This paper considers a heterogeneous network of energy constrained sensors deployed over a region. Each
Normal sensor node in a network is systematically gathering and transmitting sensed data to the clusterhead,
and then cluster head sending data to a base station (via intermediate cluster- heads). This paper
focuses on reducing the energy consumption and hence improving lifetime of wireless sensor Networks.
Clustering sensor node is an effective topology for the energy constrained networks. So energy saving
algorithm has been developed in which clusters are formed considering a subset of high energy nodes as a
cluster-head and another subset of powerful nodes is ask to go to sleep. When Cluster heads deplete their
energy another subset of nodes becomes active and acts as a cluster head. Proposed approach is
implemented in MATLAB, Simulation results shows that it can prolong the network lifetime than LEACH
protocol, and achieves better performance than the existing clustering algorithms such as LEACH.
INCREASING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS LIFETIME WITH NEW METHODijwmn
One of the most important issues in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is severe energy restrictions. As the
performance of Sensor Networks is strongly dependence to the network lifetime, researchers seek a way to
use node energy supply effectively and increasing network lifetime. As a consequence, it is crucial to use
routing algorithms result in decrease energy consumption and better bandwidth utilization. The purpose of
this paper is to increase Wireless Sensor Networks lifetime using LEACH-algorithm. So before clustering
Network environment, it is divided into two virtual layers (using distance between sensor nodes and base
station) and then regarding to sensors position in each of two layers, residual energy of sensor and
distance from base station is used in clustering. In this article, we compare proposed algorithm with wellknown LEACH and ELEACH algorithms in homogenous environment (with equal energy for all sensors)
and heterogeneous one (energy of half of sensors get doubled), also for static and dynamic situation of base
station. Results show that our proposed algorithm delivers improved performance.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Throughput analysis of energy aware routing protocol for real time load distr...eSAT Journals
Abstract Wireless sensor network (WSNs) are self-organized systems that depend on highly distributed and scattered low cost tiny devices. These devices have some limitations such as processing capability, memory size, communication distance coverage and energy capabilities. In order to maximize the autonomy of individual nodes and indirectly the lifetime of the network, most of the research work is done on power saving techniques. Hence, we propose energy-aware load distribution technique that can provide an excellent data transfer of packets from source to destination via hop by hop basis. Therefore, by making use of the cross-layer interactions between the physical layer and the network layer thus leads to an improvement in energy efficiency of the entire network when compared with other protocols and it also improves the response time in case of network change. Keywords:- wireless sensor network, energy-aware, load distribution, power saving, cross layer interactions.
Review of Various Enhancements of Modified LEACH for Wireless Sensor Networkijsrd.com
Wireless sensor network depends on the nodes have limited energy, memory, computational power, range and it is important to increase energy efficiency by saving the battery power so as to extend of the life time of the given wireless sensor network deployment. In wireless sensor network, data is measured by node and same is send to base station at regular interval. Clustering sensor nodes is an effective technique in wireless sensor network. Different protocols are used for energy consumption in which Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol is the first hierarchal cluster based routing protocol successfully used in the wireless sensor network. In this paper, various enhancements used in the original leach protocol are studied.
Uniform Distribution Technique of Cluster Heads in LEACH Protocolidescitation
A sensor network is composed of a large number of
sensor nodes that are densely deployed either inside the
phenomenon or very close to it. Clustering provides an effective
way for prolonging the lifetime of a wireless sensor network.
Current clustering algorithms usually utilize two techniques,
selecting cluster heads (CHs) with more residual energy and
rotating cluster heads periodically, to distribute the energy
consumption among nodes in each cluster and extend the
network lifetime. LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering
Hierarchy), a clustering-based protocol that utilizes
randomized rotation of local cluster base stations (cluster-
heads) to evenly distribute the energy load among the sensors
in the network. But LEACH cannot select the cluster-heads
uniformly throughout the network. Hence, some nodes in the
network have to transmit their data very far to reach the CHs,
causing the energy in the system to be large. Here we have an
approach to address this problem for selecting CHs and their
corresponding clusters. The goal of this paper is to build such
a wireless sensor network in which each sensor node remains
inside the transmission range of CHs and its lifetime is
enlarged.
Energy Efficient Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Surveyijsrd.com
The use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is anticipated to bring lot of changes in data gathering, processing and dissemination for different environments and applications. However, a WSN is a power constrained system, since nodes run on limited power batteries which shorten its lifespan. Prolonging the network lifetime depends on efficient management of sensing node energy resource. Energy consumption is therefore one of the most crucial design issues in WSN. Hierarchical routing protocols are best known in regard to energy efficiency. By using a clustering technique hierarchical routing protocols greatly minimize energy consumed in collecting and disseminating data. To prolong the lifetime of the sensor nodes, designing efficient routing protocols is critical. In this paper, we have discussed various energy efficient data aggregation protocols for sensor networks.
INCREASING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS LIFETIME WITH NEW METHODijwmn
One of the most important issues in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is severe energy restrictions. As the
performance of Sensor Networks is strongly dependence to the network lifetime, researchers seek a way to
use node energy supply effectively and increasing network lifetime. As a consequence, it is crucial to use
routing algorithms result in decrease energy consumption and better bandwidth utilization. The purpose of
this paper is to increase Wireless Sensor Networks lifetime using LEACH-algorithm. So before clustering
Network environment, it is divided into two virtual layers (using distance between sensor nodes and base
station) and then regarding to sensors position in each of two layers, residual energy of sensor and
distance from base station is used in clustering. In this article, we compare proposed algorithm with wellknown LEACH and ELEACH algorithms in homogenous environment (with equal energy for all sensors)
and heterogeneous one (energy of half of sensors get doubled), also for static and dynamic situation of base
station. Results show that our proposed algorithm delivers improved performance.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Throughput analysis of energy aware routing protocol for real time load distr...eSAT Journals
Abstract Wireless sensor network (WSNs) are self-organized systems that depend on highly distributed and scattered low cost tiny devices. These devices have some limitations such as processing capability, memory size, communication distance coverage and energy capabilities. In order to maximize the autonomy of individual nodes and indirectly the lifetime of the network, most of the research work is done on power saving techniques. Hence, we propose energy-aware load distribution technique that can provide an excellent data transfer of packets from source to destination via hop by hop basis. Therefore, by making use of the cross-layer interactions between the physical layer and the network layer thus leads to an improvement in energy efficiency of the entire network when compared with other protocols and it also improves the response time in case of network change. Keywords:- wireless sensor network, energy-aware, load distribution, power saving, cross layer interactions.
Review of Various Enhancements of Modified LEACH for Wireless Sensor Networkijsrd.com
Wireless sensor network depends on the nodes have limited energy, memory, computational power, range and it is important to increase energy efficiency by saving the battery power so as to extend of the life time of the given wireless sensor network deployment. In wireless sensor network, data is measured by node and same is send to base station at regular interval. Clustering sensor nodes is an effective technique in wireless sensor network. Different protocols are used for energy consumption in which Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol is the first hierarchal cluster based routing protocol successfully used in the wireless sensor network. In this paper, various enhancements used in the original leach protocol are studied.
Uniform Distribution Technique of Cluster Heads in LEACH Protocolidescitation
A sensor network is composed of a large number of
sensor nodes that are densely deployed either inside the
phenomenon or very close to it. Clustering provides an effective
way for prolonging the lifetime of a wireless sensor network.
Current clustering algorithms usually utilize two techniques,
selecting cluster heads (CHs) with more residual energy and
rotating cluster heads periodically, to distribute the energy
consumption among nodes in each cluster and extend the
network lifetime. LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering
Hierarchy), a clustering-based protocol that utilizes
randomized rotation of local cluster base stations (cluster-
heads) to evenly distribute the energy load among the sensors
in the network. But LEACH cannot select the cluster-heads
uniformly throughout the network. Hence, some nodes in the
network have to transmit their data very far to reach the CHs,
causing the energy in the system to be large. Here we have an
approach to address this problem for selecting CHs and their
corresponding clusters. The goal of this paper is to build such
a wireless sensor network in which each sensor node remains
inside the transmission range of CHs and its lifetime is
enlarged.
Energy Efficient Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Surveyijsrd.com
The use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is anticipated to bring lot of changes in data gathering, processing and dissemination for different environments and applications. However, a WSN is a power constrained system, since nodes run on limited power batteries which shorten its lifespan. Prolonging the network lifetime depends on efficient management of sensing node energy resource. Energy consumption is therefore one of the most crucial design issues in WSN. Hierarchical routing protocols are best known in regard to energy efficiency. By using a clustering technique hierarchical routing protocols greatly minimize energy consumed in collecting and disseminating data. To prolong the lifetime of the sensor nodes, designing efficient routing protocols is critical. In this paper, we have discussed various energy efficient data aggregation protocols for sensor networks.
Hierarchical Coordination for Data Gathering (HCDG) in Wireless Sensor NetworksCSCJournals
A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of large number of sensor nodes where each node operates by a finite battery for sensing, computing, and performing wireless communication tasks. Energy aware routing and MAC protocols were proposed to prolong the lifetime of WSNs. MAC protocols reduce energy consumption by putting the nodes into sleep mode for a relatively longer period of time; thereby minimizing collisions and idle listening time. On the other hand, efficient energy aware routing is achieved by finding the best path from the sensor nodes to the Base Sta-tion (BS) where energy consumption is minimal. In almost all solutions there is always a tradeoff between power consumption and delay reduction. This paper presents an improved hierarchical coordination for data gathering (HCDG) routing schema for WSNs based on multi-level chains formation with data aggregation. Also, this paper provides an analytical model for energy consumption in WSN to compare the performance of our proposed HCDG schema with the near optimal energy reduction methodology, PEGASIS. Our results demonstrate that the proposed routing schema provides relatively lower energy consumption with minimum delay for large scale WSNs.
