constructed in 5 stages from 110MW units to 250MW units. It describes the basic process of electricity generation including coal feeding, pulverization, combustion in the boiler, steam generation, superheating, steam turbine generation, and condensing. It provides details on the key elements of the plant including the deaerator, boiler feed pump, economizer, air preheater, boiler, superheater, turbine, and condenser. It also summarizes the instrumentation used for temperature, pressure, and process control.
Thermal power plants generate electricity through the combustion of fuel to produce steam that drives a steam turbine which spins an electrical generator. The document discusses several key components and considerations for thermal power plants, including their need for large quantities of fuel (typically coal), water, and land for ash storage. It also outlines the basic energy conversion process from fuel to electricity and highlights some common components like boilers, turbines, condensers, and coal and ash handling systems. Locating thermal plants requires consideration of factors like fuel availability, water sources, and ash disposal.
The document provides information about power plant engineering. It discusses different types of power plants including coal thermal power plants, hydroelectric power plants, nuclear power plants, geothermal power plants, solar power plants, and wind power plants. It then focuses on describing the key components and processes involved in a typical coal thermal power plant, including the coal handling plant, water treatment plant, cooling tower, boiler and its components, ash handling plant, turbine generator, transformers, and switchyard. It also provides an overview of internal combustion engine power plants, focusing on diesel power plants and their typical layout and fuel supply systems.
This PPT contains introduction and types of thermal power plants, WORKING PRINCIPLE, LAYOUT AND WORKING OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT, WORKING PRINCIPLE OF COAL BASED POWER PLANT, SITE SELECTION OF THERMAL POWER PLANT,GENERAL LAYOUT AND WORKING OF COAL BASED THERMAL POWER PLANT, PRESENT STATUS OF COAL-FIRED THERMAL POWER PLANT, WASTE GENERATED IN THERMAL POWER PLANTS AND MANAGEMENT , TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF WASTE GENERATED IN THERMAL POWER PLANTS.
Thermal Power Plant - Full Detail About Plant and Parts (Also Contain Animate...Shubham Thakur
A thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime mover is steam driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle. The greatest variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to the different fossil fuel resources generally used to heat the water. Some prefer to use the term energy center because such facilities convert forms of heat energy into electrical energy.[1] Certain thermal power plants also are designed to produce heat energy for industrial purposes of district heating, or desalination of water, in addition to generating electrical power. Globally, fossil fueled thermal power plants produce a large part of man-made CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, and efforts to reduce these are varied and widespread.
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A thermal power plant converts the heat energy from burning coal into electrical energy. Coal is burned in a boiler to produce steam, which spins turbines connected to generators. Thermal power plants account for over 75% of India's total power generation. Key components include the coal handling plant, boiler, turbine, condenser, and cooling system. The steam produced spins the turbine which is connected to the generator, producing electricity that is stepped up and transmitted via transformers.
A thermal power plant converts the heat energy of coal into electrical energy. Coal is burnt in a boiler to produce steam which drives a steam turbine connected to a generator. Thermal power plants provide the majority of electricity in India. The key components of a thermal power plant include the coal handling system, pulverizers, draft fans, boiler, turbine, condenser, cooling towers, feedwater heaters and others. Thermal power has advantages of using cheap fuel and low initial costs but has disadvantages of polluting the atmosphere. Large thermal power plants in Gujarat include Mundra, Wanakbori and Ukai.
The document provides an overview of a thermal power plant, including its key components and processes. It begins with an introduction to how thermal power plants convert heat energy from coal into electrical energy. It then describes the general layout of a typical coal-fired thermal power plant and lists its main equipment such as the coal handling plant, pulverizer, boiler, turbine, condenser and cooling towers. Each of these components are then explained in more detail. The document also lists some major thermal power plants located in Rajasthan and references used.
This document provides an overview of a circulating fluidized bed boiler used for power generation. It discusses the key components and operating principles of the boiler, including:
- The boiler uses crushed coal injected into a furnace where it is fluidized and suspended in upward air flow, allowing for combustion. Limestone is also used to control emissions.
