One of the most important issues in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is severe energy restrictions. As the
performance of Sensor Networks is strongly dependence to the network lifetime, researchers seek a way to
use node energy supply effectively and increasing network lifetime. As a consequence, it is crucial to use
routing algorithms result in decrease energy consumption and better bandwidth utilization. The purpose of
this paper is to increase Wireless Sensor Networks lifetime using LEACH-algorithm. So before clustering
Network environment, it is divided into two virtual layers (using distance between sensor nodes and base
station) and then regarding to sensors position in each of two layers, residual energy of sensor and
distance from base station is used in clustering. In this article, we compare proposed algorithm with wellknown LEACH and ELEACH algorithms in homogenous environment (with equal energy for all sensors)
and heterogeneous one (energy of half of sensors get doubled), also for static and dynamic situation of base
station. Results show that our proposed algorithm delivers improved performance.
Energy aware clustering protocol (eacp)IJCNCJournal
Energy saving to prolong the network life is an important design issue while developing a new routing
protocol for wireless sensor network. Clustering is a key technique for this and helps in maximizing the
network lifetime and scalability. Most of the routing and data dissemination protocols of WSN assume a
homogeneous network architecture, in which all sensors have the same capabilities in terms of battery
power, communication, sensing, storage, and processing. Recently, there has been an interest in
heterogeneous sensor networks, especially for real deployments. This research paper has proposed a new
energy aware clustering protocol (EACP) for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. Heterogeneity is
introduced in EACP by using two types of nodes: normal and advanced. In EACP cluster heads for normal
nodes are elected with the help of a probability scheme based on residual and average energy of the
normal nodes. This will ensure that only the high residual normal nodes can become the cluster head in a
round. Advanced nodes use a separate probability based scheme for cluster head election and they will
further act as a gateway for normal cluster heads and transmit their data load to base station when they
are not doing the duty of a cluster head. Finally a sleep state is suggested for some sensor nodes during
cluster formation phase to save network energy. The performance of EACP is compared with SEP and
simulation result shows the better result for stability period, network life and energy saving than SEP.
SIMULATION BASED ANALYSIS OF CLUSTER-BASED PROTOCOL IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKijngnjournal
The modern growth in fabricate energy efficient Wireless Sensor Network is liberal a novel way to
systematize WSN in applications like surveillance, industrial monitoring, traffic monitoring, habitat
monitoring, cropping monitoring, crowd including etc. The rising use of these networks is making
engineers evolve novel and efficient ideas in this field. A group of research in data routing, data density
and in network aggregation has been proposed in recent years. The energy consumption is the main
apprehension in the wireless sensor network. There are many protocols in wireless sensor network to
diminish the energy consumption and to put in to the network lifetime. Among a range of types of
techniques, clustering is the most efficient technique to diminish the energy expenditure of network. In
this effort, LEACH protocol has been second-hand for clustering in which cluster heads are nominated on
the basis of distance and energy. The LEACH protocol is been implemented in a simulated environment
and analyze their performance graphically.
Energy Consumption Reduction in Wireless Sensor Network Based on ClusteringIJCNCJournal
ABSTRACT
One of the important issues in the routing protocol design in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is minimizing energy consumption and maximizing network lift time. Nowadays networks and information systems are one of the main parts of modern life that without them, people cannot live. On the hand, the impairment of these networks leads to great and incalculable costs. In this paper, a new method based on clustering has presented that problem of energy consumption is solved. The proposed algorithm is that energy-based clustering can create clusters of the same energy level and distribute energy efficiency across the WNS nodes. This proposed clustering protocol classify network nodes based on energy and neighbourhood criteria and attempts to better balance energy in clusters and ultimately increase network lifetime and maintain network coverage. Results are shown that the proposed algorithm is on average 40% better than LEACH algorithm and 14% better than IBLEACH algorithm.
KEYWORDS
Wireless Sensor Network, Clustering, LEACH Algorithm, IBLEACH Algorithm
Abstract Link : http://aircconline.com/abstract/ijcnc/v11n2/11219cnc03.html
Full Details : http://aircconline.com/ijcnc/V11N2/11219cnc03.pdf
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Energy efficient data communication approach in wireless sensor networksijassn
Wireless sensor network has a vast variety of applications. The adoption of energy efficient cluster-based
configuration has many untapped desirable benefits for the WSNs. The limitation of energy in a sensor
node creates challenges for routing in WSNs. The research work presents the organized and detailed
description of energy conservation method for WSNs. In the proposed method reclustering and multihop
data transmission processes are utilized for data reporting to base station by sensor node. The accurate use
of energy in WSNs is the main challenge for exploiting the network to the full extent. The main aim of the
proposed method is that by evenly distributing the energy all over the sensor nodes and by reducing the
total energy dissipation, the lifetime of the network is enhanced, so that the node will remain alive for
longer times inside the cluster. The result shows that the proposed clustering approach has higher stable
region and network life time than Topology-Controlled Adaptive Clustering (TCAC) and Low-Energy
Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) for WSNs.
An Improved Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks Through Clustering In C...Editor IJCATR
One of the major reason for performance degradation in Wireless sensor network is the overhead due to control packet and packet delivery degradation. Clustering in cross layer network operation is an efficient way manage control packet overhead and which ultimately improve the lifetime of a network. All these overheads are crucial in a scalable networks. But the clustering always suffer from the cluster head failure which need to be solved effectively in a large network. As the focus is to improve the average lifetime of sensor network the cluster head is selected based on the battery life of nodes. The cross-layer operation model optimize the overheads in multiple layer and ultimately the use of clustering will reduce the major overheads identified and their by the energy consumption and throughput of wireless sensor network is improved. The proposed model operates on two layers of network ie., Network Layer and Transport Layer and Clustering is applied in the network layer . The simulation result shows that the integration of two layers reduces the energy consumption and increases the throughput of the wireless sensor networks.
Energy aware clustering protocol (eacp)IJCNCJournal
Energy saving to prolong the network life is an important design issue while developing a new routing
protocol for wireless sensor network. Clustering is a key technique for this and helps in maximizing the
network lifetime and scalability. Most of the routing and data dissemination protocols of WSN assume a
homogeneous network architecture, in which all sensors have the same capabilities in terms of battery
power, communication, sensing, storage, and processing. Recently, there has been an interest in
heterogeneous sensor networks, especially for real deployments. This research paper has proposed a new
energy aware clustering protocol (EACP) for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. Heterogeneity is
introduced in EACP by using two types of nodes: normal and advanced. In EACP cluster heads for normal
nodes are elected with the help of a probability scheme based on residual and average energy of the
normal nodes. This will ensure that only the high residual normal nodes can become the cluster head in a
round. Advanced nodes use a separate probability based scheme for cluster head election and they will
further act as a gateway for normal cluster heads and transmit their data load to base station when they
are not doing the duty of a cluster head. Finally a sleep state is suggested for some sensor nodes during
cluster formation phase to save network energy. The performance of EACP is compared with SEP and
simulation result shows the better result for stability period, network life and energy saving than SEP.
SIMULATION BASED ANALYSIS OF CLUSTER-BASED PROTOCOL IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKijngnjournal
The modern growth in fabricate energy efficient Wireless Sensor Network is liberal a novel way to
systematize WSN in applications like surveillance, industrial monitoring, traffic monitoring, habitat
monitoring, cropping monitoring, crowd including etc. The rising use of these networks is making
engineers evolve novel and efficient ideas in this field. A group of research in data routing, data density
and in network aggregation has been proposed in recent years. The energy consumption is the main
apprehension in the wireless sensor network. There are many protocols in wireless sensor network to
diminish the energy consumption and to put in to the network lifetime. Among a range of types of
techniques, clustering is the most efficient technique to diminish the energy expenditure of network. In
this effort, LEACH protocol has been second-hand for clustering in which cluster heads are nominated on
the basis of distance and energy. The LEACH protocol is been implemented in a simulated environment
and analyze their performance graphically.
