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Clipping in Computer Graphics
Clipping is a process that extracts portions of data or scenes inside a specified clipping region. It uses endpoint codes, which assign a 4-bit code to line endpoints to indicate if they are inside or outside the clipping window. One algorithm is the Cohen-Sutherland algorithm which uses these endpoint codes to test if lines are completely inside, completely outside, or intersect the clipping window. Another is the Mid-Point Subdivision algorithm which avoids directly calculating line-window intersections by performing a binary search via dividing lines at their midpoint.
Polygon filling algorithm
This presentation contains -
- Polygon Filling Algorithm
- Inside Test - Even Odd Test
- Scanline Polygon Filling Algorithm
- Seed Filling Approach
- Boundary Fill Algorihtm
- Edge Fill Algorithm
- 4-connected polygon
- 8-connected polygon
- Flood Fill Algorithm
Output primitives in Computer Graphics
This slide contain description about the line, circle and ellipse drawing algorithm in computer graphics. It also deals with the filled area primitive.
Polygon filling
The document discusses different techniques for filling polygons, including boundary fill, flood fill, and scan-line fill methods. It provides details on how each technique works, such as using a seed point and filling neighboring pixels for boundary fill, replacing all pixels of a selected color for flood fill, and drawing pixels between edge intersections for each scan line for scan-line fill. Examples are given to illustrate the filling process for each method.
Bresenham's line drawing algorithm
Bresenham's line algorithm is an efficient method for drawing lines on a digital display. It works by calculating the next pixel coordinate along the line using integer math only. This avoids complex floating point calculations. It starts at the initial coordinate and iteratively calculates the next x,y coordinate using integer addition and comparisons until it reaches the final endpoint.
Cohen-Sutherland Line Clipping Algorithm
Cohen-Sutherland Line Clipping Algorithm:
When drawing a 2D line on screen, it might happen that one or both of the endpoints are outside the screen while a part of the line should still be visible. In that case, an efficient algorithm is needed to find two new endpoints that are on the edges on the screen, so that the part of the line that's visible can now be drawn. This way, all those points of the line outside the screen are clipped away and you don't need to waste any execution time on them.
A good clipping algorithm is the Cohen-Sutherland algorithm for this solution.
By,
Maruf Abdullah Rion
Polygons - Computer Graphics - Notes
Polygon is a figure having many slides. It may be represented as a number of line segments end to end to form a closed figure.
The line segments which form the boundary of the polygon are called edges or slides of the polygon.
The end of the side is called the polygon vertices.
Triangle is the most simple form of polygon having three side and three vertices.
The polygon may be of any shape.
Segments in Graphics
The document discusses image segmentation and the use of segments to structure image display. It describes how a display file can be divided into segments using a segment table. The segment table either uses arrays or linked lists to store segment information like start position, size, and attributes. Algorithms are provided for creating, closing, deleting, and renaming segments to dynamically manage the image display. Visibility attributes allow hiding or showing segments as needed.
Recommended
Clipping in Computer Graphics
Clipping is a process that extracts portions of data or scenes inside a specified clipping region. It uses endpoint codes, which assign a 4-bit code to line endpoints to indicate if they are inside or outside the clipping window. One algorithm is the Cohen-Sutherland algorithm which uses these endpoint codes to test if lines are completely inside, completely outside, or intersect the clipping window. Another is the Mid-Point Subdivision algorithm which avoids directly calculating line-window intersections by performing a binary search via dividing lines at their midpoint.
Polygon filling algorithm
This presentation contains -
- Polygon Filling Algorithm
- Inside Test - Even Odd Test
- Scanline Polygon Filling Algorithm
- Seed Filling Approach
- Boundary Fill Algorihtm
- Edge Fill Algorithm
- 4-connected polygon
- 8-connected polygon
- Flood Fill Algorithm
Output primitives in Computer Graphics
This slide contain description about the line, circle and ellipse drawing algorithm in computer graphics. It also deals with the filled area primitive.