- Hot gases and partially burned fuel particles circulate from the furnace to a cyclone where particles are separated and returned to the furnace.
- Water circulates through drums, water walls and other components where it is converted to steam through absorption of heat from combustion. Steam is then sent to a turbine for power generation.
- Startup and operation procedures
This document provides an overview of the key components and processes in a thermal power plant. Coal is burned in a boiler to produce high pressure steam, which drives turbines that spin generators to produce electricity. Main equipment includes the coal handling plant, pulverizer, boiler, turbine, condenser, and cooling towers. The steam heats feedwater in various stages before condensing in the condenser and being pumped back to the boiler, completing the steam cycle. Thermal power plants generate the majority of India's electricity by converting the thermal energy in coal into rotational energy and ultimately electricity.
A thermal power plant converts the heat energy from burning coal into electrical energy. Coal is burned in a boiler to produce high pressure steam, which spins turbines connected to generators. The main equipment includes the coal handling plant, pulverizer, boiler, turbine, condenser, and cooling towers. The steam produced is used to generate electricity before being condensed back into water and returned to the boiler to complete the cycle.
Kota super thermal power plant,kstps ppt,RTUManohar Nagar
Rajasthan's first major coal-fired power plant, the KSTPS, was established in 1983 near Kota with a total installed capacity of 1240 MW across 7 units ranging from 110-210 MW each. Located on the left bank of the Chambal River, the KSTPS uses a steam turbine generator process utilizing a Rankine cycle to convert the heat from burning coal into electrical energy.
COAL BASED THERMAL POWER PLANTS (UNIT-1).pptxCHANDRA KUMAR S
Thermal power plants convert the chemical energy stored in fossil fuels into heat energy by burning coal. The heat boils water to produce steam, which powers turbines that generate electricity. There are four main circuits in a thermal power plant: coal and ash, air and flue gas, water and steam, and cooling water. Coal is burned to heat water and produce steam, which spins turbines to generate electricity. The resulting ash is removed and stored while flue gases are treated before being released into the atmosphere.
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2. IIMT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
& TECHNOLOGY
ELECTRICITY GENRATION FROM COAL
Presented by: MUNNA KUMAR
B.Tech(E.C.-’G1’)
4th yr.
Roll no.- 1037131040
Submitted to:-
Dr. P. K Singh
(seminar co-ordinator)
4. Electricity Generation From
Coal
• Let’s start at the beginning.
• Almost everything in our homes and
businesses today run on electricity.
• That electricity has to come from somewhere.
• Some sources of electricity are nuclear power,
solar power, wind power, and most important
for us Coal Power.
5. The Process
• Coal was used to heat water in boiler room pipes to
produce steam
• The steam was used in a reciprocating (piston)
steam engine to produce mechanical energy
• The mechanical energy was converted into
electricity by a dynamo (generator)
Inside the dynamo room
www.nps.gov
6.
7. Boiler plant can be divided in to three parts.
i) water circuit
ii) steam circuit
iii) The air and fuel gas circuit.
1) Water circuit
In the water circuit, water is fed from the boiler feed pumps into the boiler
through economiser. In the economiser, it receives some heat from the
departing flue gas before it goes to the boiler drum. The drum acts as a
reservoir for the various water walls of the boiler and also acts as a
separation chamber where water is removed from the steam before the
steam goes to the superheaters.
From the boiler drum the water passes down through pipes called down
comers to headers at the bottom of the boiler water walls.
8. The tubes which makeup the walls contain a mixture of
steam bubbles and water. This mixture being low dense
than water in the down comers, rises rapidly and reaches
back to the drum and its place is taken by the water
flowing through down comers. This produces what we call
is natural circulation.
The steam and water mixture which is returned to the
drum is separated so that water only (with no steam
bubbles) is returned to the down comers, and steam
only(with no water droplets) passed to the super heaters.