Energy Consumption Reduction in Wireless Sensor Network Based on ClusteringIJCNCJournal
ABSTRACT
One of the important issues in the routing protocol design in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is minimizing energy consumption and maximizing network lift time. Nowadays networks and information systems are one of the main parts of modern life that without them, people cannot live. On the hand, the impairment of these networks leads to great and incalculable costs. In this paper, a new method based on clustering has presented that problem of energy consumption is solved. The proposed algorithm is that energy-based clustering can create clusters of the same energy level and distribute energy efficiency across the WNS nodes. This proposed clustering protocol classify network nodes based on energy and neighbourhood criteria and attempts to better balance energy in clusters and ultimately increase network lifetime and maintain network coverage. Results are shown that the proposed algorithm is on average 40% better than LEACH algorithm and 14% better than IBLEACH algorithm.
KEYWORDS
Wireless Sensor Network, Clustering, LEACH Algorithm, IBLEACH Algorithm
Abstract Link : http://aircconline.com/abstract/ijcnc/v11n2/11219cnc03.html
Full Details : http://aircconline.com/ijcnc/V11N2/11219cnc03.pdf
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Energy efficient data communication approach in wireless sensor networksijassn
Wireless sensor network has a vast variety of applications. The adoption of energy efficient cluster-based
configuration has many untapped desirable benefits for the WSNs. The limitation of energy in a sensor
node creates challenges for routing in WSNs. The research work presents the organized and detailed
description of energy conservation method for WSNs. In the proposed method reclustering and multihop
data transmission processes are utilized for data reporting to base station by sensor node. The accurate use
of energy in WSNs is the main challenge for exploiting the network to the full extent. The main aim of the
proposed method is that by evenly distributing the energy all over the sensor nodes and by reducing the
total energy dissipation, the lifetime of the network is enhanced, so that the node will remain alive for
longer times inside the cluster. The result shows that the proposed clustering approach has higher stable
region and network life time than Topology-Controlled Adaptive Clustering (TCAC) and Low-Energy
Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) for WSNs.
An Improved Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks Through Clustering In C...Editor IJCATR
One of the major reason for performance degradation in Wireless sensor network is the overhead due to control packet and packet delivery degradation. Clustering in cross layer network operation is an efficient way manage control packet overhead and which ultimately improve the lifetime of a network. All these overheads are crucial in a scalable networks. But the clustering always suffer from the cluster head failure which need to be solved effectively in a large network. As the focus is to improve the average lifetime of sensor network the cluster head is selected based on the battery life of nodes. The cross-layer operation model optimize the overheads in multiple layer and ultimately the use of clustering will reduce the major overheads identified and their by the energy consumption and throughput of wireless sensor network is improved. The proposed model operates on two layers of network ie., Network Layer and Transport Layer and Clustering is applied in the network layer . The simulation result shows that the integration of two layers reduces the energy consumption and increases the throughput of the wireless sensor networks.
Uniform Distribution Technique of Cluster Heads in LEACH Protocolidescitation
A sensor network is composed of a large number of
sensor nodes that are densely deployed either inside the
phenomenon or very close to it. Clustering provides an effective
way for prolonging the lifetime of a wireless sensor network.
Current clustering algorithms usually utilize two techniques,
selecting cluster heads (CHs) with more residual energy and
rotating cluster heads periodically, to distribute the energy
consumption among nodes in each cluster and extend the
network lifetime. LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering
Hierarchy), a clustering-based protocol that utilizes
randomized rotation of local cluster base stations (cluster-
heads) to evenly distribute the energy load among the sensors
in the network. But LEACH cannot select the cluster-heads
uniformly throughout the network. Hence, some nodes in the
network have to transmit their data very far to reach the CHs,
causing the energy in the system to be large. Here we have an
approach to address this problem for selecting CHs and their
corresponding clusters. The goal of this paper is to build such
a wireless sensor network in which each sensor node remains
inside the transmission range of CHs and its lifetime is
enlarged.
An Adaptive Energy Aware Clustering Based Reliable Routing for in-Network Agg...Editor IJCATR
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed autonomous devices that cooperatively sense physical or
environmental conditions. Due to the non-uniform node deployment, the energy consumption among nodes are more
imbalanced in cluster-based wireless sensor networks this factor will affect the network life time. Cluster-based routing and EADC
algorithm through an efficient energy aware clustering algorithm is employed to avoid imbalance network distribution. Our proposed
protocol EADC aims at minimizing the overall network overhead and energy expenditure associated with the multi hop data retrieval
process while also ensuring balanced energy consumption among SNs and prolonged network life time .A optimal one-hop based
selective node in building cluster structures consisted of member nodes that route their measured data to their assigned cluster head is
identified to ensure efficient communication. The proposed routing algorithm increases forwarding tasks of the nodes in scarcely
covered areas by forcing cluster heads to choose nodes with higher energy and fewer member nodes and finally, achieves
imbalanced among cluster head and improve the network life time.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Various Clustering Techniques in Wireless Sensor NetworkEditor IJCATR
This document describes the various clustering techniques used in wireless sensor networks. Wireless sensor networks are
having vast applications in all fields which utilize sensor nodes. Clustering techniques are required so that sensor networks can
communicate in most efficient way.
Data Dissemination in Wireless Sensor Networks: A State-of-the Art SurveyCSCJournals
A wireless sensor network is a network of tiny nodes with wireless sensing capacity for data collection processing and further communicating with the Base Station this paper discusses the overall mechanism of data dissemination right from data collection at the sensor nodes, clustering of sensor nodes, data aggregation at the cluster heads and disseminating data to the Base Station the overall motive of the paper is to conserve energy so that lifetime of the network is extended this paper highlights the existing algorithms and open research gaps in efficient data dissemination.
ENERGY EFFICIENT GRID AND TREE BASED ROUTING PROTOCOLijwmn
In Wireless Sensor Network, a large number of sensor nodes are deployed and they mainly consume energy
in transmitting data over long distances. Sensor nodes are battery powered and their energy is restricted.
Since the location of the sink is remote, considerable energy would be consumed if each node directly
transmits data to the base station. Aggregating data at the intermediate nodes and transmitting using multihops
aids in reducing energy consumption to a great extent. This paper proposes a hybrid protocol
“Energy efficient Grid and Tree based routing protocol” (EGT) in which the sensing area is divided into
grids. The nodes in the grid relay data to the cell leader which aggregates the data and transmits to the
sink using the constructed hop tree. Simulation results show that EGT performs better than LEACH.
Wireless sensor networks, clustering, Energy efficient protocols, Particles S...IJMIT JOURNAL
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) is composed of a large number of small nodes with limited functionality.
The most important issue in this type of networks is energy constraints. In this area several researches have
been done from which clustering is one of the most effective solutions. The goal of clustering is to divide
network into sections each of which has a cluster head (CH). The task of cluster heads collection, data
aggregation and transmission to the base station is undertaken. In this paper, we introduce a new approach
for clustering sensor networks based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm using the optimal
fitness function, which aims to extend network lifetime. The parameters used in this algorithm are residual
energy density, the distance from the base station, intra-cluster distance from the cluster head. Simulation
results show that the proposed method is more effective compared to protocols such as (LEACH, CHEF,
PSO-MV) in terms of network lifetime and energy consumption.
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK CLUSTERING USING PARTICLES SWARM OPTIMIZATION FOR RED...IJMIT JOURNAL
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) is composed of a large number of small nodes with limited functionality. The most important issue in this type of networks is energy constraints. In this area several researches have been done from which clustering is one of the most effective solutions. The goal of clustering is to divide network into sections each of which has a cluster head (CH). The task of cluster heads collection, data aggregation and transmission to the base station is undertaken. In this paper, we introduce a new approach for clustering sensor networks based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm using the optimal fitness function, which aims to extend network lifetime. The parameters used in this algorithm are residual energy density, the distance from the base station, intra-cluster distance from the cluster head. Simulation results show that the proposed method is more effective compared to protocols such as (LEACH, CHEF, PSO-MV) in terms of network lifetime and energy consumption.
International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems ( IJASSN )ijassn
With the availability of low cost, short range sensor technology along with advances in wireless networking, sensor networks has become a hot topic of discussion. The International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems is an open access peer-reviewed journal which focuses on applied research and applications of sensor networks. While sensor networks provide ample opportunities to provide various services, its effective deployment in large scale is still challenging due to various factors. This journal provides a forum that impacts the development of high performance computing solutions to problems arising due to the complexities of sensor network systems. It also acts as a path to exchange novel ideas about impacts of sensor networks research.