Polygon filling
The document discusses different techniques for filling polygons, including boundary fill, flood fill, and scan-line fill methods. It provides details on how each technique works, such as using a seed point and filling neighboring pixels for boundary fill, replacing all pixels of a selected color for flood fill, and drawing pixels between edge intersections for each scan line for scan-line fill. Examples are given to illustrate the filling process for each method.
Bresenham's line drawing algorithm
Bresenham's line algorithm is an efficient method for drawing lines on a digital display. It works by calculating the next pixel coordinate along the line using integer math only. This avoids complex floating point calculations. It starts at the initial coordinate and iteratively calculates the next x,y coordinate using integer addition and comparisons until it reaches the final endpoint.
Cohen-Sutherland Line Clipping Algorithm
Cohen-Sutherland Line Clipping Algorithm:
When drawing a 2D line on screen, it might happen that one or both of the endpoints are outside the screen while a part of the line should still be visible. In that case, an efficient algorithm is needed to find two new endpoints that are on the edges on the screen, so that the part of the line that's visible can now be drawn. This way, all those points of the line outside the screen are clipped away and you don't need to waste any execution time on them.
A good clipping algorithm is the Cohen-Sutherland algorithm for this solution.
By,
Maruf Abdullah Rion
Polygons - Computer Graphics - Notes
Polygon is a figure having many slides. It may be represented as a number of line segments end to end to form a closed figure.
The line segments which form the boundary of the polygon are called edges or slides of the polygon.
The end of the side is called the polygon vertices.
Triangle is the most simple form of polygon having three side and three vertices.
The polygon may be of any shape.
Segments in Graphics
The document discusses image segmentation and the use of segments to structure image display. It describes how a display file can be divided into segments using a segment table. The segment table either uses arrays or linked lists to store segment information like start position, size, and attributes. Algorithms are provided for creating, closing, deleting, and renaming segments to dynamically manage the image display. Visibility attributes allow hiding or showing segments as needed.
Dda algorithm
This document discusses the Digital Differential Analyzer (DDA) algorithm, which is a basic line drawing algorithm used in computer graphics. The DDA algorithm uses slope-intercept form (y=mx+b) to incrementally calculate pixel positions along the line between two points. It handles cases where the slope is less than or greater than 1 by incrementing either the x or y coordinate by 1 at each step. The DDA algorithm is simple to implement but requires floating point calculations and has orientation dependency issues.
Clipping ( Cohen-Sutherland Algorithm )
Clipping is a procedure that identifies portions of an image that are inside or outside a specified region. The Cohen-Sutherland algorithm is commonly used for clipping lines. It assigns binary codes to line endpoints to determine if they are fully inside, outside or intersect the clipping region. If an endpoint is outside, it calculates the intersection with the clipping boundary. This clips the line segment down to the visible portion within the region.
Mid point line Algorithm - Computer Graphics
The document describes the midpoint line algorithm for plotting lines on a grid. It works by calculating the midpoint between each set of pixels and determining if it falls above or below the line to choose the next pixel. It only requires integer calculations, avoiding errors from division or multiplication. The algorithm is derived step-by-step and an example is provided to demonstrate how it is implemented to plot a line between two points.
Clipping
Clipping algorithms identify portions of an image that are inside or outside a specified clipping region. They are used to extract a defined scene for viewing, identify visible surfaces, and perform other drawing and display operations. Common types of clipping include point, line, polygon, and curve clipping. Algorithms like Cohen-Sutherland and mid-point subdivision use codes and binary subdivision to efficiently determine which image portions are visible and should be displayed.
Visible surface detection in computer graphic
Visible surface detection aims to determine which parts of 3D objects are visible and which are obscured. There are two main approaches: object space methods compare objects' positions to determine visibility, while image space methods process surfaces one pixel at a time to determine visibility based on depth. Depth-buffer and A-buffer methods are common image space techniques that use depth testing to handle occlusion.