Wireless sensor network consists of several distributed sensor nodes. It is used for several environmental applications, military applications and health related applications. To prolong the lifetime of the sensor nodes, designing efficient routing protocols is critical. Most of the research in energy efficient data gathering in data centric applications of wireless sensor networks is motivated by LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) scheme. It allows the rotation of cluster head role among the sensor nodes and tries to distribute the energy consumption over the network. Selection of sensor node for such role rotations greatly affects the energy efficiency of the network. Some of the routing protocol has a drawback that the cluster is not evenly distributed due to its randomized rotation of local cluster head. We have surveyed several existing methods for selecting energy efficient cluster head in wireless sensor networks. We have proposed an energy efficient cluster head selection method in which the cluster head selection and replacement cost is reduced and ultimately the network lifetime is increased. Using our proposed method, network life time is increased compared to existing methods. Keywords: WSN, CH, BS, LEACH, LEACH-B, LEACH-F
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
In The present study with the objective of cutting down energy consumption and persistence of
network coverage, we have offered a novel algorithm based on clustering algorithms and multihop routing.To achieve this goal, first, we layer the network environment based on the size of the
network.We will identify the optimal number of cluster heads and every cluster head based on
the mechanism of topology control will start to accept members.Likewise, we set the first layer
as gate layer and subsequently identifying the gate’s nodes, we’d turn away half of the sensors
and then stop using energy and the remaining nodes in this layer will join the gate’s nodes
because they hold a critical part in bettering the functioning of the system. Cluster heads off
following layers send the information to cluster heads in the above layer until sent data will be
sent to gate’s nodes and finally will be sent to sink. We have tested the proposed algorithm in
two situations 1) when the sink is off and 2)when a sink is on and simulation data shows that
proposed algorithm has better performance in terms of the life span of a network than LEACH
and ELEACH protocols.
Maximizing Lifetime of Homogeneous Wireless Sensor Network through Energy Eff...CSCJournals
The objective of this paper is to develop a mechanism to increase the lifetime of homogeneous wireless sensor networks (WSNs) through minimizing long range communication, efficient data delivery and energy balancing. Energy efficiency is a very important issue for sensor nodes which affects the lifetime of sensor networks. To achieve energy balancing and maximizing network lifetime we divided the whole network into different clusters. In cluster based architecture, the role of aggregator node is very crucial because of extra processing and long range communication. Once the aggregator node becomes non functional, it affects the whole cluster. We introduced a candidate cluster head node on the basis of node density. We proposed a modified cluster based WSN architecture by introducing a server node (SN) that is rich in terms of resources. This server node (SN) takes the responsibility of transmitting data to the base station over longer distances from the cluster head. We proposed cluster head selection algorithm based on residual energy, distance, reliability and degree of mobility. The proposed method can save overall energy consumption and extend the lifetime of the sensor network and also addresses robustness against even/uneven node deployment.
NEW APPROACH TO IMPROVING LIFETIME IN HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS ...chokrio
The major challenge for wireless sensor networks is energy consumption minimization. Wireless transmission consumes much more of energy. In the clustered network, a few nodes become cluster heads which causes the energetic heterogeneity. Therefore the behavior of the sensor network becomes very unstable. Hence, the need to apply the balancing of energy consumption across all nodes of the heterogeneous network is very important to prevent the death of those nodes and thereafter increase the
lifetime of the network. DEEC (Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering) is one of routing protocols
designed to extend the stability time of the network by reducing energy consumption. A disadvantage of
DEEC, which doesn’t takes into account the cluster size and the density of nodes in this cluster to elect the
cluster heads. When multiple cluster heads are randomly selected within a small area, a big extra energy
loss occurs. The amount of lost energy is approximately proportional to the number of cluster heads in this
area. In this paper, we propose to improve DEEC by a modified energy efficient algorithm for choosing
cluster heads that exclude a number of low energy levels nodes due to their distribution density and their
dimensions area. We show by simulation in MATLAB that the proposed approach increases the number of
received messages and prolong the lifetime of the network compared to DEEC. We conclude by studying
the parameters of heterogeneity that proposed technique provides a longer stability period which increases
by increasing the number of nodes which are excluded from the cluster head selection.
Energy efficient data communication approach in wireless sensor networksijassn
Wireless sensor network has a vast variety of applications. The adoption of energy efficient cluster-based
configuration has many untapped desirable benefits for the WSNs. The limitation of energy in a sensor
node creates challenges for routing in WSNs. The research work presents the organized and detailed
description of energy conservation method for WSNs. In the proposed method reclustering and multihop
data transmission processes are utilized for data reporting to base station by sensor node. The accurate use
of energy in WSNs is the main challenge for exploiting the network to the full extent. The main aim of the
proposed method is that by evenly distributing the energy all over the sensor nodes and by reducing the
total energy dissipation, the lifetime of the network is enhanced, so that the node will remain alive for
longer times inside the cluster. The result shows that the proposed clustering approach has higher stable
region and network life time than Topology-Controlled Adaptive Clustering (TCAC) and Low-Energy
Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) for WSNs.
ENERGY EFFICIENT HIERARCHICAL CLUSTER HEAD ELECTION USING EXPONENTIAL DECAY F...ijwmn
In the recent years, wireless sensor network (WSN) have witnessed increased interest in information gathering in applications such as combat field reconnaissance, security surveillance, environmental monitoring, patient health monitoring and so on. Thus, there is a need for scalable and energy-efficient routing, data gathering and aggregation protocols in these WSN environments. Various hierarchical
clustering Protocols have been proposed by authors for WSN to improve system stability, lifetime, and energy efficiency. Clustering involves grouping nodes into disjoint and non-overlapping clusters. In this paper we motivate the need for clustering. Secondly, we present general classification of published clustering schemes. Thirdly, we review some existing clustering algorithms proposed for WSNs; highlighting their objectives, features, and so on. Finally, we develop an Average Energy (AvE) prediction algorithm using exponential decay function y=Ae-ax+B. We then combine this function with the
probabilistic distributed LEACH of algorithm to determine suitable CHs. The combined algorithm was implemented on MATLAB simulator and tested for homogenous network. The result gathered from the simulation shows that the extended algorithm in homogenous network mode is able to achieve 39%
stability, 11% Average energy Dissipation per round and 40% Lifespan better than LEACH-Homo. This paper proposes a new direction in improving energy efficiency of WSN routing protocol, which is desirable in some critical WSN applications. .
ENERGY EFFICIENT AGGREGATION WITH DIVERGENT SINK PLACEMENT FOR WIRELESS SENSO...ijasuc
In WSN the data aggregation is a means for condensing the energy requirement by reducing number of
transmission by combining the data and sending the final required result to the base station. The lifetime
of the WSN can be improved by employing the aggregation techniques. During the process of aggregation
the numbers of transmission are reduced by combining the similar data from the nearby areas. By using
the clustering technique and aggregating the correlated data greatly minimize the energy consumed in
collecting and disseminating the data. In this work, we evaluate the performance of a novel energy
efficient cluster based aggregation protocol (EECAP) for WSN. The main focus in this proposed work is
to study the performance of our proposed aggregation protocol with divergent sink placements such as
when sink is at the centre of the sensing field, corner of the sensing field or at a location selected
randomly in the sensor field. We present experimental results by calculating the lifetime of network in
terms of number of sensing rounds using various parameters such as – average remaining energy of
nodes, number of dead nodes after the specified number of sensing rounds. Finally the performance of
various aggregation algorithms such as LEACH, SEP and our proposed aggregation protocol (EECAP)
are compared with divergent sink placements. The simulation results demonstrates that EECAP exhibits
good performance in terms of lifetime and the energy consumption of the wireless sensor networks and
which can be as equally compared with existing clustering protocols.
Energy aware clustering protocol (eacp)IJCNCJournal
Energy saving to prolong the network life is an important design issue while developing a new routing
protocol for wireless sensor network. Clustering is a key technique for this and helps in maximizing the
network lifetime and scalability. Most of the routing and data dissemination protocols of WSN assume a
homogeneous network architecture, in which all sensors have the same capabilities in terms of battery
power, communication, sensing, storage, and processing. Recently, there has been an interest in
heterogeneous sensor networks, especially for real deployments. This research paper has proposed a new
energy aware clustering protocol (EACP) for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. Heterogeneity is
introduced in EACP by using two types of nodes: normal and advanced. In EACP cluster heads for normal
nodes are elected with the help of a probability scheme based on residual and average energy of the
normal nodes. This will ensure that only the high residual normal nodes can become the cluster head in a
round. Advanced nodes use a separate probability based scheme for cluster head election and they will
further act as a gateway for normal cluster heads and transmit their data load to base station when they
are not doing the duty of a cluster head. Finally a sleep state is suggested for some sensor nodes during
cluster formation phase to save network energy. The performance of EACP is compared with SEP and
simulation result shows the better result for stability period, network life and energy saving than SEP.
Optimized Cluster Establishment and Cluster-Head Selection Approach in WSNIJCNCJournal
In recent years, limited resources of user products and energy-saving are recognized as the major challenges of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Clustering is a practical technique that can reduce all energy consumption and provide stability of workload that causes a larger difference in energy depletion among other nodes and cluster heads (CHs). In addition, clustering is the solution of energy-efficient for maximizing the network longevity and improvising energy efficiency. In this paper, a novel OCE-CHS (Optimized Cluster Establishment and Cluster-Head Selection) approach for sensor nodes is represented to improvise the packet success ratio and reduce the average energy-dissipation. The main contribution of this paper is categorized into two processes, first, the clustering algorithm is improvised that periodically chooses the optimal set of the CHs according to the speed of the average node and average-node energy. This is considerably distinguished from node-based clustering that utilizes a distributed clustering algorithm to choose CHs based on the speed of the current node and remaining node energy. Second, more than one factor is assumed for the detached node to join the optimal cluster. In the result section, we discuss our clustering protocols implementation of optimal CH-selection to evade the death of SNs, maximizing throughput, and further improvise the network lifetime by minimizing energy consumption.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
ENERGY SAVINGS IN APPLICATIONS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS TIME CRITICAL REQ...IJCNCJournal
Along with handling and poor storage capacity, each sensor in wireless sensor network (WSN) is equipped
with a limited power source and very difficult to be replaced in most application environments. Improving
the energy savings in applications for wireless sensor networks is necessary. In this paper, we mainly focus
on energy consumption savings in applications for wireless sensor networks time critical requirements. Our
Paper accompanying analysis of advanced technologies for energy saving techniques for the optimization
of energy efficiency together with the data transmission is optimal. Moreover, we propose improvements to
increase energy savings in applications for wireless sensor networks require time critical (LEACH
improvements). Simulation results show that our proposed protocol significantly better than LEACH about
the formation of clusters in each round, the average power, the number of nodes alive and average total
received data in base stations.