Every cluster comprise of a leader which is known as cluster head. The cluster head will be chosen by the sensor nodes in the individual cluster or be pre-assigned by the user. The main advantages of clustering are the transmission of aggregated data to the base station, offers scalability for huge number of nodes and trims down energy consumption. Fundamentally, clustering could be classified into centralized clustering, distributed clustering and hybrid clustering. In centralized clustering, the cluster head is fixed. The rest of the nodes in the cluster act as member nodes. In distributed clustering, the cluster head is not fixed. The cluster head keeps on shifting form node to node within the cluster on the basis of some parameters. Hybrid clustering is the combination of both centralized clustering and distributed clustering mechanisms. This paper gives a brief overview on clustering process in wireless sensor networks. A research on the well evaluated distributed clustering algorithm Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and its followers are portrayed artistically. To overcome the drawbacks of these existing algorithms a hybrid distributed clustering model has been proposed for attaining energy efficiency to a larger scale.
This paper proposes medium access control (MAC) layer protocol for wireless sensor networks.
Sensor nodes are battery operated so the energy efficiency is an important aspect for the wireless sensor
networks WSNs. The protocol aims for achieving energy efficiency to increases network lifetime and
scalability to increase the network capacity. Clustering, synchronization and low duty cycle are some of
the characteristics for utilizing energy efficiently in the network. The protocol is designed with having the
schedules of the clusters to be overlapped in a low duty cycle operation. We have evaluated the
performance of protocol through detailed ns- 2 simulation. The simulation results show that this protocol
outperforms when compared to SMAC. It has reduced schedule updates, power consumption and data
loss.
.
Keywords— Wireless sensor networks, duty-cycle, clustering, schedule, synchronization, energyefficiency
Review on State-Of-The-Art of PEGASIS Protocol in WSNSrahulmonikasharma
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been widely considered as one of the most important technologies for the twenty first century. Due to the advancements in microelectronic mechanical systems (MEMS) and wireless communication technologies, it has become possible to deploy tiny, cheap, and smart sensors in any physical area. The routing is one of the dominant factors which decide the fate of limited battery resources in WSNs. In this paper, a review on the state-of-the-art on PEGASIS (Power efficient Gathering in Sensor Information System) protocol has been presented. PEGASIS is highly significant in small areas applications, some of the variants of PEGASIS protocol has been studied in this paper. After studying various protocols, it has been found that Chain Based Cluster Cooperative Protocol (CBCCP) has tremendously improved network lifetime by incorporating cluster based concept in routing. Although it has outperformed various routing protocols but it still leave a great margin of improvement in the inter cluster communication. This paper basically focuses on reflecting the significance of chain based protocols in WSNs.
Simulation Based Analysis of Cluster-Based Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networkjosephjonse
The modern growth in fabricate energy efficient Wireless Sensor Network is liberal a novel way to systematize WSN in applications like surveillance, industrial monitoring, traffic monitoring, habitat monitoring, cropping monitoring, crowd including etc. The rising use of these networks is making engineers evolve novel and efficient ideas in this field. A group of research in data routing, data density and in network aggregation has been proposed in recent years. The energy consumption is the main apprehension in the wireless sensor network. There are many protocols in wireless sensor network to diminish the energy consumption and to put in to the network lifetime. Among a range of types of techniques, clustering is the most efficient technique to diminish the energy expenditure of network. In this effort, LEACH protocol has been second-hand for clustering in which cluster heads are nominated on the basis of distance and energy. The LEACH protocol is been implemented in a simulated environment and analyze their performance graphically.
An Improved Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks Through Clustering In C...Editor IJCATR
One of the major reason for performance degradation in Wireless sensor network is the overhead due to control packet and
packet delivery degradation. Clustering in cross layer network operation is an efficient way manage control packet overhead and which
ultimately improve the lifetime of a network. All these overheads are crucial in a scalable networks. But the clustering always suffer
from the cluster head failure which need to be solved effectively in a large network. As the focus is to improve the average lifetime of
sensor network the cluster head is selected based on the battery life of nodes. The cross-layer operation model optimize the overheads
in multiple layer and ultimately the use of clustering will reduce the major overheads identified and their by the energy consumption
and throughput of wireless sensor network is improved. The proposed model operates on two layers of network ie., Network Layer
and Transport Layer and Clustering is applied in the network layer . The simulation result shows that the integration of two layers
reduces the energy consumption and increases the throughput of the wireless sensor networks.
An Improved Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks Through Clustering In C...Editor IJCATR
One of the major reason for performance degradation in Wireless sensor network is the overhead due to control packet and
packet delivery degradation. Clustering in cross layer network operation is an efficient way manage control packet overhead and which
ultimately improve the lifetime of a network. All these overheads are crucial in a scalable networks. But the clustering always suffer
from the cluster head failure which need to be solved effectively in a large network. As the focus is to improve the average lifetime of
sensor network the cluster head is selected based on the battery life of nodes. The cross-layer operation model optimize the overheads
in multiple layer and ultimately the use of clustering will reduce the major overheads identified and their by the energy consumption
and throughput of wireless sensor network is improved. The proposed model operates on two layers of network ie., Network Layer
and Transport Layer and Clustering is applied in the network layer . The simulation result shows that the integration of two layers
reduces the energy consumption and increases the throughput of the wireless sensor networks.
An Improved Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks Through Clustering In C...Editor IJCATR
One of the major reason for performance degradation in Wireless sensor network is the overhead due to control packet and packet delivery degradation. Clustering in cross layer network operation is an efficient way manage control packet overhead and which ultimately improve the lifetime of a network. All these overheads are crucial in a scalable networks. But the clustering always suffer from the cluster head failure which need to be solved effectively in a large network. As the focus is to improve the average lifetime of sensor network the cluster head is selected based on the battery life of nodes. The cross-layer operation model optimize the overheads in multiple layer and ultimately the use of clustering will reduce the major overheads identified and their by the energy consumption and throughput of wireless sensor network is improved. The proposed model operates on two layers of network ie., Network Layer and Transport Layer and Clustering is applied in the network layer . The simulation result shows that the integration of two layers reduces the energy consumption and increases the throughput of the wireless sensor networks.
INCREASE THE LIFETIME OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERI...ijwmn
Wireless sensor networks consist of hundreds or thousands of nodes with limited energy. Since the life time
of each sensor is equivalent to the battery life, the energy issue is considered as a major challenge.
Clustering has been proposed as a strategy to extend the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. Cluster size,
number of Cluster head per cluster and the selection of cluster head are considered as important factors in
clustering. In this research by studying LEACH algorithm and optimized algorithms of this protocol and by
evaluating the strengths and weaknesses, a new algorithm based on hierarchical clustering to increase the
lifetime of the sensor network is proposed. In this study, with a special mechanism the environment of
network is layered and the optimal number of cluster head in each layer is selected and then recruit for the
formation of clusters in the same layer by controlling the topology of the clusters is done independently.
Then the data is sent through the by cluster heads through the multi- stage to the main station. Simulation
results show that the above mentioned method increases the life time about 70% compared to the LEACH.
INCREASE THE LIFETIME OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERI...ijwmn
Wireless sensor networks consist of hundreds or thousands of nodes with limited energy. Since the life time
of each sensor is equivalent to the battery life, the energy issue is considered as a major challenge.
Clustering has been proposed as a strategy to extend the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. Cluster size,
number of Cluster head per cluster and the selection of cluster head are considered as important factors in
clustering. In this research by studying LEACH algorithm and optimized algorithms of this protocol and by
evaluating the strengths and weaknesses, a new algorithm based on hierarchical clustering to increase the
lifetime of the sensor network is proposed. In this study, with a special mechanism the environment of
network is layered and the optimal number of cluster head in each layer is selected and then recruit for the
formation of clusters in the same layer by controlling the topology of the clusters is done independently.
Then the data is sent through the by cluster heads through the multi- stage to the main station. Simulation
results show that the above mentioned method increases the life time about 70% compared to the LEACH.
INCREASE THE LIFETIME OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERI...ijwmn
Wireless sensor networks consist of hundreds or thousands of nodes with limited energy. Since the life time
of each sensor is equivalent to the battery life, the energy issue is considered as a major challenge.