And or search
AND-OR search graphs are used to represent problem solving and decomposition. The nodes represent states or goals, and successors are labeled as either AND or OR branches. AND branches indicate subgoals that must all be achieved, while OR branches represent alternative subgoals that could achieve the parent goal. AO* is an AND-OR graph algorithm that can find multiple solutions by combining AND and OR branches, but does not always find an optimal solution as it may not explore all possibilities once a solution is found. In contrast, A* is an OR graph algorithm that finds a single optimal solution by guaranteeing to explore all possibilities.
sutherland- Hodgeman Polygon clipping
The Sutherland-Hodgman algorithm clips polygons by clipping against each edge of the clipping window in a specific order: left, top, right, bottom. It works by testing each edge of the polygon against the clipping window boundary and either keeping or discarding vertices based on whether they are inside or outside the window. The algorithm results in a clipped polygon that only includes vertices and edge intersections that are inside the clipping window.
Clipping
This document discusses different techniques for computer graphics clipping. It describes point clipping, line clipping using the Cohen-Sutherland and Liang-Barsky algorithms, area/polygon clipping using the Sutherland-Hodgman and Weiler-Atherton algorithms, curve clipping, and text clipping. Various preliminary tests and intersection calculations are used to identify and remove graphic elements that are outside the clipping region.
Demand paging
Virtual Memory
• Copy-on-Write
• Page Replacement
• Allocation of Frames
• Thrashing
• Operating-System Examples
Background
Page Table When Some Pages Are Not in Main Memory
Steps in Handling a Page Fault
The sutherland hodgeman polygon clipping algorithm
The document discusses the Sutherland Hodgeman polygon clipping algorithm. It is used to clip a polygon by specifying a clipping window. The algorithm clips the vertices of the polygon against each edge of the clipping window by finding intersection points. If an edge is not completely inside the clipping window, the portion outside is clipped off. An example is provided to demonstrate clipping a polygon ABCDE against a clipping window PQRS.
Depth Buffer Method
The depth buffer method is used to determine visibility in 3D graphics by testing the depth (z-coordinate) of each surface to determine the closest visible surface. It involves using two buffers - a depth buffer to store the depth values and a frame buffer to store color values. For each pixel, the depth value is calculated and compared to the existing value in the depth buffer, and if closer the color and depth values are updated in the respective buffers. This method is implemented efficiently in hardware and processes surfaces one at a time in any order.
Window to viewport transformation
The document discusses window to viewport transformation. It defines a window as a world coordinate area selected for display and a viewport as a rectangular region of the screen selected for displaying objects. Window to viewport mapping requires transforming coordinates from the window to the viewport. This involves translation, scaling and another translation. Steps include translating the window to the origin, resizing it based on the viewport size, and translating it to the viewport position. An example transforms a sample window to a viewport through these three steps.
Cyrus beck line clipping algorithm
The Cyrus-Beck algorithm is used for line clipping against non-rectangular convex polygons. It uses a parametric equation to find the intersection point of the line with the polygon boundary. The algorithm calculates the time values for the line endpoints at each polygon edge, then uses those times in the parametric equation to find the clipped line segment P'0 and P'1 that is visible within the polygon clipping window.
Cohen sutherland line clipping
The Cohen-Sutherland algorithm divides the plane into 9 regions and uses 4-bit codes to encode whether each endpoint of a line segment is left, right, above, or below the clipping window. It then uses the endpoint codes to either trivially accept or reject the line segment, or perform clipping by calculating the intersection point of the line with the window boundary and replacing the outside endpoint. The main steps are to assign codes to endpoints, AND the codes to check for trivial acceptance or rejection, clip by replacing outside endpoints if needed, and repeating for other line segments.
Raster scan system
The document describes the components and operation of a raster scan graphics display system. A video controller accesses a frame buffer in system memory to refresh the screen. It performs operations like retrieving pixel intensities from different memory areas and using two frame buffers to allow refreshing one screen while filling the other for animation. A raster scan display processor can digitize graphics into pixel intensities for storage in the frame buffer to offload this processing from the CPU.
stack & queue
This document discusses stacks and queues as linear data structures. It defines stacks as last-in, first-out (LIFO) collections where the last item added is the first removed. Queues are first-in, first-out (FIFO) collections where the first item added is the first removed. Common stack and queue operations like push, pop, insert, and remove are presented along with algorithms and examples. Applications of stacks and queues in areas like expression evaluation, string reversal, and scheduling are also covered.