9. 2) Steam circuit
Dry steam from the boiler drum goes to the various
superheater sections. Steam from the boiler drum passes
through the superheater connecting tubes to the primary
superheater, which is positioned in the convection pass.
The steam then flows from the primary superheater outlet
header to the secondary superheater located in the
combustion chamber.
Steam then goes to the final superheater which is located in
the combustion chamber in the outlet section, it then leaves
the final super heater outlet header and passes to the main
stem pipe which has a boiler stop valve.
10. 3)Air/gas circuit
To burn the fuel in the combustion chamber air is required. After
combustion, the hot gases are to be evacuated from furnace through the
heat absorbing surfaces. This air and gas flow is created by the boiler
draught system, which may be either natural or mechanised.
The air drawn from the atmosphere is first routed through an air heater
where air is heated by the outgoing flue gases. The hot air is then admitted
to the furnace through wind box. In coal fired boilers part of this hot air is
used for drying the coal in the pulvariser and transporting the pulvarised
coal to furnace.
The gases pass through the radiant heat release zone and then through
various superheaters and reheaters (in reheat boilers). Normally there will
be a primary superheater and secondary superheater.
11. After passing through the air heater the flue gas goes to the chimney. In
between the air heater and chimney it is customary to provide
precipitator to remove the flyash from the flue gas (especially in coal
fired boilers) and induced draught fans to suck out the flue gases from
the furnace (in balanced draught/induced draught boilers).
water is the working medium which transfers the heat energy available in
the fuel to the turbine in the form of steam.
22° C reduction in flue gas temperature increases boiler efficiency by 1%
12. Water is chosen as the medium because of the
following reasons.
a) its easy availability
b) its low viscous property
c) it has high specific heat
d) Its non-reactivity with surfaces with which it comes in
to contact.
13. The following can be termed as boiler
pressure parts.
1. Boiler drum
2. Water walls
3. Superheaters
4. Reheaters and
5. Economisers
15. Steam Generator
Bottom
Ash Hopper
Bottom
Ring Header
Economiser
LTSH
Eco Hopper
Drum
Final SH
Furnace
ReheaterPlaten SH
Front Pass
Rear Pass
Goose Neck
Water Walls
Pent House
Steam cooled
Walls
Air Pre Heater
Wind Box
Burners
18. BOILER DRUM
The drum acts as reservoir for water &
saturated steam and also provides
separation and purification of steam.
The feed water to the drum reaches
the drum from the boiler feed pump via
the economizer.
A stronger material for use in boiler
drums is Ducal W30.
19. Methods of Steam Separation:
1. By Gravity separation
This is employed for boilers having low generation rates.
2. By use of Baffles
These are in the form of obstacles in the direct path of steam towards outlet.
20. WATER WALL SYSTEM:
In the boiler the walls of the combustion chamber are
formed by tubular wall sections which not only form the
enclosure for the furnace but also provides the
evaporating surface for the feed water.
The water from the boiler drum is admitted in to the
water wall tubes through the downcomers and bottom
ring headers.
As the water circulates through the waterwall tubes,
which receive heat from the furnace radiation, water
partially evaporates into steam.
Water-steam mixture then return back to the boiler
drum.
21. SUPER HEATERS:
Super heaters (SH) are meant for raising the steam temperature above the
saturation temperature.
The superheated and reheated steam temperature around 540°C and pressure 165
bar.
i) SH (Reheater also) can classified into convection and radiation type
as per heat transfer process.
The super heaters and reheaters which are placed above the furnace and can view
the flame are called radiant type.
ii) Super heater may be classified also according to the shape of the tube banks
and the position of the headers, such as pendant SH, platen SH, horizontal SH,
Ceiling SH, wall SH etc.
iii) They may be classified according to their stages of superheating they perform,
like primary SH, Secondary SH, Final SH etc.
22. Reheaters:
Reheaters (RH) are provided to raise the temperature of the steam
from which part of energy has already been extracted by HP turbine.