Clustering has been proposed as a strategy to extend the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. Cluster size,
number of Cluster head per cluster and the selection of cluster head are considered as important factors in
clustering. In this research by studying LEACH algorithm and optimized algorithms of this protocol and by
evaluating the strengths and weaknesses, a new algorithm based on hierarchical clustering to increase the
lifetime of the sensor network is proposed. In this study, with a special mechanism the environment of
network is layered and the optimal number of cluster head in each layer is selected and then recruit for the
formation of clusters in the same layer by controlling the topology of the clusters is done independently.
Then the data is sent through the by cluster heads through the multi- stage to the main station. Simulation
results show that the above mentioned method increases the life time about 70% compared to the LEACH.
Uniform Distribution Technique of Cluster Heads in LEACH Protocolidescitation
A sensor network is composed of a large number of
sensor nodes that are densely deployed either inside the
phenomenon or very close to it. Clustering provides an effective
way for prolonging the lifetime of a wireless sensor network.
Current clustering algorithms usually utilize two techniques,
selecting cluster heads (CHs) with more residual energy and
rotating cluster heads periodically, to distribute the energy
consumption among nodes in each cluster and extend the
network lifetime. LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering
Hierarchy), a clustering-based protocol that utilizes
randomized rotation of local cluster base stations (cluster-
heads) to evenly distribute the energy load among the sensors
in the network. But LEACH cannot select the cluster-heads
uniformly throughout the network. Hence, some nodes in the
network have to transmit their data very far to reach the CHs,
causing the energy in the system to be large. Here we have an
approach to address this problem for selecting CHs and their
corresponding clusters. The goal of this paper is to build such
a wireless sensor network in which each sensor node remains
inside the transmission range of CHs and its lifetime is
enlarged.
An Adaptive Energy Aware Clustering Based Reliable Routing for in-Network Agg...Editor IJCATR
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed autonomous devices that cooperatively sense physical or
environmental conditions. Due to the non-uniform node deployment, the energy consumption among nodes are more
imbalanced in cluster-based wireless sensor networks this factor will affect the network life time. Cluster-based routing and EADC
algorithm through an efficient energy aware clustering algorithm is employed to avoid imbalance network distribution. Our proposed
protocol EADC aims at minimizing the overall network overhead and energy expenditure associated with the multi hop data retrieval
process while also ensuring balanced energy consumption among SNs and prolonged network life time .A optimal one-hop based
selective node in building cluster structures consisted of member nodes that route their measured data to their assigned cluster head is
identified to ensure efficient communication. The proposed routing algorithm increases forwarding tasks of the nodes in scarcely
covered areas by forcing cluster heads to choose nodes with higher energy and fewer member nodes and finally, achieves
imbalanced among cluster head and improve the network life time.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Various Clustering Techniques in Wireless Sensor NetworkEditor IJCATR
This document describes the various clustering techniques used in wireless sensor networks. Wireless sensor networks are
having vast applications in all fields which utilize sensor nodes. Clustering techniques are required so that sensor networks can
communicate in most efficient way.
Data Dissemination in Wireless Sensor Networks: A State-of-the Art SurveyCSCJournals
A wireless sensor network is a network of tiny nodes with wireless sensing capacity for data collection processing and further communicating with the Base Station this paper discusses the overall mechanism of data dissemination right from data collection at the sensor nodes, clustering of sensor nodes, data aggregation at the cluster heads and disseminating data to the Base Station the overall motive of the paper is to conserve energy so that lifetime of the network is extended this paper highlights the existing algorithms and open research gaps in efficient data dissemination.
ENERGY EFFICIENT GRID AND TREE BASED ROUTING PROTOCOLijwmn
In Wireless Sensor Network, a large number of sensor nodes are deployed and they mainly consume energy
in transmitting data over long distances. Sensor nodes are battery powered and their energy is restricted.
Since the location of the sink is remote, considerable energy would be consumed if each node directly
transmits data to the base station. Aggregating data at the intermediate nodes and transmitting using multihops
aids in reducing energy consumption to a great extent. This paper proposes a hybrid protocol
“Energy efficient Grid and Tree based routing protocol” (EGT) in which the sensing area is divided into
grids. The nodes in the grid relay data to the cell leader which aggregates the data and transmits to the
sink using the constructed hop tree. Simulation results show that EGT performs better than LEACH.
Wireless sensor networks, clustering, Energy efficient protocols, Particles S...IJMIT JOURNAL
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) is composed of a large number of small nodes with limited functionality.
The most important issue in this type of networks is energy constraints. In this area several researches have
been done from which clustering is one of the most effective solutions. The goal of clustering is to divide
network into sections each of which has a cluster head (CH). The task of cluster heads collection, data
aggregation and transmission to the base station is undertaken. In this paper, we introduce a new approach
for clustering sensor networks based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm using the optimal
fitness function, which aims to extend network lifetime. The parameters used in this algorithm are residual
energy density, the distance from the base station, intra-cluster distance from the cluster head. Simulation
results show that the proposed method is more effective compared to protocols such as (LEACH, CHEF,
PSO-MV) in terms of network lifetime and energy consumption.
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK CLUSTERING USING PARTICLES SWARM OPTIMIZATION FOR RED...IJMIT JOURNAL
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) is composed of a large number of small nodes with limited functionality. The most important issue in this type of networks is energy constraints. In this area several researches have been done from which clustering is one of the most effective solutions. The goal of clustering is to divide network into sections each of which has a cluster head (CH). The task of cluster heads collection, data aggregation and transmission to the base station is undertaken. In this paper, we introduce a new approach for clustering sensor networks based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm using the optimal fitness function, which aims to extend network lifetime. The parameters used in this algorithm are residual energy density, the distance from the base station, intra-cluster distance from the cluster head. Simulation results show that the proposed method is more effective compared to protocols such as (LEACH, CHEF, PSO-MV) in terms of network lifetime and energy consumption.
International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems ( IJASSN )ijassn
With the availability of low cost, short range sensor technology along with advances in wireless networking, sensor networks has become a hot topic of discussion. The International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems is an open access peer-reviewed journal which focuses on applied research and applications of sensor networks. While sensor networks provide ample opportunities to provide various services, its effective deployment in large scale is still challenging due to various factors. This journal provides a forum that impacts the development of high performance computing solutions to problems arising due to the complexities of sensor network systems. It also acts as a path to exchange novel ideas about impacts of sensor networks research.
Every cluster comprise of a leader which is known as cluster head. The cluster head will be chosen by the sensor nodes in the individual cluster or be pre-assigned by the user. The main advantages of clustering are the transmission of aggregated data to the base station, offers scalability for huge number of nodes and trims down energy consumption. Fundamentally, clustering could be classified into centralized clustering, distributed clustering and hybrid clustering. In centralized clustering, the cluster head is fixed. The rest of the nodes in the cluster act as member nodes. In distributed clustering, the cluster head is not fixed. The cluster head keeps on shifting form node to node within the cluster on the basis of some parameters. Hybrid clustering is the combination of both centralized clustering and distributed clustering mechanisms. This paper gives a brief overview on clustering process in wireless sensor networks. A research on the well evaluated distributed clustering algorithm Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and its followers are portrayed artistically. To overcome the drawbacks of these existing algorithms a hybrid distributed clustering model has been proposed for attaining energy efficiency to a larger scale.
This paper proposes medium access control (MAC) layer protocol for wireless sensor networks.
Sensor nodes are battery operated so the energy efficiency is an important aspect for the wireless sensor
networks WSNs. The protocol aims for achieving energy efficiency to increases network lifetime and
scalability to increase the network capacity. Clustering, synchronization and low duty cycle are some of
the characteristics for utilizing energy efficiently in the network. The protocol is designed with having the
schedules of the clusters to be overlapped in a low duty cycle operation. We have evaluated the
performance of protocol through detailed ns- 2 simulation. The simulation results show that this protocol
outperforms when compared to SMAC. It has reduced schedule updates, power consumption and data
loss.
.