Cluster Head Selection Techniques for Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networ...ijsrd.com
Wireless sensor networks are widely considered as one of the most important technologies. The Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a wireless network consisting of ten to thousand small nodes with sensing, computing and wireless communication capabilities. They have been applied to numerous fields such as healthcare, monitoring system, military, and so forth. Recent advances in wireless sensor networks have led to many new protocols specifically designed for sensor networks where energy awareness is an essential consideration. Energy efficiency is thus a primary issue in maintaining the network. Innovative techniques that improve energy efficiency to prolong the network lifetime are highly required. Clustering is an effective topology control approach in wireless sensor networks. This paper elaborates several techniques like LEACH, HEED, LEACH-B, PEACH, EEUC of cluster head selection for energy efficient in wireless sensor networks.
Design and analysis of mimo system for uwb communicationijwmn
Multiple transmit and receive antennas are used MIMO system. The system creates parallel MIMO
subchannels to transmit independent streams of data under the appropriate channel conditions. Similarly,
Ultrawideband (UWB) communication has attracted great interest for various applications in recent days.
Spatially multiplexed (SM) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems gains the spectral efficiency as
well as high data rates without consuming additional power, bandwidth or time slots. In this paper, we
extend the concept of MIMO to UWB systems. The correlated channel for such purpose is considered and
the performance has been analyzed for spatial multiplexing SM-UWB-MIMO system which is required for
estimation. The system performance substantially degrades in the presence of high values of spatial
correlation. To avoid the degradation of such system, it has been designed for virtual UWB-MIMO Time
Reversal (TR) system, so that it is not affected by the transmit correlation. Another novel method to reduce
the effect of correlation has been chosen by taking the Eigen value of the channel matrix for the
computation of the system performance. The result shows its performance.
Enforcing end to-end proportional fairness with bounded buffer overflow proba...ijwmn
In this paper, we present a distributed flow-based
access scheme for slotted-time protocols, that prov
ides
proportional fairness in ad-hoc wireless networks u
nder constraints on the buffer overflow probabiliti
es at
each node. The proposed scheme requires local infor
mation exchange at the link-layer and end-to-end
information exchange at the transport-layer, and is
cast as a nonlinear program. A medium access contr
ol
protocol is said to be proportionally fair with res
pect to individual end-to-end flows in a network, i
f the
product of the end-to-end flow rates is maximized.
A key contribution of this work lies in the constru
ction of
a distributed dual approach that comes with low com
putational overhead. We discuss the convergence
properties of the proposed scheme and present simul
ation results to support our conclusions.
Hierarchical Coordination for Data Gathering (HCDG) in Wireless Sensor NetworksCSCJournals
A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of large number of sensor nodes where each node operates by a finite battery for sensing, computing, and performing wireless communication tasks. Energy aware routing and MAC protocols were proposed to prolong the lifetime of WSNs. MAC protocols reduce energy consumption by putting the nodes into sleep mode for a relatively longer period of time; thereby minimizing collisions and idle listening time. On the other hand, efficient energy aware routing is achieved by finding the best path from the sensor nodes to the Base Sta-tion (BS) where energy consumption is minimal. In almost all solutions there is always a tradeoff between power consumption and delay reduction. This paper presents an improved hierarchical coordination for data gathering (HCDG) routing schema for WSNs based on multi-level chains formation with data aggregation. Also, this paper provides an analytical model for energy consumption in WSN to compare the performance of our proposed HCDG schema with the near optimal energy reduction methodology, PEGASIS. Our results demonstrate that the proposed routing schema provides relatively lower energy consumption with minimum delay for large scale WSNs.
Wireless sensor network consists of several distributed sensor nodes. It is used for several environmental applications, military applications and health related applications. To prolong the lifetime of the sensor nodes, designing efficient routing protocols is critical. Most of the research in energy efficient data gathering in data centric applications of wireless sensor networks is motivated by LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) scheme. It allows the rotation of cluster head role among the sensor nodes and tries to distribute the energy consumption over the network. Selection of sensor node for such role rotations greatly affects the energy efficiency of the network. Some of the routing protocol has a drawback that the cluster is not evenly distributed due to its randomized rotation of local cluster head. We have surveyed several existing methods for selecting energy efficient cluster head in wireless sensor networks. We have proposed an energy efficient cluster head selection method in which the cluster head selection and replacement cost is reduced and ultimately the network lifetime is increased. Using our proposed method, network life time is increased compared to existing methods. Keywords: WSN, CH, BS, LEACH, LEACH-B, LEACH-F
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
In The present study with the objective of cutting down energy consumption and persistence of
network coverage, we have offered a novel algorithm based on clustering algorithms and multihop routing.To achieve this goal, first, we layer the network environment based on the size of the
network.We will identify the optimal number of cluster heads and every cluster head based on
the mechanism of topology control will start to accept members.Likewise, we set the first layer
as gate layer and subsequently identifying the gate’s nodes, we’d turn away half of the sensors
and then stop using energy and the remaining nodes in this layer will join the gate’s nodes
because they hold a critical part in bettering the functioning of the system. Cluster heads off
following layers send the information to cluster heads in the above layer until sent data will be
sent to gate’s nodes and finally will be sent to sink. We have tested the proposed algorithm in
two situations 1) when the sink is off and 2)when a sink is on and simulation data shows that
proposed algorithm has better performance in terms of the life span of a network than LEACH
and ELEACH protocols.
Maximizing Lifetime of Homogeneous Wireless Sensor Network through Energy Eff...CSCJournals
The objective of this paper is to develop a mechanism to increase the lifetime of homogeneous wireless sensor networks (WSNs) through minimizing long range communication, efficient data delivery and energy balancing. Energy efficiency is a very important issue for sensor nodes which affects the lifetime of sensor networks. To achieve energy balancing and maximizing network lifetime we divided the whole network into different clusters. In cluster based architecture, the role of aggregator node is very crucial because of extra processing and long range communication. Once the aggregator node becomes non functional, it affects the whole cluster. We introduced a candidate cluster head node on the basis of node density. We proposed a modified cluster based WSN architecture by introducing a server node (SN) that is rich in terms of resources. This server node (SN) takes the responsibility of transmitting data to the base station over longer distances from the cluster head. We proposed cluster head selection algorithm based on residual energy, distance, reliability and degree of mobility. The proposed method can save overall energy consumption and extend the lifetime of the sensor network and also addresses robustness against even/uneven node deployment.
NEW APPROACH TO IMPROVING LIFETIME IN HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS ...chokrio
The major challenge for wireless sensor networks is energy consumption minimization. Wireless transmission consumes much more of energy. In the clustered network, a few nodes become cluster heads which causes the energetic heterogeneity. Therefore the behavior of the sensor network becomes very unstable. Hence, the need to apply the balancing of energy consumption across all nodes of the heterogeneous network is very important to prevent the death of those nodes and thereafter increase the
lifetime of the network. DEEC (Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering) is one of routing protocols
designed to extend the stability time of the network by reducing energy consumption. A disadvantage of
DEEC, which doesn’t takes into account the cluster size and the density of nodes in this cluster to elect the
cluster heads. When multiple cluster heads are randomly selected within a small area, a big extra energy
loss occurs. The amount of lost energy is approximately proportional to the number of cluster heads in this
area. In this paper, we propose to improve DEEC by a modified energy efficient algorithm for choosing
cluster heads that exclude a number of low energy levels nodes due to their distribution density and their
dimensions area. We show by simulation in MATLAB that the proposed approach increases the number of
received messages and prolong the lifetime of the network compared to DEEC. We conclude by studying
the parameters of heterogeneity that proposed technique provides a longer stability period which increases
by increasing the number of nodes which are excluded from the cluster head selection.
Energy efficient data communication approach in wireless sensor networksijassn
Wireless sensor network has a vast variety of applications. The adoption of energy efficient cluster-based
configuration has many untapped desirable benefits for the WSNs. The limitation of energy in a sensor
node creates challenges for routing in WSNs. The research work presents the organized and detailed
description of energy conservation method for WSNs. In the proposed method reclustering and multihop
data transmission processes are utilized for data reporting to base station by sensor node. The accurate use
of energy in WSNs is the main challenge for exploiting the network to the full extent. The main aim of the
proposed method is that by evenly distributing the energy all over the sensor nodes and by reducing the
total energy dissipation, the lifetime of the network is enhanced, so that the node will remain alive for
longer times inside the cluster. The result shows that the proposed clustering approach has higher stable
region and network life time than Topology-Controlled Adaptive Clustering (TCAC) and Low-Energy
Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) for WSNs.