23. De-superheaters:
Though super heaters are designed in such a way that heat
absorbed by radiant and convection super heaters always try
to maintain the steam temperature constant in practice the
necessary control is achieved by using de-super heater.
All modern boiler contact type de-super heaters by which feed water are sprayed
directly into the steam for required cooling.
Amount of feed water to be sprayed is controlled by automatic control system
which is designed to maintain a set final steam temperature. Provision of manual
control is also there for emergency.
24. ECONOMISERS:
The economiser absorbs heat from the flue
gas and adds it mainly as sensible heat to the
feed water.
The material used in the manufacture of
furnace wall tubes for coal fired boiler is
ordinary carbon steel but in the 500 MW oil
fired units the major proportion of the furnace
is constructed from the 1% Cr. ½% Mo Alloy.
In 660 MW units also this material is used for
whole of the furnace.
25. The Boiler Auxiliaries :
• Draft system
• Air heaters
•Milling systems
•Electrostatic precipitators,
etc.
26. DRAFT SYSTEM:
• The combustion process in a furnace can take place only when it
receives a steady flow of Air and has the combustion gases
continuously removed.
• The Boiler draft system includes Air and Flue gas flow.
• All modern large utility boilers are fired under "balanced draft"
condition, i.e. where draft is zero. This condition is created by the
combination of "forced draft" and "Induced draft".
27. SOOT BLOWERS
• deposits resulting from the combustion of coal will be deposited on
the boiler tubes at various zones will be cleaned by soot blowing for
effective heat transfer while on-load.
AIR HEATERS:
• The air heater is required for efficient combustion in the furnace and
also for drying wet coal in the milling plant. to recover "waste" heat
from the flue gas to increase boiler efficiency
29. MILLING PLANT :
• raw coal from the bunker is fed at a regulated rate to the mills through
a feeder.
• Air required for drying and transporting the pulverized coal from the
mill is obtained from the FD fan.
• Hot air is drawn through air heaters and cold air directly from FD fan
discharge.
• The drying and grinding takes place inside the mills. The pulverized
particles are being carried from the mill to the classifier, which is
directly mounted on the mill.
• The medium is directed into the burners through various fuel
pipelines.
31. ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS:
Working Principle:
• The principles upon which an electrostatic precipitator
operates are that the dust laden gases pass into a
chamber where the individual particles of dust are given
an electric charge by absorption of free ions from a high
voltage D.C. ionising field.
• They are removed by an intermittent blow usually
referred to as rapping. This causes the dust particles to
drop into dust hoppers situated below the collecting
electrodes.
32. The following fans are used in the boiler houses:
1. Forced Draft fan (F.D. Fan):
To take air from atmosphere to supply all the Combustion air. Speeds vary between
600 to 1500 r.p.m.
2. Induced Draft Fan (I.D. Fan):
Used only in balanced draft units to suck the gases out of the furnace and throw them
into the stack.
Handles flue gases at temperatures of 125 to 200o
C.
Speed generally does not exceed 1000 rpm.
3. Primary Air Fans (P.A. Fans) or Exhauster Fan:
Used for pulverized system
Primary air has got two functions viz. Drying the coal and transportation into the
furnace.
Usually 1500 r.p.m.
34. Steam Turbine
• As mentioned before,
something has to turn the
rotor in order to generate
electricity.
• In our case the prime mover
happens to be a steam
turbine.
• Steam comes out of the tubes
in the boiler and into a
manifold then into the turbine.
• As the steam passes over the
turbine blades, torque is
produced as a result of the
blade shape.
37. Steam Turbine
• The rate of steam flow controls how fast the turbine
rotates and therefore the frequency of the electricity
produced.
• As the steam moves through the turbine energy is
extracted which results in a pressure drop.
• Therefore the LP turbine is located at the exit of the
HP turbine to extract the maximum amount of
energy from the steam before it is sent to the
condenser.