Keywords— Wireless sensor networks, duty-cycle, clustering, schedule, synchronization, energyefficiency
Review on State-Of-The-Art of PEGASIS Protocol in WSNSrahulmonikasharma
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been widely considered as one of the most important technologies for the twenty first century. Due to the advancements in microelectronic mechanical systems (MEMS) and wireless communication technologies, it has become possible to deploy tiny, cheap, and smart sensors in any physical area. The routing is one of the dominant factors which decide the fate of limited battery resources in WSNs. In this paper, a review on the state-of-the-art on PEGASIS (Power efficient Gathering in Sensor Information System) protocol has been presented. PEGASIS is highly significant in small areas applications, some of the variants of PEGASIS protocol has been studied in this paper. After studying various protocols, it has been found that Chain Based Cluster Cooperative Protocol (CBCCP) has tremendously improved network lifetime by incorporating cluster based concept in routing. Although it has outperformed various routing protocols but it still leave a great margin of improvement in the inter cluster communication. This paper basically focuses on reflecting the significance of chain based protocols in WSNs.
Simulation Based Analysis of Cluster-Based Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networkjosephjonse
The modern growth in fabricate energy efficient Wireless Sensor Network is liberal a novel way to systematize WSN in applications like surveillance, industrial monitoring, traffic monitoring, habitat monitoring, cropping monitoring, crowd including etc. The rising use of these networks is making engineers evolve novel and efficient ideas in this field. A group of research in data routing, data density and in network aggregation has been proposed in recent years. The energy consumption is the main apprehension in the wireless sensor network. There are many protocols in wireless sensor network to diminish the energy consumption and to put in to the network lifetime. Among a range of types of techniques, clustering is the most efficient technique to diminish the energy expenditure of network. In this effort, LEACH protocol has been second-hand for clustering in which cluster heads are nominated on the basis of distance and energy. The LEACH protocol is been implemented in a simulated environment and analyze their performance graphically.
An Improved Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks Through Clustering In C...Editor IJCATR
One of the major reason for performance degradation in Wireless sensor network is the overhead due to control packet and
packet delivery degradation. Clustering in cross layer network operation is an efficient way manage control packet overhead and which
ultimately improve the lifetime of a network. All these overheads are crucial in a scalable networks. But the clustering always suffer
from the cluster head failure which need to be solved effectively in a large network. As the focus is to improve the average lifetime of
sensor network the cluster head is selected based on the battery life of nodes. The cross-layer operation model optimize the overheads
in multiple layer and ultimately the use of clustering will reduce the major overheads identified and their by the energy consumption
and throughput of wireless sensor network is improved. The proposed model operates on two layers of network ie., Network Layer
and Transport Layer and Clustering is applied in the network layer . The simulation result shows that the integration of two layers
reduces the energy consumption and increases the throughput of the wireless sensor networks.
An Improved Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks Through Clustering In C...Editor IJCATR
One of the major reason for performance degradation in Wireless sensor network is the overhead due to control packet and
packet delivery degradation. Clustering in cross layer network operation is an efficient way manage control packet overhead and which
ultimately improve the lifetime of a network. All these overheads are crucial in a scalable networks. But the clustering always suffer
from the cluster head failure which need to be solved effectively in a large network. As the focus is to improve the average lifetime of
sensor network the cluster head is selected based on the battery life of nodes. The cross-layer operation model optimize the overheads
in multiple layer and ultimately the use of clustering will reduce the major overheads identified and their by the energy consumption
and throughput of wireless sensor network is improved. The proposed model operates on two layers of network ie., Network Layer
and Transport Layer and Clustering is applied in the network layer . The simulation result shows that the integration of two layers
reduces the energy consumption and increases the throughput of the wireless sensor networks.
An Improved Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks Through Clustering In C...Editor IJCATR
One of the major reason for performance degradation in Wireless sensor network is the overhead due to control packet and packet delivery degradation. Clustering in cross layer network operation is an efficient way manage control packet overhead and which ultimately improve the lifetime of a network. All these overheads are crucial in a scalable networks. But the clustering always suffer from the cluster head failure which need to be solved effectively in a large network. As the focus is to improve the average lifetime of sensor network the cluster head is selected based on the battery life of nodes. The cross-layer operation model optimize the overheads in multiple layer and ultimately the use of clustering will reduce the major overheads identified and their by the energy consumption and throughput of wireless sensor network is improved. The proposed model operates on two layers of network ie., Network Layer and Transport Layer and Clustering is applied in the network layer . The simulation result shows that the integration of two layers reduces the energy consumption and increases the throughput of the wireless sensor networks.
INCREASE THE LIFETIME OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERI...ijwmn
Wireless sensor networks consist of hundreds or thousands of nodes with limited energy. Since the life time
of each sensor is equivalent to the battery life, the energy issue is considered as a major challenge.
Clustering has been proposed as a strategy to extend the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. Cluster size,
number of Cluster head per cluster and the selection of cluster head are considered as important factors in
clustering. In this research by studying LEACH algorithm and optimized algorithms of this protocol and by
evaluating the strengths and weaknesses, a new algorithm based on hierarchical clustering to increase the
lifetime of the sensor network is proposed. In this study, with a special mechanism the environment of
network is layered and the optimal number of cluster head in each layer is selected and then recruit for the
formation of clusters in the same layer by controlling the topology of the clusters is done independently.
Then the data is sent through the by cluster heads through the multi- stage to the main station. Simulation
results show that the above mentioned method increases the life time about 70% compared to the LEACH.
INCREASE THE LIFETIME OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERI...ijwmn
Wireless sensor networks consist of hundreds or thousands of nodes with limited energy. Since the life time
of each sensor is equivalent to the battery life, the energy issue is considered as a major challenge.
Clustering has been proposed as a strategy to extend the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. Cluster size,
number of Cluster head per cluster and the selection of cluster head are considered as important factors in
clustering. In this research by studying LEACH algorithm and optimized algorithms of this protocol and by
evaluating the strengths and weaknesses, a new algorithm based on hierarchical clustering to increase the
lifetime of the sensor network is proposed. In this study, with a special mechanism the environment of
network is layered and the optimal number of cluster head in each layer is selected and then recruit for the
formation of clusters in the same layer by controlling the topology of the clusters is done independently.
Then the data is sent through the by cluster heads through the multi- stage to the main station. Simulation
results show that the above mentioned method increases the life time about 70% compared to the LEACH.
INCREASE THE LIFETIME OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERI...ijwmn
Wireless sensor networks consist of hundreds or thousands of nodes with limited energy. Since the life time
of each sensor is equivalent to the battery life, the energy issue is considered as a major challenge.
Clustering has been proposed as a strategy to extend the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. Cluster size,
number of Cluster head per cluster and the selection of cluster head are considered as important factors in
clustering. In this research by studying LEACH algorithm and optimized algorithms of this protocol and by
evaluating the strengths and weaknesses, a new algorithm based on hierarchical clustering to increase the
lifetime of the sensor network is proposed. In this study, with a special mechanism the environment of
network is layered and the optimal number of cluster head in each layer is selected and then recruit for the
formation of clusters in the same layer by controlling the topology of the clusters is done independently.
Then the data is sent through the by cluster heads through the multi- stage to the main station. Simulation
results show that the above mentioned method increases the life time about 70% compared to the LEACH.
ENERGY EFFICIENT DATA COMMUNICATION APPROACH IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSijassn
Wireless sensor network has a vast variety of applications. The adoption of energy efficient cluster-based configuration has many untapped desirable benefits for the WSNs. The limitation of energy in a sensor node creates challenges for routing in WSNs. The research work presents the organized and detailed description of energy conservation method for WSNs. In the proposed method reclustering and multihop data transmission processes are utilized for data reporting to base station by sensor node. The accurate use of energy in WSNs is the main challenge for exploiting the network to the full extent. The main aim of the proposed method is that by evenly distributing the energy all over the sensor nodes and by reducing the total energy dissipation, the lifetime of the network is enhanced, so that the node will remain alive for longer times inside the cluster. The result shows that the proposed clustering approach has higher stable region and network life time than Topology-Controlled Adaptive Clustering (TCAC) and Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) for WSNs.
Data gathering in wireless sensor networks using intermediate nodesIJCNCJournal
Energy consumption is an essential concern to Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs).The major cause of the energy consumption in WSNs is due to the data aggregation. A data aggregation is a process of collecting data from sensor nodes and transmitting these data to the sink node or base station. An effective way to perform such a task is accomplished by using clustering. In clustering, nodes are grouped into clusters where a number of nodes, called cluster heads, are responsible for gathering data from other nodes, aggregate them and transmit them to the Base Station (BS).