ENERGY EFFICIENT HIERARCHICAL CLUSTER HEAD ELECTION USING EXPONENTIAL DECAY F...ijwmn
In the recent years, wireless sensor network (WSN) have witnessed increased interest in information gathering in applications such as combat field reconnaissance, security surveillance, environmental monitoring, patient health monitoring and so on. Thus, there is a need for scalable and energy-efficient routing, data gathering and aggregation protocols in these WSN environments. Various hierarchical
clustering Protocols have been proposed by authors for WSN to improve system stability, lifetime, and energy efficiency. Clustering involves grouping nodes into disjoint and non-overlapping clusters. In this paper we motivate the need for clustering. Secondly, we present general classification of published clustering schemes. Thirdly, we review some existing clustering algorithms proposed for WSNs; highlighting their objectives, features, and so on. Finally, we develop an Average Energy (AvE) prediction algorithm using exponential decay function y=Ae-ax+B. We then combine this function with the
probabilistic distributed LEACH of algorithm to determine suitable CHs. The combined algorithm was implemented on MATLAB simulator and tested for homogenous network. The result gathered from the simulation shows that the extended algorithm in homogenous network mode is able to achieve 39%
stability, 11% Average energy Dissipation per round and 40% Lifespan better than LEACH-Homo. This paper proposes a new direction in improving energy efficiency of WSN routing protocol, which is desirable in some critical WSN applications. .
ENERGY EFFICIENT AGGREGATION WITH DIVERGENT SINK PLACEMENT FOR WIRELESS SENSO...ijasuc
In WSN the data aggregation is a means for condensing the energy requirement by reducing number of
transmission by combining the data and sending the final required result to the base station. The lifetime
of the WSN can be improved by employing the aggregation techniques. During the process of aggregation
the numbers of transmission are reduced by combining the similar data from the nearby areas. By using
the clustering technique and aggregating the correlated data greatly minimize the energy consumed in
collecting and disseminating the data. In this work, we evaluate the performance of a novel energy
efficient cluster based aggregation protocol (EECAP) for WSN. The main focus in this proposed work is
to study the performance of our proposed aggregation protocol with divergent sink placements such as
when sink is at the centre of the sensing field, corner of the sensing field or at a location selected
randomly in the sensor field. We present experimental results by calculating the lifetime of network in
terms of number of sensing rounds using various parameters such as – average remaining energy of
nodes, number of dead nodes after the specified number of sensing rounds. Finally the performance of
various aggregation algorithms such as LEACH, SEP and our proposed aggregation protocol (EECAP)
are compared with divergent sink placements. The simulation results demonstrates that EECAP exhibits
good performance in terms of lifetime and the energy consumption of the wireless sensor networks and
which can be as equally compared with existing clustering protocols.
Energy aware clustering protocol (eacp)IJCNCJournal
Energy saving to prolong the network life is an important design issue while developing a new routing
protocol for wireless sensor network. Clustering is a key technique for this and helps in maximizing the
network lifetime and scalability. Most of the routing and data dissemination protocols of WSN assume a
homogeneous network architecture, in which all sensors have the same capabilities in terms of battery
power, communication, sensing, storage, and processing. Recently, there has been an interest in
heterogeneous sensor networks, especially for real deployments. This research paper has proposed a new
energy aware clustering protocol (EACP) for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. Heterogeneity is
introduced in EACP by using two types of nodes: normal and advanced. In EACP cluster heads for normal
nodes are elected with the help of a probability scheme based on residual and average energy of the
normal nodes. This will ensure that only the high residual normal nodes can become the cluster head in a
round. Advanced nodes use a separate probability based scheme for cluster head election and they will
further act as a gateway for normal cluster heads and transmit their data load to base station when they
are not doing the duty of a cluster head. Finally a sleep state is suggested for some sensor nodes during
cluster formation phase to save network energy. The performance of EACP is compared with SEP and
simulation result shows the better result for stability period, network life and energy saving than SEP.
Optimized Cluster Establishment and Cluster-Head Selection Approach in WSNIJCNCJournal
In recent years, limited resources of user products and energy-saving are recognized as the major challenges of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Clustering is a practical technique that can reduce all energy consumption and provide stability of workload that causes a larger difference in energy depletion among other nodes and cluster heads (CHs). In addition, clustering is the solution of energy-efficient for maximizing the network longevity and improvising energy efficiency. In this paper, a novel OCE-CHS (Optimized Cluster Establishment and Cluster-Head Selection) approach for sensor nodes is represented to improvise the packet success ratio and reduce the average energy-dissipation. The main contribution of this paper is categorized into two processes, first, the clustering algorithm is improvised that periodically chooses the optimal set of the CHs according to the speed of the average node and average-node energy. This is considerably distinguished from node-based clustering that utilizes a distributed clustering algorithm to choose CHs based on the speed of the current node and remaining node energy. Second, more than one factor is assumed for the detached node to join the optimal cluster. In the result section, we discuss our clustering protocols implementation of optimal CH-selection to evade the death of SNs, maximizing throughput, and further improvise the network lifetime by minimizing energy consumption.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
ENERGY SAVINGS IN APPLICATIONS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS TIME CRITICAL REQ...IJCNCJournal
Along with handling and poor storage capacity, each sensor in wireless sensor network (WSN) is equipped
with a limited power source and very difficult to be replaced in most application environments. Improving
the energy savings in applications for wireless sensor networks is necessary. In this paper, we mainly focus
on energy consumption savings in applications for wireless sensor networks time critical requirements. Our
Paper accompanying analysis of advanced technologies for energy saving techniques for the optimization
of energy efficiency together with the data transmission is optimal. Moreover, we propose improvements to
increase energy savings in applications for wireless sensor networks require time critical (LEACH
improvements). Simulation results show that our proposed protocol significantly better than LEACH about
the formation of clusters in each round, the average power, the number of nodes alive and average total
received data in base stations.
Cluster Head Selection Techniques for Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networ...ijsrd.com
Wireless sensor networks are widely considered as one of the most important technologies. The Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a wireless network consisting of ten to thousand small nodes with sensing, computing and wireless communication capabilities. They have been applied to numerous fields such as healthcare, monitoring system, military, and so forth. Recent advances in wireless sensor networks have led to many new protocols specifically designed for sensor networks where energy awareness is an essential consideration. Energy efficiency is thus a primary issue in maintaining the network. Innovative techniques that improve energy efficiency to prolong the network lifetime are highly required. Clustering is an effective topology control approach in wireless sensor networks. This paper elaborates several techniques like LEACH, HEED, LEACH-B, PEACH, EEUC of cluster head selection for energy efficient in wireless sensor networks.
Design and analysis of mimo system for uwb communicationijwmn
Multiple transmit and receive antennas are used MIMO system. The system creates parallel MIMO
subchannels to transmit independent streams of data under the appropriate channel conditions. Similarly,
Ultrawideband (UWB) communication has attracted great interest for various applications in recent days.
Spatially multiplexed (SM) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems gains the spectral efficiency as
well as high data rates without consuming additional power, bandwidth or time slots. In this paper, we
extend the concept of MIMO to UWB systems. The correlated channel for such purpose is considered and
the performance has been analyzed for spatial multiplexing SM-UWB-MIMO system which is required for
estimation. The system performance substantially degrades in the presence of high values of spatial
correlation. To avoid the degradation of such system, it has been designed for virtual UWB-MIMO Time
Reversal (TR) system, so that it is not affected by the transmit correlation. Another novel method to reduce
the effect of correlation has been chosen by taking the Eigen value of the channel matrix for the
computation of the system performance. The result shows its performance.
Enforcing end to-end proportional fairness with bounded buffer overflow proba...ijwmn
In this paper, we present a distributed flow-based
access scheme for slotted-time protocols, that prov
ides
proportional fairness in ad-hoc wireless networks u
nder constraints on the buffer overflow probabiliti
es at
each node. The proposed scheme requires local infor
mation exchange at the link-layer and end-to-end
information exchange at the transport-layer, and is
cast as a nonlinear program. A medium access contr
ol
protocol is said to be proportionally fair with res
pect to individual end-to-end flows in a network, i
f the
product of the end-to-end flow rates is maximized.
A key contribution of this work lies in the constru
ction of
a distributed dual approach that comes with low com
putational overhead. We discuss the convergence
properties of the proposed scheme and present simul
ation results to support our conclusions.
ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DATA FUSION ASSURANCEijwmn
Data fusion techniques reduce total network traffic in a wireless sensor network, since data fusion can
integrate multiple raw data sets into one fused data set. However, the security or assurance of the data
requires more processing power and is an important issue. Increasing the security of the fusion data
increases factors such as power consumption, and packet overhead. Therefore any data fusion assurance
scheme must be power efficient as well as secure. There are currently several methods of data fusion
assurance that have been proposed. Therefore, this paper looks at the current data fusion assurance
methods and proposes new schemes focused on reducing power consumption. In this paper, several data
fusion assurance schemes are also compared to determine which scheme is the most energy efficient.
Implementation of application for huge data file transferijwmn
Nowadays big data transfers make people’s life difficult. During the big data transfer, people waste so
much time. Big data pool grows everyday by sharing data. People prefer to keep their backups at the cloud
systems rather than their computers. Furthermore considering the safety of cloud systems, people prefer to
keep their data at the cloud systems instead of their computers. When backups getting too much size, their
data transfer becomes nearly impossible. It is obligated to transfer data with various algorithms for moving
data from one place to another. These algorithms constituted for transferring data faster and safer. In this
Project, an application has been developed to transfer of the huge files. Test results show its efficiency and
success.
Analyses and performance of techniques papr reduction for stbc mimo ofdm syst...ijwmn
An OFDM system is combined with multiple-input mult
iple-output (MIMO) in order to increase the
diversity gain and system capacity over the time va
riant frequency-selective channels. However, a maj
or
drawback of MIMO-OFDM system is that the transmitte
d signals on different antennas might exhibit high
peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR).In this paper, w
e present a PAPR analysis reduction of space-time-
block-coded (STBC) MIMO-OFDM system for 4G wireless
networks. Several techniques have been used to
reduce the PAPR of the (STBC) MIMOOFDM system: clip
ping and filtering, partial transmit sequence
(PTS) and selected mapping (SLM). Simulation result
s show that clipping and filtering provides a bette
r
PAPR reduction than the others methods and only SLM
technique conserve the PAPR reduction in
reception part of signal.