• As electricity is generated it leaves the building
though a very large circuit breaker and a series of
transformers before it enters the power grid.
40. Condenser
• After the steam leaves the LP turbine it travels to the
condenser, where it is condensed back to liquid
water.
• The condenser is a heat exchanger that cools the
steam while is passes over tubes that have cold
water running through them.
• The cold water removes energy from the heated
steam causing it to condense which is necessary for
the water to be re-used as feed.
• There is another reason why the condenser is
necessary which we will discuss shortly.
41. Cooling Towers
• The water that runs through the tubes in the
condenser must be cooled down in order to
condense the steam.
• This is accomplished using very large cooling
towers, in which the water is atomized by
sprayers and cooled down by atmospheric
conditions and fans.
• The substance leaving cooling towers is
sometimes mistaken for smoke, but it is in fact
just water vapor.
45. Feed System
• After the condensate is collected in the
hotwell of the condenser it is pumped through
the feed system.
• The feed pump increases the pressure of the
feed water in order for it to flow back into the
boiler to be turned back into steam to start
the cycle over again.
• This stage turns out to be the 4th
and final
stage of something called a heat engine.
47. Laws of Thermodynamics
• 1st
: “The increase in internal energy of a system
is equal to the amount of heat energy added
to the system minus the work done by the
system on the surroundings.”
48. Laws of Thermodynamics
• 2nd
: The temperature differences between systems in
contact with each other tend to even out and that work
can be obtained from these non-equilibrium differences,
but that loss of heat occurs, in the form of entropy, when
work is done.
• 2nd
: It is impossible to produce work in the surroundings
using a cyclic process connected to a single heat
reservoir (Kelvin, 1851).
49. Laws of Thermodynamics
• The second law also states that the maximum
efficiency of a heat engine can be determined by:
η = 1-(Th/Tc)
• Efficiency is also equal to the work output over the
heat input.
η = Δ W/Δ QH
50. Efficiency
• An ordinary power plant operates between
the temperatures of 565C and 25C which leads
to maximum efficiency of around 64%.
• However, due to the losses mentioned earlier
the usual observed efficiency is about 35%.
• This shows how much of the energy stored in
the coal is just wasted instead of being
converted to electricity.
51. Steam Cycle
• The previous part of the presentation was to
explain the process behind electricity
generation that occurs after the coal portion.
• I will now go through some of the
components dealing with the coal aspect of
the power plant ending at the boiler which is
where the steam cycle began.
• Most of what I will discuss is particular to the
Co-gen plant that I visited.
52. Coal Delivery
• After the coal is mined and loaded into trucks
it is delivered into chutes that lead to the
Bradford Breaker.
• The breaker is a drum with hammers in it that
rotates and breaks the coal down into pieces
about 4” diameter, which fall through the
screen and onto the conveyor belt which leads
to the storage facility.
55. Coal Storage
• After the coal has been sufficiently reduced in
size, it enters a storage facility, in this case, a
large dome.
• The coal is then stacked using a machine you
will see in the next slide, which rotates and
places the coal around the perimeter of the
dome.
• This same machine also takes coal from the
pile and delivers it to the crusher building.
57. Crusher
• The coal is delivered from the storage facility to a
device conveniently called a coal crusher.
• This machine takes the 4” pieces of coal and through
a series of rollers converts the fuel into a fine
powder.
• This powder is necessary for proper combustion in
the boilers.
• All newer state of the art power plants are set up to
work with pulverized coal, but older plants may
operate with lumped coal.
60. Fuel Feed System
• The conveyor belt
delivers the crushed
coal to a series of fuel
feeders, which inject
coal into the boilers
along with a mixture of
high pressure air for
combustion.
63. Boilers
• The final stage for the coal coincides with the
first stage of the steam plant.
• The boiler is usually the largest component of
the coal power plant climbing as high as 200 ft.
• Inside the boilers the pulverized coal is burned
while it more or less floats with the aid of HP
air.
• Lining the entire inside of the boiler are tubes
which carry the feed water to be turned into
steam.