In this paper we produce a new algorithm which focused on reducing the transmission bath between sensor nodes and cluster heads. A proper utilization and reserving of the available power resources is achieved with this technique compared to the well-known LEACH_C algorithm.
This paper considers a heterogeneous network of energy constrained sensors deployed over a region. Each
Normal sensor node in a network is systematically gathering and transmitting sensed data to the clusterhead,
and then cluster head sending data to a base station (via intermediate cluster- heads). This paper
focuses on reducing the energy consumption and hence improving lifetime of wireless sensor Networks.
Clustering sensor node is an effective topology for the energy constrained networks. So energy saving
algorithm has been developed in which clusters are formed considering a subset of high energy nodes as a
cluster-head and another subset of powerful nodes is ask to go to sleep. When Cluster heads deplete their
energy another subset of nodes becomes active and acts as a cluster head. Proposed approach is
implemented in MATLAB, Simulation results shows that it can prolong the network lifetime than LEACH
protocol, and achieves better performance than the existing clustering algorithms such as LEACH.
Wireless sensor network consists of several distributed sensor nodes. It is used for several environmental applications, military applications and health related applications. To prolong the lifetime of the sensor nodes, designing efficient routing protocols is critical. Most of the research in energy efficient data gathering in data centric applications of wireless sensor networks is motivated by LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) scheme. It allows the rotation of cluster head role among the sensor nodes and tries to distribute the energy consumption over the network. Selection of sensor node for such role rotations greatly affects the energy efficiency of the network. Some of the routing protocol has a drawback that the cluster is not evenly distributed due to its randomized rotation of local cluster head. We have surveyed several existing methods for selecting energy efficient cluster head in wireless sensor networks. We have proposed an energy efficient cluster head selection method in which the cluster head selection and replacement cost is reduced and ultimately the network lifetime is increased. Using our proposed method, network life time is increased compared to existing methods. Keywords: WSN, CH, BS, LEACH, LEACH-B, LEACH-F
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
In The present study with the objective of cutting down energy consumption and persistence of
network coverage, we have offered a novel algorithm based on clustering algorithms and multihop routing.To achieve this goal, first, we layer the network environment based on the size of the
network.We will identify the optimal number of cluster heads and every cluster head based on
the mechanism of topology control will start to accept members.Likewise, we set the first layer
as gate layer and subsequently identifying the gate’s nodes, we’d turn away half of the sensors
and then stop using energy and the remaining nodes in this layer will join the gate’s nodes
because they hold a critical part in bettering the functioning of the system. Cluster heads off
following layers send the information to cluster heads in the above layer until sent data will be
sent to gate’s nodes and finally will be sent to sink. We have tested the proposed algorithm in
two situations 1) when the sink is off and 2)when a sink is on and simulation data shows that
proposed algorithm has better performance in terms of the life span of a network than LEACH
and ELEACH protocols.
Optimizing the Performance of I-mod Leach-PD Protocol in Wireless Sensor Netw...ijsrd.com
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is a networks of thousands of inexpensive miniature devices capable of computation, communication and sensing. WSN is being been attracting increasing interest for supporting a new generation of ubiquitous computing systems with great potential for many applications such as surveillance, environmental monitoring, health care monitoring or home automation. In the near future, wireless sensor network is expected to consists of thousand of inexpensive nodes, each having sensing capability with limited computational and communication power which enables to deploy large scale sensor networks. Large scale WSN is usually implemented as a cluster network. Clustering sensors into groups, so that sensors communicate information only to cluster-heads and then the cluster-heads communicate the aggregated information to the base station, saves energy and thus prolongs network lifetime. LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) protocol is one of the clustering routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. The advantage of LEACH is that each node has the equal probability to be a cluster head, which makes the energy dissipation of each node be relatively balanced. In LEACH protocol, time is divided into many rounds, in each round, all the nodes contend to be cluster head according to a predefined criterion. This paper focuses on how to set the time length of each round, how to adjust threshold based on the residual energy, and the measurement of energy required for transmission, based on the distance of cluster head from the base station, to prolong the lifetime of the network and increase throughput, which is denoted as the amount of data packs sent to the sink node. The functions of residual energy and required energy, and the time length of each round are deduced, thereby modifying the threshold value calculation. These functions can be used to enhance the performance of cluster-based wireless sensor networks in terms of lifetime and throughput.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
INCREASING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS LIFETIME WITH NEW METHOD
1. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 8, No. 4, August 2016
DOI: 10.5121/ijwmn.2016.8404 65
INCREASING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
LIFETIME WITH NEW METHOD
Mohammad Sedighimanesh1
, Javad Baqeri2
and Ali Sedighimanesh3
1,2,3
Department of Electrical, Computer and It Engineering, Islamic Azad University of
Qazvin, Qom, Iran
Abstract
One of the most important issues in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is severe energy restrictions. As the
performance of Sensor Networks is strongly dependence to the network lifetime, researchers seek a way to
use node energy supply effectively and increasing network lifetime. As a consequence, it is crucial to use
routing algorithms result in decrease energy consumption and better bandwidth utilization. The purpose of
this paper is to increase Wireless Sensor Networks lifetime using LEACH-algorithm. So before clustering
Network environment, it is divided into two virtual layers (using distance between sensor nodes and base
station) and then regarding to sensors position in each of two layers, residual energy of sensor and
distance from base station is used in clustering. In this article, we compare proposed algorithm with well-
known LEACH and ELEACH algorithms in homogenous environment (with equal energy for all sensors)
and heterogeneous one (energy of half of sensors get doubled), also for static and dynamic situation of base
station. Results show that our proposed algorithm delivers improved performance.
Keywords
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), Routing protocols, Clustering in Wireless Sensor Networks
1. INTRODUCTION
By recent improvement of technology and growing demand for easily receive information from
various environments, tracking and so on, scientists have innovated Wireless Sensor Networks
(WSNs). These networks consist of a large amount of small nodes with limited range of
applications. These nodes which is called sensor, can sense specific features (such as humidity,
temperature, pressure and so on) in the environment around them and transmit it to their
neighbors. In other words, main application of these sensors is sensing specific parameters around
them and connecting with other sensors to transmit this achieved data. Although it is possible in
some applications that sensors get connected to each other with communication cables, but in
most of cases network is totally wireless. Nodes in such networks are typically static or have
limited mobility. One of the most important issues in such networks is high possibility of failure
in nodes. These failures can be occurred because of various reasons, for example when sensor
nodes run out of energy. So energy is regarded as a crucial factor for network. One of the most
2. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 8, No. 4, August 2016
66
considerable topics in these networks is energy maintenance to increase network lifetime[1, 2].
The most important issue in sensor networks is routing and the most important issue in routing is
optimal energy consumption in sensors to increase network lifetime, because sensors have limited
energy and are not rechargeable. These networks typically have static nodes or with limited
mobility and a central node which collects sensed data from nodes directly (one-step method) or
indirectly (multi-steps). In directly transmission, each sensor sends information directly to central
node, because of distance between sensors and base station, a lot of energy consumed in each
transmission. In contrast designs which make communication distance smaller could extend
network lifetime. Clustering protocols are appropriate methods for extending WSNs lifetime. In
clustering, network is divided to clusters, in each cluster a node will be selected as cluster head.
Member clusters send processed data to cluster head (either directly or indirectly and by multi-
steps method). After that data are aggregated and be sent to base station using one-step or multi-
steps transmission [3, 4].
In WSN, the synergy between the sensor nodes is important for two reasons [5, 6]:
- The data gathered by some sensor nodes can provide a valuable inference about the
environment; that is because the data have been processed after being gathered, and by
putting the data together, the good results will be obtained.
- Synergy between the sensor nodes can be considered as a kind of compromise between the
cost of communications and the energy of calculations. That means that the sensors
cooperate with each other and send the data to the central station step by step, instead of
sending the information directly to the central station and consuming high amount of energy
The main purpose of hierarchical protocols (based on clustering) is using an appropriate method
for optimal use of energy sources. This is done by multi-steps transmission in network and also
combination of a cluster's information to reduce transmission data load. LEACH-protocol is one
of the first hierarchical protocols introduced for WSNs and a lot of application protocols have
been designed based on it.