A comparative study on different trust based routing schemes in manetijwmn
A mobile ad hoc network is a wireless network in which no infrastructure is available. MANET is a selfconfiguring
network. Due to dynamic nature of MANET it is very challenging work to employ a secure
route. The intermediate nodes cooperate with each other as there is no such base station or access point.
The routing protocols play important role in transferring data. Cryptographic mechanisms are used in
routing protocols to secure data packets while transmitted in the network. But cryptographic techniques
incur a high computational cost and can’t identify the nodes with malicious intention. So, employing
cryptographic techniques in MANET are quite impractical as MANETs have limited resource and
vulnerable to several security attacks. Trust mechanism is used as an alternative to cryptographic
technique. Trust mechanism secures data forwarding by isolating nodes with malicious intention using trust
value on the nodes. In this paper we survey different trust based protocols of MANET and compare their
performances.
Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) are characterized by open structure, lack of standard infrastructure
and un-accessibility to the trusted servers. The performance of various MANET routing protocols is
significantly affected due to frequently changing network topology, confined network resources and
security of data packets. In this paper, a simulation based performance comparison of one of the most
commonly used on-demand application oriented routing protocols, AODV (Ad hoc on-demand Distance
Vector) and its optimized versions R-AODV (Reverse AODV) and PHR-AODV (Path hopping based
Reverse AODV) has been presented. Basically the paper evaluates these protocols based on a wide set of
performance metrics by varying both the number of nodes and the nodes maximum speed. A NS-2 based
simulation study shows that, as compared to AODV and PHR-AODV, R-AODV enhances the packet
delivery fraction by 15-20% and reduces the latency approximately by 50%. R-AODV requires lesser node
energy for data transmission.
Multiagent based multipath routing in wireless sensor networksijwmn
This paper proposes a Multiagent Based Multipath Routing (MBMR) using a set of static and mobile agents
by employing localization technique. The operation of proposed routing technique can be briefly explained
as follows. (1) Anchor nodes are deployed evenly over the network environment. (2) Unknown sensor nodes
are deployed randomly over network environment and these nodes perform localization. (3) Source node
computes the shortest route to destination node through arbitrary midpoint node and intermediate nodes.
(4) Source node generates mobile agents for partial route discovery, which traverses to destination node
through the midpoint and intermediate nodes by carrying information. (5) Mobile agents update the
destination node with carried information. (6) Destination node computes route weight factor for all the
routes discovered by mobile agents. (7) Destination node computes the node disjoint routes and it selects
routes depending on the criticalness of event for communication. The performance of the proposed scheme
is evaluated in terms of performance parameters such as localization error, network lifetime, energy
consumption, cost factor, packet delivery ratio, and latency.
Wmn06MODERNIZED INTRUSION DETECTION USING ENHANCED APRIORI ALGORITHM ijwmn
Communication networks are essential and it will create many crucial issues today. Nowadays, we
consider that the firewalls are the first line of defense but that policies cannot meet the particular
requirements of needed process to achieve security. Most of the research has been done in this area but
we are lagging to achieve security needs. Already many models such as ADAM, DHP, LERAD and
ENTROPHY are proposed to resolve security problems but we need an efficient model to detect new types
of various intrusions within the entire network. In this paper, we proposed to design a modernized
intrusion detection system which consist of two methods such as anomaly and misuse detection. Both are
integrated and also used to detect novel attacks. Our system proposed to discover temporal pattern of
attacker behaviors, which is profiled using an algorithm EAA (Enhanced Apriori Algorithm). This is
experimented with a simple interface to display the behaviors of attacks effectively
USER CENTRIC NETWORK SELECTION IN WIRELESS HETNETSijwmn
The future generation wireless networks are expected to beheterogeneous networksconsisting of UMTS,
WLAN, WiMAX, LTE etc. A heterogeneous network provides users with different data rate and Quality of
Service (QoS). Users of future mobile networks will be able to choose from different radio access
technologies. These networks vary widely in service capabilities such as coverage area, bandwidth and
error characteristics. Network selection is a challenging task in heterogeneous networks and will
influence the performance metrics of importance for both service provider and subscriber.This paper
analysesuser centric network selection based on QoE (Quality of Experience) which include both
technical and economical aspects of the user. WLAN-WiMAX-UMTS networks are integrated and the
network selection for the integrated network is performed using game theory based network selection
algorithm.
Geographic routing protocols for underwater wireless sensor networks a surveyijwmn
Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSN), similar to the terrestrial sensor networks, have different
challenges such as limited bandwidth, low battery power, defective underwater channels, and high variable
propagation delay. A crucial problem in UWSN is finding an efficient route between a source and a
destination. Consequently, great efforts have been made for designing efficient protocols while considering
the unique characteristics of underwater communication. Several routing protocols are proposed for this
issue and can be classified into geographic and non-geographic routing protocols. In this paper we focus
on the geographic routing protocols. We introduce a review and comparison of different algorithms
proposed recently in the literature. We also presented a novel taxonomy of these routing in which the
protocols are classified into three categories (greedy, restricted directional flooding and hierarchical)
according to their forwarding strategies.
Amplitude and phase modulation for ultrasonic wireless communicationijwmn
Short range wireless communications have been used more and more frequently in our life. But the
electromagnetic fields waves also have some disadvantages. One of these disadvantages is health problems.
Many studies shows the electromagnetic field waves using for communication may damage our health. And
in most hospitals, they also have bans on the use of mobile phones and wide area networks because of
Electromagnetic Interference. So this paper studied the use of ultrasound for wireless communication in
air, instead of using electromagnetic field wave. In order to find an advisable modulation method for
ultrasound wireless communication, Amplitude modulation method and Phased modulation method has
been test.
Performance Simulation and Analysis for LTESystem Using Human Behavior Queue ...ijwmn
Understanding the nature of traffic has been a key concern of the researchers particularly over the last
two decades and it has been noticed through extensive high quality studies that traffic found in different
kinds of IP/wireless IP networks is human operators . Despite the recent findings of real time human
behavior in measured traffic from data networks, much of the current understanding of IP traffic
modeling is still based on simplistic probability distributed traffic. Unlike most existing studies that are
primarily based on simplistic probabilistic model and traditional scheduling algorithms, this research
presents an analytical performance model for real time human behavior queue systems with intelligent
task management traffic input scheduled by a novel and promising scheduling mechanism for 4G-LTE
system. Our proposed model is substantiated on human behavior queuing system that considers real time
of traffic exhibiting homogeneous tasks characteristics. We analyze the model on the basis of newly
proposed scheduling scheme for 4G-LTE system. We present closed form expressions of expected
response times for real time traffic classes. We develop a discrete event simulator to understand the
behavior of real time of arriving tasks traffic under this newly proposed scheduling mechanism for 4GLTE system . The results indicate that our proposed scheduling algorithm provides preferential treatment
to real-time applications such as voice and video but not to that extent that data applications are starving
for bandwidth and outperforms all other scheduling schemes that are available in the market.
Effect of node mobility onaomdv protocol in manetijwmn
In this paper, we have analyzed the effect of node mobility on theperformance of AOMDV multipath routing
protocol. This routing protocol in ad hoc network has been analyzed with random way point mobility model
only. This is not sufficient to evaluate the behavior of a routing protocol. Therefore, in this paper, we
have considered Random waypoint, Random Direction and Probabilistic Random Walk mobility Model for
performance analysis of AOMDV protocol. The result reveals that packet delivery ratio decreases with the
increasing node mobility forall mobility models. Also, average end-to-end delay is also vary with varying
node speed, initially upto 20 nodes in all mobility models delay is minimum.
AN IMPROVED DECENTRALIZED APPROACH FOR TRACKING MULTIPLE MOBILE TARGETS THROU...ijwmn
Target localization and tracking problems in WSNs have received considerable attention recently, driven
by the requirement to achieve high localization accuracy, with the minimum cost possible. In WSN based
tracking applications, it is critical to know the current location of any sensor node with the minimum
energy consumed. This paper focuses on the energy consumption issue in terms of communication
between nodes whenever the localization information is transmitted to a sink node. Tracking through
WSNs can be categorized into centralized and decentralized systems. Decentralized systems offer low
power consumption when deployed to track a small number of mobile targets compared to the centralized
tracking systems. However, in several applications, it is essential to position a large number of mobile
targets. In such applications, decentralized systems offer high power consumption, since the location of
each mobile target is required to be transmitted to a sink node, and this increases the power consumption
for the whole WSN. In this paper, we propose a power efficient decentralized approach for tracking a
large number of mobile targets while offering reasonable localization accuracy through ZigBee network
INCREASING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS LIFETIME WITH NEW METHODijwmn
One of the most important issues in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is severe energy restrictions. As the
performance of Sensor Networks is strongly dependence to the network lifetime, researchers seek a way to
use node energy supply effectively and increasing network lifetime. As a consequence, it is crucial to use
routing algorithms result in decrease energy consumption and better bandwidth utilization. The purpose of
this paper is to increase Wireless Sensor Networks lifetime using LEACH-algorithm. So before clustering
Network environment, it is divided into two virtual layers (using distance between sensor nodes and base
station) and then regarding to sensors position in each of two layers, residual energy of sensor and
distance from base station is used in clustering. In this article, we compare proposed algorithm with wellknown LEACH and ELEACH algorithms in homogenous environment (with equal energy for all sensors)
and heterogeneous one (energy of half of sensors get doubled), also for static and dynamic situation of base
station. Results show that our proposed algorithm delivers improved performance.