Polygon filling
This document discusses different algorithms for filling polygons in computer graphics, including the scan-line fill algorithm, boundary fill algorithm, and flood fill algorithm. The scan-line fill algorithm involves horizontally scanning a polygon from bottom to top and identifying edge intersections with the scan line. The boundary fill algorithm starts at an interior point and recursively fills outward until the boundary color is encountered. The flood fill algorithm replaces all pixels of a specified interior color with a fill color within connected regions. Pseudocode and examples are provided for each algorithm.
Page replacement algorithms
This document discusses various page replacement algorithms used in operating systems. It begins with definitions of paging and page replacement in virtual memory systems. There are then overviews of 12 different page replacement algorithms including FIFO, optimal, LRU, NRU, NFU, second chance, clock, and random. The goal of page replacement algorithms is to minimize page faults. The document provides examples and analyses of how each algorithm approaches replacing pages in memory.
Liang- Barsky Algorithm, Polygon clipping & pipeline clipping of polygons
The Lian-Barsky algorithm is a line clipping algorithm. This algorithm is more efficient than Cohen–Sutherland line clipping algorithm and can be extended to 3-Dimensional clipping. This algorithm is considered to be the faster parametric line-clipping algorithm. The following concepts are used in this clipping:
The parametric equation of the line.
The inequalities describing the range of the clipping window which is used to determine the intersections between the line and the clip window.
Hidden surface removal
This presentation is about hidden surface removal, which is used in the representation of 3d objects in an image .
Clipping
Clipping is a process used in computer graphics to determine the visible and invisible portions of an image or object when only part of it can be displayed in the viewing area. It works by extracting the desired visible portion and discarding anything outside the viewing area. Some key applications of clipping include identifying visible areas of 3D objects, creating objects using solid modeling, and drawing and manipulation operations. The Cohen-Sutherland algorithm is commonly used for line clipping, where it assigns region codes to line endpoints and finds the intersection points of any partially visible lines to clip them to the visible region.
Clipping
Clipping is a technique that identifies parts of an image that are inside or outside a defined clipping region or window. There are different types of clipping including point, line, polygon, curve, and text clipping. The Cohen-Sutherland algorithm is commonly used for line clipping. It assigns 4-bit codes to line endpoints to determine if they are fully inside, outside, or intersect the clipping window boundary. Intersecting line segments are then subdivided and clipped. Midpoint subdivision is another algorithm that divides partially visible lines at their midpoint into shorter segments.
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Dda algorithm
This document discusses the Digital Differential Analyzer (DDA) algorithm, which is a basic line drawing algorithm used in computer graphics. The DDA algorithm uses slope-intercept form (y=mx+b) to incrementally calculate pixel positions along the line between two points. It handles cases where the slope is less than or greater than 1 by incrementing either the x or y coordinate by 1 at each step. The DDA algorithm is simple to implement but requires floating point calculations and has orientation dependency issues.
Clipping ( Cohen-Sutherland Algorithm )
Clipping is a procedure that identifies portions of an image that are inside or outside a specified region. The Cohen-Sutherland algorithm is commonly used for clipping lines. It assigns binary codes to line endpoints to determine if they are fully inside, outside or intersect the clipping region. If an endpoint is outside, it calculates the intersection with the clipping boundary. This clips the line segment down to the visible portion within the region.
Mid point line Algorithm - Computer Graphics
The document describes the midpoint line algorithm for plotting lines on a grid. It works by calculating the midpoint between each set of pixels and determining if it falls above or below the line to choose the next pixel. It only requires integer calculations, avoiding errors from division or multiplication. The algorithm is derived step-by-step and an example is provided to demonstrate how it is implemented to plot a line between two points.
Clipping
Clipping algorithms identify portions of an image that are inside or outside a specified clipping region. They are used to extract a defined scene for viewing, identify visible surfaces, and perform other drawing and display operations. Common types of clipping include point, line, polygon, and curve clipping. Algorithms like Cohen-Sutherland and mid-point subdivision use codes and binary subdivision to efficiently determine which image portions are visible and should be displayed.