These are reasons why LEACH-protocol is important for researchers[7, 8]:
- In this protocol, clustering is done randomized, adaptive and self-organizing. Here some
explanations have been added to clarify each of these features. Randomized: it means that
in each round, a specific number of nodes select themselves randomly as the cluster head
and being cluster head has not been predetermined for specific nodes. Adaptive: it means
that nodes which have been cluster head in current round could not be candidate in next
round for being head cluster. So in each round, candidates of cluster head are determined
according to previous round. It is expected that all of nodes could be head cluster, after a
specific number of round is done. Self-organizing: it means that network nodes in this
protocol, make cluster without any special node in network or even an external factor, and
this way help scalability of this protocol.
3. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 8, No. 4, August 2016
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- In LEACH, data transmission from nodes of a cluster to head cluster and from head cluster
to base station is done using local control and doesn't need an external factor or a specific
node in network to data transmission.
- MAC-protocol used in LEACH, help saving energy by relaxing sensors appropriately in
time of need.
- LEACH-protocol, like other protocols based on clustering, uses combination of data in
each cluster and sends compressed data to base station. So using LEACH-protocol will lead
to decrease in the number of send and receive operations in network. Meanwhile,
redundant data (caused by Proximity of sensors in a cluster) will be omitted before send to
base station.
Hinzelmann proposed a hierarchical routing algorithm for sensor networks called LEACH [7,
9]. LEACH is one of the most popular hierarchical routing algorithms for sensor networks. It
is a clustering protocol consisting of distributed data of clusters. LEACH selects some of the
sensors randomly as the head cluster (CH) and distributes energy among them. The idea is
that node clustering is done based on received signal power and head clusters are using as
routing to sinks. As a consequence, energy will be saved because, instead of all nodes, only
head clusters do transmission. LEACH is completely distributed and doesn't need information
throughout the network. However, LEACH is using single hop routing in which every node
can send data directly to head cluster and base station. An Optimal number for head cluster is
almost 5% of whole nodes. Processing data such as data releasing and aggregating is done
locally in head clusters. Head clusters change randomly to balance energy dissipation in
nodes. A random number (Integer), r will be selected between 1 and 0. A node could be
current round's head cluster only if its number is below the threshold value.
(1)
1
1 ( .mod )
( )
0
p
if n G
p r
T n
p
∈
−
=
Where P is desired percentage for clusters head, G is set of nodes which have not been head
cluster in last round. Nodes will be paired randomly and dynamic clustering enhance network
lifetime. So could not be adopted for extend networks.
According to the studies conducted on this algorithm which are presented in article[8, 9], the most
important weaknesses of this algorithm include:
- It cannot be used for the vast networks
- It is not clear that how the predetermined number of the cluster-heads (p) can be distributed
equally among the network. In fact there is no guarantee about the place or the number of
the cluster-heads on each scenario. Therefore it would be possible that the chosen cluster-
heads be centralized in some part of the network and as a result some other nodes remain
with no cluster-head.
4. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 8, No. 4, August 2016
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- Creation of control over the number and the place of the cluster-heads and also on the sizes
of the clusters with respect to the members, has always been considered as a challenge and
solving this issue requires some effective clustering algorithms in energy-consumption and
therefore it balances the network's load.
Enhanced Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (E-LEACH): in this protocol[10],
choosing the cluster-head (CH) improves through considering the remained energy, and it is
believed that the number of cluster heads is equal to the square root of the sum of the number of
the sensors. In the first scenario, it is assumed that each node enjoys from equal probability of
becoming a CH, but on the next scenarios they have different levels of remained energies, and on
that basis they make decisions. In other words, in order to reduce the total energy consummation
under specified hypotheses, the ELEACH specifies that the required number of the CHs is the
square root out of the analogy of the total number of the sensor nodes. Other aspects of ELEACH
are similar to the LEACH.
Designing the routing and data dissemination protocols for the WSNs is challenging due to
several limitations of the network which include[11, 12]:
- The sensor's characteristics: the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) suffer from the limitations
of several network sources including the energy, bandwidth, central processing unit and
storing.
- The network's characteristics: the network's topology which is defined through the sensors
and the communication links between the sensors, frequently changes due to increasing or
deleting the sensors.
- The sensory application requirements: in most of sensory applications, the sent data shall be
accurate as much as possible so that the better decision-making by the sink is assured.
Furthermore, the sensed data shall fetch the sink regularly. And also, the data abundance
would sometimes come desirable, when the data accuracy is increased.
The sinks on sensor networks are known as the gatherer of raw data from the sensory nodes
which apply processes on raw data and deliver them to the user. In other words, they are our gates
between the user and the sensory nodes which can be either mobile or fixed in sinks' sensory
networks. Recent investigations found that the mobile sinks have much more benefits compared
to the fixed sinks which include[5, 13]:
- The mobile sink can move throughout the sensor network, while the fixed sink cannot and is
usually placed on a predefined position.
- The mobile sink results in an increase in the sensor network's lifetime and a decrease in
sensor nodes energy consummation; while the fixed sink depending on where they are placed
on the network cause low or high energy wastage of the sensor networks and also on the
final nodes which end on the fixed sink, they result in formation of a gorge.
- The next case is the case of security on the mobile sink, because due to moving permanently,
the mobile sink on sensory network can be achieved and identified by those who are not
allowed to access the sink or even the network.
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69
- Level of bearing error in sensory networks which use the fixed sink is low.
2.STEPS THE PROPOSED ALGORITHM
In this section, the proposed algorithm will be explained in following three steps: dividing
network environment into virtual layers, clustering model, making cluster size symmetry and
energy model.
2.1.Layering Network Environment
In our proposed algorithm, network environment is divided into two virtual layers, regarding to
distance from base station which is shown in Figure 1. It is divided using Equation (2).
1 1
2 2
1 2
2
d Y y
d Y y
d d
L
= −
= −
+
=
(2)
Where d2 is minimum distance between sensors and base node, d1 is maximum distance between
sensors and base node, and L is mean of d1 and d2. In this way network environment is divided
into 2 virtual layers.
Figure1. virtual layers of sensor network environment
6. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 8, No. 4, August 2016
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2.2.Clustering Model
In our proposed method for clustering and cluster head selection, after dividing network
environment into virtual layers using equation (2), we use equation (3) or (4) to head cluster
selection process (according to sensor position in first or second layer).
If sensor is in first virtual layer, equation (3) is used for head cluster selection.
2
2
( )
1
1 ( . m o d ) in
p E d
T n
E D
p r
p
= × ×
−
(3)
If sensor is in second virtual layer, equation (4) is used for head cluster selection.
4
2
( )
1
1 ( . m o d ) in
p E d
T n
E D
p r
p
= × ×
−
(4)
Where E is residual energy of sensor node, Ein is initial energy of sensor, d2 is minimum distance
between sensor nodes and base station and D is distance between one sensor node and base
station.
2.3.Making Cluster Size Symmetry
In addition, in this paper clustering is done using appropriate distribution of sensors in each
cluster. According to Equation (5), after determining number of clusters head, number of clusters
head (h) is subtracted from N (number of all sensors) and the result is divided to h (number of
clusters head), finally floor of resulting number is considered as the number of members in each
cluster (n).
N h
n
h
−
=
(5)
In this way, number of members in each head cluster gets almost equal, therefore equal time is
consumed for gathering sensed data in head clusters and also energy of head clusters is used
appropriately in all clusters. As a consequence, we will have equilibrium of load and energy in
each cluster and also throughout the network.
2.4.Model of Eenergy
Energy consumption in wireless sensor network occurs in three parts: data transmission, data
reception and data processing. Model of energy is shown in equation (6) [14, 15]:
7. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 8, No. 4, August 2016
71
( )
( )
( )
y
T elec amp
R elec
cpu cpu
P K E K E d K
P K E K
P K E K
= × + × ×
= ×
= ×
(6)
Where PT, PR, Pcpu are energy consumption for transmission, receive and processing k bit,
respectively. Eelec, Eamp, Ecpu are per bit energy consuming (nJ/bit) for transmission in Radio
range, required energy for transmission in range further than Eelec and required per bit energy for
processing, respectively. According to equation (6), total energy consumption for k bit is
calculated by equation (7).