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
ENERGY EFFICIENT DATA COMMUNICATION APPROACH IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSijassn
Wireless sensor network has a vast variety of applications. The adoption of energy efficient cluster-based configuration has many untapped desirable benefits for the WSNs. The limitation of energy in a sensor node creates challenges for routing in WSNs. The research work presents the organized and detailed description of energy conservation method for WSNs. In the proposed method reclustering and multihop data transmission processes are utilized for data reporting to base station by sensor node. The accurate use of energy in WSNs is the main challenge for exploiting the network to the full extent. The main aim of the proposed method is that by evenly distributing the energy all over the sensor nodes and by reducing the total energy dissipation, the lifetime of the network is enhanced, so that the node will remain alive for longer times inside the cluster. The result shows that the proposed clustering approach has higher stable region and network life time than Topology-Controlled Adaptive Clustering (TCAC) and Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) for WSNs.
Analysis of Packet Loss Rate in Wireless Sensor Network using LEACH ProtocolIJTET Journal
Abstract: Wireless sensor network (WSN) is used to collect and send various kinds of messages to a base station (BS). Wireless sensor nodes are deployed randomly and densely in a target region, especially where the physical environment is very harsh that the macro-sensor counterparts cannot be deployed. Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchical (LEACH) Routing protocol builds a process where it reduces the Packet Loss Rate from 100 % to 55% .Simulations are carried out using NS2 simulator.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
ENERGY EFFICIENT GRID AND TREE BASED ROUTING PROTOCOLijwmn
In Wireless Sensor Network, a large number of sensor nodes are deployed and they mainly consume energy
in transmitting data over long distances. Sensor nodes are battery powered and their energy is restricted.
Since the location of the sink is remote, considerable energy would be consumed if each node directly
transmits data to the base station. Aggregating data at the intermediate nodes and transmitting using multihops
aids in reducing energy consumption to a great extent. This paper proposes a hybrid protocol
“Energy efficient Grid and Tree based routing protocol” (EGT) in which the sensing area is divided into
grids. The nodes in the grid relay data to the cell leader which aggregates the data and transmits to the
sink using the constructed hop tree. Simulation results show that EGT performs better than LEACH.
Clustering provides an effective method for
extending the lifetime of a wireless sensor network. Current
clustering methods selecting cluster heads with more residual
energy, and rotating cluster heads periodically to distribute the
energy consumption among nodes in each cluster. However,
they rarely consider the hot spot problem in multi hop sensor
networks. When cluster heads forward their data to the base
station, the cluster heads closer to the base station are heavily
burdened with traffic and tend to die much faster. To mitigate
the hot spot problem, we propose a Novel Energy Efficient
Unequal Clustering Routing (NEEUC) protocol. It uses residual
energy and groupsthe nodesinto clusters of unequal layers
SIMULATION BASED ANALYSIS OF CLUSTER-BASED PROTOCOL IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKijngnjournal
The modern growth in fabricate energy efficient Wireless Sensor Network is liberal a novel way to
systematize WSN in applications like surveillance, industrial monitoring, traffic monitoring, habitat
monitoring, cropping monitoring, crowd including etc. The rising use of these networks is making
engineers evolve novel and efficient ideas in this field. A group of research in data routing, data density
and in network aggregation has been proposed in recent years. The energy consumption is the main
apprehension in the wireless sensor network. There are many protocols in wireless sensor network to
diminish the energy consumption and to put in to the network lifetime. Among a range of types of
techniques, clustering is the most efficient technique to diminish the energy expenditure of network. In
this effort, LEACH protocol has been second-hand for clustering in which cluster heads are nominated on
the basis of distance and energy. The LEACH protocol is been implemented in a simulated environment
and analyze their performance graphically.
Simulation Based Analysis of Cluster-Based Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networkjosephjonse
The modern growth in fabricate energy efficient Wireless Sensor Network is liberal a novel way to systematize WSN in applications like surveillance, industrial monitoring, traffic monitoring, habitat monitoring, cropping monitoring, crowd including etc. The rising use of these networks is making engineers evolve novel and efficient ideas in this field. A group of research in data routing, data density and in network aggregation has been proposed in recent years. The energy consumption is the main apprehension in the wireless sensor network. There are many protocols in wireless sensor network to diminish the energy consumption and to put in to the network lifetime. Among a range of types of techniques, clustering is the most efficient technique to diminish the energy expenditure of network. In this effort, LEACH protocol has been second-hand for clustering in which cluster heads are nominated on the basis of distance and energy. The LEACH protocol is been implemented in a simulated environment and analyze their performance graphically.
Analysis of different hierarchical routing protocols of wireless sensor networkeSAT Journals
Abstarct Wireless sensored network is nowadays very popular in the field of research because world is now switching faster from wired communication to the wireless communication. It is used in environment monitoring, habitat monitoring, battlefield etc. WSN is made up of tiny sensor nodes which senses the data and communicate to the base station via other nodes.WSN networks are data-centric rather than node centric. So, main issues in WSN networks are energy consumption of network, lifetime of a network, delay, latency, quality of service etc.WSN has defined many routing protocols for the network. The main challenge in WSN is to design a routing protocol which gives the maximum energy efficient routing because nodes in sensored network are equipped with the battery. So, as time passes the battery of nodes will decrease so in turn network lifetime will decreases. There are many routing protocols which are classified as their working and their application to different conditions. This paper describes a brief information about routing protocols. The main focus of this paper is to give the comparison of different hierarchical routing protocols. Keywords: Leach, Pegasis,Teen/Apteen, WSN
Analysis of different hierarchical routing protocols of wireless sensor networkeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK CLUSTERING USING PARTICLES SWARM OPTIMIZATION FOR RED...IJMIT JOURNAL
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) is composed of a large number of small nodes with limited functionality. The most important issue in this type of networks is energy constraints. In this area several researches have been done from which clustering is one of the most effective solutions. The goal of clustering is to divide network into sections each of which has a cluster head (CH). The task of cluster heads collection, data aggregation and transmission to the base station is undertaken. In this paper, we introduce a new approach for clustering sensor networks based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm using the optimal fitness function, which aims to extend network lifetime. The parameters used in this algorithm are residual energy density, the distance from the base station, intra-cluster distance from the cluster head. Simulation results show that the proposed method is more effective compared to protocols such as (LEACH, CHEF, PSO-MV) in terms of network lifetime and energy consumption.
Optimized Projected Strategy for Enhancement of WSN Using Genetic AlgorithmsIJMER
This paper put forward a new strategy for selecting the most favorable cluster head in Stable
Election Protocol (SEP). The planned approach selects a node as cluster head if it has the maximum
energy among all the available nodes in that particular cluster. It considers diverse nodes and divides
nodes among normal, transitional and advance nodes. To handle the heterogeneity of the nodes, different
optimized probability density functions are selected. First node dead time explain the network stability
period and last node dead explain the overall network lifetime. The main pressure is to increase the time
when first node dies and also when last node dies. The projected strategy is designed and implemented in
the Matlab using mathematics toolbox. The projected algorithm is also compared with the some prominent
protocols like leach, E-LEACH, SEP and extended SEP
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Various Clustering Techniques in Wireless Sensor NetworkEditor IJCATR
This document describes the various clustering techniques used in wireless sensor networks. Wireless sensor networks are
having vast applications in all fields which utilize sensor nodes. Clustering techniques are required so that sensor networks can
communicate in most efficient way.
Data gathering in wireless sensor networks using intermediate nodesIJCNCJournal
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Optimizing the Performance of I-mod Leach-PD Protocol in Wireless Sensor Netw...ijsrd.com
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is a networks of thousands of inexpensive miniature devices capable of computation, communication and sensing. WSN is being been attracting increasing interest for supporting a new generation of ubiquitous computing systems with great potential for many applications such as surveillance, environmental monitoring, health care monitoring or home automation. In the near future, wireless sensor network is expected to consists of thousand of inexpensive nodes, each having sensing capability with limited computational and communication power which enables to deploy large scale sensor networks. Large scale WSN is usually implemented as a cluster network. Clustering sensors into groups, so that sensors communicate information only to cluster-heads and then the cluster-heads communicate the aggregated information to the base station, saves energy and thus prolongs network lifetime. LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) protocol is one of the clustering routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. The advantage of LEACH is that each node has the equal probability to be a cluster head, which makes the energy dissipation of each node be relatively balanced. In LEACH protocol, time is divided into many rounds, in each round, all the nodes contend to be cluster head according to a predefined criterion. This paper focuses on how to set the time length of each round, how to adjust threshold based on the residual energy, and the measurement of energy required for transmission, based on the distance of cluster head from the base station, to prolong the lifetime of the network and increase throughput, which is denoted as the amount of data packs sent to the sink node. The functions of residual energy and required energy, and the time length of each round are deduced, thereby modifying the threshold value calculation. These functions can be used to enhance the performance of cluster-based wireless sensor networks in terms of lifetime and throughput.
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1. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
AN ENERGY SAVING ALGORITHM TO PROLONG
THE LIFETIME OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK
Monika Raghatate1 and Prof. Dipak W. Wajgi2
1Department of Computer Engineering, St. Vincent Pallotti College of
Engineering and Technology, Nagpur, India
2Department of Computer Engineering, St. Vincent Pallotti College of
Engineering and Technology, Nagpur, India
ABSTRACT
This paper considers a heterogeneous network of energy constrained sensors deployed over a region. Each
Normal sensor node in a network is systematically gathering and transmitting sensed data to the cluster-head,
and then cluster head sending data to a base station (via intermediate cluster- heads). This paper
focuses on reducing the energy consumption and hence improving lifetime of wireless sensor Networks.
Clustering sensor node is an effective topology for the energy constrained networks. So energy saving
algorithm has been developed in which clusters are formed considering a subset of high energy nodes as a
cluster-head and another subset of powerful nodes is ask to go to sleep. When Cluster heads deplete their
energy another subset of nodes becomes active and acts as a cluster head. Proposed approach is
implemented in MATLAB, Simulation results shows that it can prolong the network lifetime than LEACH
protocol, and achieves better performance than the existing clustering algorithms such as LEACH.
KEYWORDS
Cluster Head, Energy Saving Algorithm, MATLAB, Network Lifetime, Wireless Sensor Network.