Visible surface detection in computer graphic
Visible surface detection aims to determine which parts of 3D objects are visible and which are obscured. There are two main approaches: object space methods compare objects' positions to determine visibility, while image space methods process surfaces one pixel at a time to determine visibility based on depth. Depth-buffer and A-buffer methods are common image space techniques that use depth testing to handle occlusion.
And or search
AND-OR search graphs are used to represent problem solving and decomposition. The nodes represent states or goals, and successors are labeled as either AND or OR branches. AND branches indicate subgoals that must all be achieved, while OR branches represent alternative subgoals that could achieve the parent goal. AO* is an AND-OR graph algorithm that can find multiple solutions by combining AND and OR branches, but does not always find an optimal solution as it may not explore all possibilities once a solution is found. In contrast, A* is an OR graph algorithm that finds a single optimal solution by guaranteeing to explore all possibilities.
sutherland- Hodgeman Polygon clipping
The Sutherland-Hodgman algorithm clips polygons by clipping against each edge of the clipping window in a specific order: left, top, right, bottom. It works by testing each edge of the polygon against the clipping window boundary and either keeping or discarding vertices based on whether they are inside or outside the window. The algorithm results in a clipped polygon that only includes vertices and edge intersections that are inside the clipping window.
Clipping
This document discusses different techniques for computer graphics clipping. It describes point clipping, line clipping using the Cohen-Sutherland and Liang-Barsky algorithms, area/polygon clipping using the Sutherland-Hodgman and Weiler-Atherton algorithms, curve clipping, and text clipping. Various preliminary tests and intersection calculations are used to identify and remove graphic elements that are outside the clipping region.
Demand paging
Virtual Memory
• Copy-on-Write
• Page Replacement
• Allocation of Frames
• Thrashing
• Operating-System Examples
Background
Page Table When Some Pages Are Not in Main Memory
Steps in Handling a Page Fault
The sutherland hodgeman polygon clipping algorithm
The document discusses the Sutherland Hodgeman polygon clipping algorithm. It is used to clip a polygon by specifying a clipping window. The algorithm clips the vertices of the polygon against each edge of the clipping window by finding intersection points. If an edge is not completely inside the clipping window, the portion outside is clipped off. An example is provided to demonstrate clipping a polygon ABCDE against a clipping window PQRS.
Depth Buffer Method
The depth buffer method is used to determine visibility in 3D graphics by testing the depth (z-coordinate) of each surface to determine the closest visible surface. It involves using two buffers - a depth buffer to store the depth values and a frame buffer to store color values. For each pixel, the depth value is calculated and compared to the existing value in the depth buffer, and if closer the color and depth values are updated in the respective buffers. This method is implemented efficiently in hardware and processes surfaces one at a time in any order.
Window to viewport transformation
The document discusses window to viewport transformation. It defines a window as a world coordinate area selected for display and a viewport as a rectangular region of the screen selected for displaying objects. Window to viewport mapping requires transforming coordinates from the window to the viewport. This involves translation, scaling and another translation. Steps include translating the window to the origin, resizing it based on the viewport size, and translating it to the viewport position. An example transforms a sample window to a viewport through these three steps.
Cyrus beck line clipping algorithm
The Cyrus-Beck algorithm is used for line clipping against non-rectangular convex polygons. It uses a parametric equation to find the intersection point of the line with the polygon boundary. The algorithm calculates the time values for the line endpoints at each polygon edge, then uses those times in the parametric equation to find the clipped line segment P'0 and P'1 that is visible within the polygon clipping window.
Cohen sutherland line clipping
The Cohen-Sutherland algorithm divides the plane into 9 regions and uses 4-bit codes to encode whether each endpoint of a line segment is left, right, above, or below the clipping window. It then uses the endpoint codes to either trivially accept or reject the line segment, or perform clipping by calculating the intersection point of the line with the window boundary and replacing the outside endpoint. The main steps are to assign codes to endpoints, AND the codes to check for trivial acceptance or rejection, clip by replacing outside endpoints if needed, and repeating for other line segments.