Re
(2 )
Total send ceive cpu
y
Total elec cpu amp
P P P p
p k E E E d
= + +
= + + ×
(7)
As shown above, energy consumption is directly proportional to length of data. Lower length of
data, lower energy consumed. If transmission distance is lower than a threshold, energy
consumed is proportional to d2
. If it is further than the threshold, energy consumed is proportional
to d4
. So we can consume less energy, using lower transmission distance.
3.Simulation
In this section we consider our proposed algorithm, LEACH and ELEACH-algorithms in a
Homogenous environment (with equal energy for all sensors) and a Heterogeneous one (energy of
half of sensors get doubled). Matlab software is used for simulation. Table 1 shows the initial
parameters of Wireless Sensor Networks for simulating 100 nodes.
Table 1. Initial parameters of Sensor Network
Notation Description
Area=100*100 Area used in the
simulation in
metes
E0=0.5(J) Initial energy
Ecpu=7(nJ/bit) Per bit energy
consuming
Eelec=50(nJ/bit) Per bit energy
consuming
Eamp=0.659(nJ/m2
) Amplifier
transmitting
energy
Eda=5(nJ/bit) Energy for data
aggregation
Packet size 4000 bits
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50*200 Position of base
station
General assumptions in simulations were:
- The Network environment is square with defined number of sensors.
- Sensors are randomly uniformly distributed.
- Sensors are static
- Sensors are aware of their locations
- Initial energy of sensors is defined
- The sensor indication is unique
-
3.1 Experiment 1 and Experimental Results
In this subsection, we compare lifetime and the number of dead nodes for proposed method with
LEACH and ELEACH-protocols. In this comparison, we assume that base station is static and all
sensors have equal energy (Homogenous environment).
Figure 2. comparison network lifetime for proposed method with LEACH and ELEACH protocols
9. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 8, No. 4, August 2016
73
Figure 3. comparison number of dead nodes in proposed method with LEACH and ELEACH protocols
Considering assumptions of Table 1, we will compare proposed method with LEACH and
ELEACH protocols in 3 different situations (death of the first node in network, 50% nodes are
dead and after the number of dead nodes reaches 70%).
Table 2. Comparison lifetime for proposed methods with LEACH and ELEACH protocols, consider
different percentage of dead nodes.
death
of the
70%
nodes
death of
the
50%
nodes
death
of the
first
node
Life time
methods
2500 2000 1150
Propose
1315 1100 930 LEACH
1500 1200 1000 ELEACH
As shown in Figure 2, Figure 3 and also Table 2, our proposed algorithm's lifetime is more than
that for LEACH and ELEACH, and performs almost 90% better than LEACH algorithm and
65% better than ELEACH algorithm.
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3.2.Experiment 2 and Experimental Results
In this subsection comparison is done between our proposed method and LEACH, ELEACH
protocols in a situation which base station is static and environment is heterogeneous (energy of
half of sensors get doubled).
Figure 4. comparison network lifetime for proposed method with LEACH and ELEACH protocols
Figure 5. comparison number of dead nodes for proposed method and LEACH, ELEACH protocols
11. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 8, No. 4, August 2016
75
Considering assumptions of Table 1, we will compare proposed method with LEACH and
ELEACH protocols in 3 different situations (death of the first node in network, 50% nodes are
dead and after the number of dead nodes reaches 70%).
Table 3. Comparison lifetime for proposed methods with LEACH and ELEACH protocols, consider
different percentage of dead nodes.
death of
the 70%
nodes
death
of the
50%
nodes
death
of the
first
node
Life time
methods
2700 2400 1700 Propose
1450 1300 1100 LEACH
1700 1400 1300 ELEACH
As shown in Figure 4, Figure 5 and also Table 3, our proposed algorithm's lifetime is more than
that for LEACH and ELEACH; and performs almost 86% better than LEACH algorithm and 60%
better than ELEACH algorithm.
Up to now, we assumed in our simulation that base station is static. Here we consider situation in
which base station is dynamic and makes 1/10 round per second.
3.3.Experiment 3 and Experimental Results
In this subsection comparison is done between our proposed method and LEACH, ELEACH
protocols in a situation which base station is dynamic and environment is homogenous (with
equal energy for all sensors).
Figure 6. comparison network lifetime for proposed method with LEACH and ELEACH protocols
12. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 8, No. 4, August 2016
76
Figure 7. comparison number of dead nodes for proposed method and LEACH, ELEACH protocols
Considering assumptions of Table 1, we make comparison between proposed method with
LEACH and ELEACH protocols in 3 different situations (death of the first node in network, 50%
nodes are dead and after the number of dead nodes reaches 60%).
Table 4. Comparison lifetime for proposed methods with LEACH and ELEACH protocols, consider
different percentage of dead nodes.
death
of the
70%
nodes
death of
the
50%
nodes
death
of the
first
node
Life time
methods
2670 1320 1300 Propose
1480 1320 1050 LEACH
1600 1450 1120 ELEACH
As indicated in Figure 6, Figure 7 and also Table 4, our proposed algorithm's lifetime is more
than that for LEACH and ELEACH; and performs almost 80% better than LEACH algorithm and
65% better than ELEACH algorithm.
3.2 Experiment 4 and Experimental Results
In this subsection comparison is done between our proposed method and LEACH, ELEACH
protocols in a situation which base station is dynamic and environment is heterogeneous (energy
of half of sensors get doubled).
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Figure 8. comparison network lifetime for proposed method with LEACH and ELEACH protocols
Figure 9. comparison number of dead nodes for proposed method and LEACH, ELEACH protocols
Considering assumptions of Table 1, we make comparison between proposed method with
LEACH and ELEACH protocols in 3 different situations (death of the first node in network, 50%
nodes are dead and after the number of dead nodes reaches 60%).
14. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 8, No. 4, August 2016
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Table 5. Comparison lifetime for proposed methods with LEACH and ELEACH protocols, consider
different percentage of dead nodes.
death
of the
70%
nodes
death of
the
50%
nodes
death
of the
first
node
Life time
methods
2750 2400 1850 Propose
1600 1450 1240 LEACH
1800 1600 1420 ELEACH
As indicated in Figure 8, Figure 9 and also Table 5, our proposed algorithm's lifetime is more
than that for LEACH and ELEACH, and performs almost 70% better LEACH algorithm and 55%
better than ELEACH algorithm.
4.CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORKS
Undoubtedly, one of the most challenging issues in Wireless Sensors Networks (WSN) is severe
energy restrictions. In this paper, we described LEACH algorithm and proposed a way to improve
it. Simulation results show that our suggested method is more effective than LEACH and
ELEACH algorithm in WSNs whether the environment is homogeneous or Heterogeneous and
whether the base station is static or dynamic.
We suggest these issues to develop proposed protocol in future works:
- Combining proposed algorithm with other routing protocols such as multi-step routing
protocols.
- Adapting proposed algorithm with distributed clustering protocols.
- Applying other effective parameters for clustering;
- Considering a criterion for head cluster change time instead of changing them in each
round, in this way we could save energy which is consumed for head cluster changing.
- Using a self-organizing neural cluster head.
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Authors
Mohammad Sedighimanesh is a graduate student in the School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Qazvin Islamic azad
University(QIAU),Iran. he received a Bachelor degree from University of Science and
Technology Zanjan, iran. His research areas are wireless communications and Network.
and a Master degree from QIAU. His current research interests include wireless and
mobile communications, cooperative communications, optimization theory on
communications.
Javad Baqeri is a graduate student in the School of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Qazvin Islamic azad
University(QIAU),Iran. he received a Bachelor degree from University of Science and
Technology Shomal, iran. His research areas are wireless communications and Network.
and a Master degree from QIAU. His current research interests include wireless and
mobile communications, cooperative communications, optimization theory on
communications.
16. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 8, No. 4, August 2016
80
Ali Sedighimanesh is a graduate student in the School of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Qazvin Islamic azad
University(QIAU),Iran. he received a Bachelor degree from University of Science and
Technology Parand, iran. His research areas are wireless communications and Network. and
a Master degree from QIAU. His current research interests include wireless and mobile
communications, cooperative communications, optimization theory on communications.