1. INTRODUCTION
A wireless sensor networks (WSN) is a network of small devices called as sensor nodes deployed
over a geographical area for monitoring physical phenomena like seismic events, vibrations,
temperature, humidity and so on [1]. Typically, a sensor node is a small/tiny device which has
three basic components: sensing subsystem, processing subsystem and wireless communication
subsystem. A sensing subsystem for sensing data from the physical surrounding environment, a
processing subsystem for processing data and storage, and a wireless communication subsystem
for data transmission. It also has a power source often consists of a battery which has limited
energy budget and it is inconvenient or impractical to recharge the battery or nodes may be
deployed in an environment where human being cannot reach. For example, in underwater
scenario, there is no plugin socket to provide power as per requirement.
Military applications motivated the development of wireless sensor network. However, Now in
many application areas including environment, Hospitals, agriculture, habitat monitoring etc.
wireless sensor networks are used, due to various limitations arising from their inexpensive
nature, weight, limited size, and ad hoc method of deployment; To prolong the lifetime of the
network it is necessary to find energy efficient route setup and reliable transmission of data from
the sensor nodes to the base station or sink [2]. To improve the performance of the sensor network
application, it is necessary to improve the lifetime of network and it can be possible by saving
energy of nodes. In some cases it is possible to gather energy from the external environment [3].
DOI : 10.5121/ijwmn.2014.6503 33
2. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
However, external power supply sources often show an interrupted behavior so that an energy
buffer is needed as well. Energy is a very limited resource and must be used properly. Therefore,
energy conservation is a fundamental issue in the design of systems based on wireless sensor
networks.
The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. In Section II, review of literature is discussed.
Section III describes Mathematical Model. Section IV describes Proposed Approach. In Section
V simulation Results are discussed. Finally, Section VI gives concluding remarks and future
scope.
34
2. RELATED WORK
2.1 Leach
Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol [4] has proposed by W. R.
Heinzelman, A. P. Chandrakasan and H. Balakrishnan. It is one of the most popular hierarchical
routing algorithms for sensor networks. The idea is to form clusters of the sensor nodes based on
the received signal strength and use local cluster heads as routers to the sink. This reduces energy
consumption since the transmissions will only be done by such cluster heads rather than all sensor
nodes. Minimum number of cluster heads (CHs) is estimated to be 5% of the total number of
nodes. All the data processing such as data fusion and aggregation are local to the cluster. Cluster
heads change randomly over time in order to balance the energy depletion of nodes. The working
of LEACH is divided into two phases: Set up Phase and steady state phase. Each round starts with
a set-up (clustering) phase, where clusters are formed, followed by a steady-state (transmission)
phase in which data packets are transferred from normal nodes to cluster heads. After data
aggregation, cluster heads will transmit the aggregated data to the Base Station.
2.1.1 Disadvantages
Homogeneous distribution of sensor nodes is assumed.
LEACH is not applicable in large regions.
Distribution of the CH nodes in the network is not uniformed.
2.2 PEGASIS Protocol
S. Lindsey and C. Raghavendra [5] have proposed Power Efficient Gathering in Sensor
Information Systems (PEGASIS) protocol. It is an improved version of LEACH. Rather than
forming clusters, it forms chains of sensor nodes. Single node is responsible for transferring the
aggregated data to the base station. Each node aggregates the collected data with its own data, and
then passes the aggregated data to the next ring. PEGASIS is different from LEACH because it
employ multi hop transmission and select only one node to transmit the data to the sink or base
station. Since it eliminates the overhead caused by dynamic cluster formation, multi hop
transmission and data aggregation is employed; PEGASIS achieves better performance than
LEACH. However for distant nodes excessive delay is introduced, especially for large networks
and single leader can be a bottleneck.
2.3 TEEN Protocol
Threshold sensitive Energy Efficient sensor Network Protocol (TEEN) [6] has proposed by A.
Manjeshwar and D. P. Agarwal. In this protocol clusters are formed considering the nearer nodes,
with a cluster heads to transmit the collected data to one upper layer. After forming the clusters,
3. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
cluster heads broadcast two threshold values. First one is hard threshold; it is minimum possible
value of an attribute to trigger a sensor node. Hard threshold allows nodes transmit the event, if
the event occurs in the range of interest. Therefore a significant reduction of the transmission
delay occurs. Unless a change of minimum soft threshold occurs, the nodes don’t send a new data
packet. Employing soft threshold prevents from the redundant data transmission. Since the
protocol is to be responsive to the sudden changes in the sensed attribute, it is suitable for time-critical
applications. They have also proposed Adaptive Threshold sensitive Energy Efficient
sensor Network Protocol (APTEEN) protocol [7]. The protocol is an extension of TEEN aiming
to capture both time-critical events and periodic data collections. The network architecture is
same as TEEN. After forming clusters the cluster heads broadcast attributes, the threshold values,
and the transmission schedule to all nodes. Cluster heads are also responsible for data aggregation
in order to decrease the size data transmitted so energy consumed. According to energy
dissipation and network lifetime, TEEN gives better performance than LEACH and APTEEN
because of the decreased number of transmissions. The main drawbacks of TEEN and APTEEN
are overhead and complexity of forming clusters in multiple levels, implementing threshold-based
functions and dealing with attribute based naming of queries.
35
2.4 SEP Protocol
Stable Election Protocol (SEP) protocol [8] has proposed by G. Smaragdakis, I. Matta and A.
Bestavros. This protocol is an extension to the LEACH protocol. It is a heterogeneous aware
protocol which is based on weighted election probabilities of each node to become cluster head
according to their respective energy. SEP ensures that the cluster head election is randomly
selected and distributed based on the fraction of energy of each node considering a uniform use of
the nodes energy. In SEP, two types of nodes i.e. two tier in-clustering and two level hierarchies
were considered.
2.5 DEEC Protocol
Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering Protocol (DEEC) [9] has proposed by Q. Li, Z. Qingxin
and W. Mingwen. This protocol is a cluster based scheme for two level and multi level energy
heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. This scheme, selects cluster heads using the probability
based on the ratio between residual energy of each node and the average energy of the network.
The epochs are different according to their initial and residual energy of being cluster-heads for
nodes. The chance of the becoming cluster heads depends on nodes initial and residual energy,
the nodes with high initial and residual energy have more chances than the nodes with low
energy.
2.6 HEED Protocol
Hybrid Energy Efficient Distributed clustering Protocol (HEED) [10] has proposed by O. Younis
and S. Fahmy. The basic scheme of LEACH is extended by HEED using residual energy as
primary parameter and network topology features for e.g. node degree, distances to neighbours
etc. are used as a secondary parameters to break tie between candidate cluster heads, as a metric
for cluster selection to achieve power balancing[13]. The process of clustering is divided into a
number of iterations, and in each iterations, nodes which are not covered by any cluster head
shows their probability of becoming a cluster head. Since these energy-efficient clustering
protocols enable every node to independently and probabilistically decide on its role in the
clustered network, they cannot guarantee minimum elected set of cluster heads [12, 13].
4. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
36
2.7 EEICCP Protocol
Shalli Rani et.al has proposed Energy Efficient inter cluster coordination Protocol [11] for the
wireless sensor networks, It is a cluster based algorithm in which different levels of clusters are
considered on the basis of received signal strength to recognize the distance of the clusters from
the BS (base station) and to determine the number of cluster coordinators to make routes for the
CHs to transmit the data. The protocol depends upon the fact that some cluster head sends data
directly to the base station (Single hop) and the some send by multi hop transmission, but energy
consumption in conventional protocols increases due to multi path fading channel which affects
the network life time. An attempt has been made to reduce this power loss in to free space model
that is d2. The arrangements of the nodes has been done in this way that one cluster always, is
very close to the base station i.e. in line of sight propagation and that cluster will have head nodes
sufficient for all the below clusters which will forward the data of all those clusters. Layers of
clusters have been so there is always one cluster coordinator for every lowest cluster. The division
of clusters is done from top to bottom.
EEICCP protocol works by starting the election phase in which the cluster heads are elected
according to the distance based on RSS. Number of clusters is fixed so as the cluster heads and the
cluster coordinators after election of cluster coordinators by the CHs, a cluster id is assigned to
each cluster head and the cluster coordinator. This id is transmitted by each cluster to their nodes
by the advertisement message. And cluster co-coordinators also pass their own ids. After that the
transmission phase begins in which data is transferred to the cluster head and that data is passed
to the base station with the help of CCOs. In first round the data is collected by the CH of that
cluster which has data to send, then in the other iterations the data is passed to the base station
with the help of cluster co-coordinators.
EEICCP outperforms conventional protocols that send data directly to the BS through their
respective CHs. Dividing the network into layers of clusters has been proved to be a good
approach in reducing the energy to a great extent. Each node has the equal responsibility of
receiving data from all other nodes in the cluster and to transmit the aggregating signal to the base
station. Simulations show that EEICCP reduces start energy 151 times than both HCR and
LEACH, energy of one iteration by 0.2926 × 104 times than HCR and 0.3169 × 10 4 times than
LEACH. Thus total energy reduction is 43% than HCR and 50% than LEACH.
3. MATHEMATICAL MODEL
Many of the research protocols have used the first order radio model as described in [5]. Energy is
dissipated while transmitting and receiving the data and energy consumption for the short
distance is d2 when propagation is in line of sight and d4 for the long distance due to multipath
fading propagation [1].
Transmission energy and receiving energy are calculated as follows:
ERx ( L) = Eelect L
lEelect + lEfsd2 , d < do
ETx (l,d)=
lEelect + lEmpd4 , d > do
5. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
Where d is a difference between transmitter and receiver. And L is a the length of the message in
bits,
37
d0 = ÖEfs/Emp
In proposed approach, two types of sensor nodes, i.e., the High Energy nodes (powerful nodes)
and normal nodes are considered. Let us assume that there are ‘N’ numbers of sensor nodes
deployed in an area, where the initial energy of the normal nodes is assumed to be E0, and m is the
percentage of powerful nodes, which own a times more energy than the normal ones. Thus (m *
N) powerful nodes are equipped with initial energy of (Eo *(1+)), and ((1-m) *N) normal nodes
are equipped with initial energy of E0. The total initial energy of the network is given by:
Etotal = N · (1 − m) · Eo + N · m · Eo · (1 + )
= N · Eo · (1 + · m)
So, by using heterogeneous network the total energy of the system is increased by a factor of (1+
·m).