67. After the Boiler
• As the coal is burned a large amount of ash is
produced.
• Some falls to the bottom and is collected, then
mixed with water and sent to the ash pile.
• Very light ash particles also escape with the
exhaust gasses which are captured by a bag
filter system.
• This fly ash is collected in a silo until a certain
level is reached when it is pumped to the ash
pile via HP air.
70. Ash
• This ash has a basic pH and has
some beneficial uses.
• After a truck delivers coal to the
plant it is filled with ash to return to
the reclamation site.
• The high pH helps treat acid mine
drainage.
71. Ash
• The fly ash is used as a substitute to
make Portland cement.
• Another use of fly ash is structural
fill for highway embankments and
the fill under new highways.
72. Exhaust Gasses and the Stack
• One of the most controversial aspects of a coal
power plant is what comes out of the stack.
• During the combustion process dangerous
gasses and particulates are released, such as
NOx, SOx, and CO2.
• Controls are in effect for each of these in new
plants, however older plants spew thousands of
pounds of each of these into the atmosphere
every year.
73. Intermittent Blowdown
• The intermittent blown down is given by manually
operating a valve fitted to discharge pipe at the lowest
point of boiler shell to reduce parameters (TDS or
conductivity, pH, Silica etc) within prescribed limits so
that steam quality is not likely to be affected
• TDS level keeps varying
• fluctuations of the water level in the boiler.
• substantial amount of heat energy is lost with
intermittent blow down.
74. Continuous Blowdown
• A steady and constant dispatch of small
stream of concentrated boiler water, and
replacement by steady and constant inflow
of feed water.
• This ensures constant TDS and steam
purity.
• This type of blow down is common in high-
pressure boilers.
75. Boiler Water Treatment
• Internal Water Treatment: It is carried out by adding
chemicals to boiler to prevent the formation of scale by
converting the scale-forming compounds to free-flowing
sludges, which can be removed by blowdown.
• Limitation: Applicable to boilers, where feed water is
low in hardness salts, to low pressures- high TDS content
in boiler water is tolerated, and when only small
quantity of water is required to be treated.
• Internal treatment alone is not recommended.
76. External Water Treatment
• Propose: External treatment is used to remove suspended
solids, dissolved solids (particularly the calcium and
magnesium ions which are a major cause of scale formation)
and dissolved gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide).
• Different treatment Process :
– ion exchange;
– demineralization;
– reverse osmosis and
– de-aeration.
77. Demineralization
• Demineralization is the complete removal of all salts.
• This is achieved by using a “cation” resin, which exchanges the cations
in the raw water with hydrogen ions, producing hydrochloric, sulphuric
and carbonic acid.
• Carbonic acid is removed in degassing tower in which air is blown
through the acid water.
• Following this, the water passes through an “anion” resin which
exchanges anions with the mineral acid (e.g. sulphuric acid) and forms
water.
• Regeneration of cations and anions is necessary at intervals using,
typically, mineral acid and caustic soda respectively. The complete
removal of silica can be achieved by correct choice of anion resin.
78. De-aeration
• When heated in boiler systems, carbon dioxide
(CO2
) and oxygen (O2
) are released as gases and
combine with water (H2
O) to form carbonic acid,
(H2
CO3
).
Deaerator
•In de-aeration,
dissolved gases, such
as oxygen and carbon
dioxide, are expelled
by preheating the feed
water before it enters
the boiler.
81. Reduce Stack Temperature
• Stack temperatures greater than 200°C
indicates potential for recovery of waste heat.
• It also indicate the scaling of heat
transfer/recovery equipment and hence the
urgency of taking an early shut down for
water / flue side cleaning.
22o
C reduction in flue gas temperature
increases boiler efficiency by 1%
Just a fancy way of saying that for work to be done the working fluid must pass from a high temp reservoir to a low temp reservoir.
Energy is lost as this waste energy and also to entropy, which increases with any work process.