4. PROPOSED APPROACH
According to the proposed approach a heterogeneous network with the sensor nodes having
different energy levels and processing power is assumed. Some high Energy nodes (Powerful
nodes/Higher nodes) having a times more energy than the normal nodes are deployed in the
network. A Subset of Powerful node from the set of higher nodes is selected as a CH based on the
fact that they should not be in a communication range of each other. Another subset of higher
nodes is asked to go to sleep. The subset of Powerful node which is chosen as a CH broadcast its
presence to all normal sensor nodes and starts receiving data from the sensors which are members
of their cluster. Normal sensor decides to which cluster they want to belong based on the signal
from the broadcast. It is assumed that the stronger the signal, the closer the head is and therefore
the head with strongest signal are chosen. All the cluster members send the sensed data to the CH.
The CH will send the aggregated data to the Base Station directly or by using some intermediate
CH.
When the energy of the CH reaches to zero, another subset of nodes would act as a Cluster Head.
This information about the new CH will be sent to all normal nodes and the same process is
repeated. The network will be stable or dead when the energy of all cluster heads becomes zero.
4.1 Algorithm
The algorithm is divided into two phases
4.1.1 Selection Phase
Step1: Select a Subset of high energy node as cluster head.
Step2: Cluster Head broadcast a hello message to all normal sensor nodes and starts receiving
data from the sensors that have decided to become a cluster member.
Step3: If the Cluster Head energy is depleted completely or reaches to the threshold value i.e.
zero, then high energy nodes of another subset will act as Cluster Head Repeat step 2.
In selection phase a subset of high energy node is selected as a cluster head and other subset of
node is asked to go to sleep. The cluster head sends an advertisement message to the normal
sensor nodes and the nodes send acknowledge message to the cluster head. Normal sensors decide
6. International Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
to which cluster they wish to belong based on the distance of node from cluster head. Cluster head
collects data from all the members of their cluster and send it to base station. When the energy of
cluster head becomes zero then other subset of high energy node will acts as a cluster head as
same process is repeated.
38
4.1.2 Data Transfer Phase
Step1: The cluster members send the data to the cluster head.
Step2: Cluster Head will collect the data from all the members of their cluster.
Step3: Cluster Head will transmit the aggregated data to base station through the cluster heads
nearer to it.
Transmission begins from the depth first CH which goes to the Cluster head of the next higher
level cluster and so on as shown in Figure 1 which is finally sent to the BS by the CH of the last
cluster nearest to the BS. In this way the distance travelled is decreased, and energy is saved
because more energy is require to send data to the base station ,if it is located far away from it.
4.2 Algorithm for Data Transmission
1. Set k=0, n=1
2. Set j= number of clusters – k
3. Repeat while j=1
4. If j! =1 then
Cluster [j-1][n]=cluster[j][n]
Else
Base station=cluster[j][n] .
End of if structure
5. [Decrement] set j= j-1
Go to step 2
6. End of Step 3 loop
7. Exit
7. International Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
39
Figure 1. Transfers of Data
5. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Based on the analytical work described in Section 4 extensive simulations are carried out in
MATLAB. Heterogeneous sensor network of 50 sensor nodes is considered. 44 normal nodes are
randomly distributed whereas 6 powerful nodes are deployed deterministically in the 100m*100m
area. The base station is located at (50, 130). Table 1. Shows The Simulation parameter.
8. International Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
40
Table 1. Simulation Parameters
Parameters
Values
Sink At (50,130)
Cluster Radius
25 m
Eelect (Energy consumed in the electronics circuit to
transmit or receive the Signal)
50 nJ/bit
Efs (Energy consumed by the amplifier to transmit at
a short distance)
10 pJ/bit/m2
Emp (Energy consumed by the amplifier to transmit
at a longer distance)
0.0013 pJ/bit/m4
EDA (Data Aggregation Energy)
5 nJ/bit/signal
Message Size
4000 bits
E0, Initial Energy 0.5 J
Figure 2 shows the deployment of nodes in the network, Blue colour nodes are normal nodes
which are deployed randomly and the nodes shown in red colour are high energetic nodes which
are deployed by using deterministic approach. The network of N nodes is considered from which
m percent of nodes are high energetic nodes and remaining nodes are normal nodes, Therefore the
high energetic nodes would be m*N and normal nodes would be (1-m)*N. For example if we
consider the network of 50 nodes i.e. N= 50 and 12% of high energetic nodes i.e. m=0.12 then
normal nodes would be (1-0.12)*50=44 and high energetic nodes would be 0.12*50=6.
Base station is located far away from the nodes, as shown in Figure 2. It is located at (50,130). All
cluster heads handover their aggregated data to base station for processing and decision making
therefore deployment of base station is very important in wireless sensor network
9. International Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
41
5 6
3 4
1 2
7
37
32
8
9
10
11
BASE STATION
12
13
42
20
14
15
19
26
16
17
18
21
22
23
24
25
27
36
28
29
30
31
46
33
34
35
41
38
39
40
43
44
45
47
49
50
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Figure 2. Random Deployment of Normal Nodes
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Figure 3 Shows the Cluster Formation considering the subset of high Energy Nodes as a Cluster
Head. From the high energy nodes a subset of high energy node is considered as a cluster head
e.g. node 1, 4, 5 as shown in figure and other subset of node will go to sleep for some duration.
Base Station
5 6
3 4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1 2
Figure 3. Cluster Formation Considering the First Subset of Nodes as a cluster Head
These cluster head will decide their communication range and form clusters by considering the
normal nodes as a cluster members which are in the communication range of that cluster head.
Initially round starts from cluster head 1, it will collect data from the members of their cluster and
10. International Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
send it to cluster head which is nearer to it i.e. cluster head 4, then cluster head 4 will transfer it
to cluster head 5 and finally cluster head 5 will send it to base station.
Similarly second cluster head i.e. cluster head 4 collect data from all cluster member and send it
to base station, then in next round cluster head 5 will send gathered data to base station directly.
The same process is repeated for number of rounds.
As shown in figure 4, when the energy of cluster heads becomes zero a other subset of higher
nodes becomes active and will act as a cluster head and the same process is repeated till the
energy of all cluster head becomes zero.
42
Base Station
5 6
3 4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1 2
Figure 4. Cluster Formation Considering the Second Subset of Nodes as a cluster Head
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
No of Rounds
No of Nodes
Case1
Figure 5. Performance graph of Proposed Approach, showing the number of nodes on y-axis and the rounds
on the x-axis
11. International Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
Figure 5. illustrates the detailed view of the behavior of proposed Approach; Graph shows the
number of alive nodes per round where number of rounds are shown on x axis and no of nodes on
y axis . In this case 10000 rounds and 50 nodes are considered. It is observed that 50 nodes
remains in network for 1000 rounds and the death of first node occurs after 1000 rounds.
As the numbers of rounds are increases the number of alive nodes decreases and at round 5806
network become dead because energy of all cluster head becomes zero. Here the cluster heads
which are nearer to base station depleted their energy faster than other cluster heads because
along with their own data it has to send data of other cluster heads.
Figure 6. illustrates a detailed view of the behaviour of proposed approach and LEACH protocol;
it shows the number of alive nodes per round. The number of nodes die in Proposed Approach is
much less than LEACH Protocol over the same number of rounds.
43
X: 5806
Y: 17
X: 4938
Y: 0
Proposed
Approach
Leach
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Figure 6. Comparative graphs of Proposed Approach and LEACH Protocol
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
In proposed Approach death of first node occurs much later than the death of first node in case of
LEACH Protocol, and the network works for more number of rounds i.e. 5806 whereas in
LEACH it works for only 4938 rounds. From this it can be say that proposed approach prolongs
lifetime and shows better performance than LEACH protocol.
6. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a new approach for energy saving and hence prolonging network lifetime in the
wireless sensor network has proposed. Algorithms for cluster head selection and data
Transmission in wireless sensor network are proposed and implemented. From the simulation
results we can say that proposed approach increase network overall energy, saves energy,
prolongs lifetime and shows higher performance than LEACH protocol. But the drawback of
proposed approach is that when all cluster head dies the network become stable (dead), therefore
all sensor nodes are not utililized. Due to this the network does not work till the death of last
node.
In future, we planned to design a new approach which will overcome this drawback, and all
sensor nodes would be utilized network will work until the death of last node.
12. International Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
44
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[2] Sajid Hussain et al., (2005) Hierarchical cluster-based routing in wireless sensor network”,
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Authors
Monika G. Raghatate received Bachelor of Engineering degree in Computer Engineering
from Bapurao Deshmukh college of engineering, Sewagram, Wardha, India. Presently,
She is pursuing her M.Tech. In Computer Science and Engineering from St. Vincent
Pallotti College of engineering and technology, Nagpur, India. Her research interest
includes Wireless sensor network, Mobile Ad-hoc network, artificial neural network and
web Technologies.
Prof. Dipak W. Wajgi received Bachelor of Engineering degree in Computer Technology
from Kavi Kulguru Institute of Technology and Science, Ramtek, Nagpur, India. And
M.Tech in Computer Science and Engineering from Ramdeobaba College of Engineering
and Management, Nagpur, India. He has around thirteen years of teaching experience in
engineering colleges. His research interest includes image processing, Wireless sensor
network, pattern recognition, and artificial neural network. Presently, he is Assistant
Professor in Department of Computer Engineering at St. Vincent Pallotti College of engineering and
technology, Nagpur,India.
.