Raster scan system
The document describes the components and operation of a raster scan graphics display system. A video controller accesses a frame buffer in system memory to refresh the screen. It performs operations like retrieving pixel intensities from different memory areas and using two frame buffers to allow refreshing one screen while filling the other for animation. A raster scan display processor can digitize graphics into pixel intensities for storage in the frame buffer to offload this processing from the CPU.
stack & queue
This document discusses stacks and queues as linear data structures. It defines stacks as last-in, first-out (LIFO) collections where the last item added is the first removed. Queues are first-in, first-out (FIFO) collections where the first item added is the first removed. Common stack and queue operations like push, pop, insert, and remove are presented along with algorithms and examples. Applications of stacks and queues in areas like expression evaluation, string reversal, and scheduling are also covered.
Polygon filling
This document discusses different algorithms for filling polygons in computer graphics, including the scan-line fill algorithm, boundary fill algorithm, and flood fill algorithm. The scan-line fill algorithm involves horizontally scanning a polygon from bottom to top and identifying edge intersections with the scan line. The boundary fill algorithm starts at an interior point and recursively fills outward until the boundary color is encountered. The flood fill algorithm replaces all pixels of a specified interior color with a fill color within connected regions. Pseudocode and examples are provided for each algorithm.
Page replacement algorithms
This document discusses various page replacement algorithms used in operating systems. It begins with definitions of paging and page replacement in virtual memory systems. There are then overviews of 12 different page replacement algorithms including FIFO, optimal, LRU, NRU, NFU, second chance, clock, and random. The goal of page replacement algorithms is to minimize page faults. The document provides examples and analyses of how each algorithm approaches replacing pages in memory.
Liang- Barsky Algorithm, Polygon clipping & pipeline clipping of polygons
The Lian-Barsky algorithm is a line clipping algorithm. This algorithm is more efficient than Cohen–Sutherland line clipping algorithm and can be extended to 3-Dimensional clipping. This algorithm is considered to be the faster parametric line-clipping algorithm. The following concepts are used in this clipping:
The parametric equation of the line.
The inequalities describing the range of the clipping window which is used to determine the intersections between the line and the clip window.
Hidden surface removal
This presentation is about hidden surface removal, which is used in the representation of 3d objects in an image .
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Similar to Clipping
Clipping
Clipping is a process used in computer graphics to determine the visible and invisible portions of an image or object when only part of it can be displayed in the viewing area. It works by extracting the desired visible portion and discarding anything outside the viewing area. Some key applications of clipping include identifying visible areas of 3D objects, creating objects using solid modeling, and drawing and manipulation operations. The Cohen-Sutherland algorithm is commonly used for line clipping, where it assigns region codes to line endpoints and finds the intersection points of any partially visible lines to clip them to the visible region.
Clipping
Clipping is a technique that identifies parts of an image that are inside or outside a defined clipping region or window. There are different types of clipping including point, line, polygon, curve, and text clipping. The Cohen-Sutherland algorithm is commonly used for line clipping. It assigns 4-bit codes to line endpoints to determine if they are fully inside, outside, or intersect the clipping window boundary. Intersecting line segments are then subdivided and clipped. Midpoint subdivision is another algorithm that divides partially visible lines at their midpoint into shorter segments.
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This ppt explains windowing and clipping topics and various line and polygon clipping algorithms in computer graphics
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1. Clipping is a procedure that identifies parts of an image that are inside or outside a specified region, called the clip window. Parts inside the window are displayed, while outside parts are discarded.
2. There are different types of clipping like point, curve, text, and line clipping. Line clipping involves testing if line segments are fully inside/outside the window, and calculating intersections if they cross window boundaries.
3. Popular line clipping algorithms like Cohen-Sutherland and Liang-Barsky assign codes to line endpoints to quickly determine if lines are fully in/out of the window without calculating intersections. They find intersection points to clip lines that cross window edges.
Windowing clipping
he capability that show some part of object internal a specify window is called windowing and a rectangular region in a world coordinate system is called window. ... Points and lines which are outside the window are "cut off" from view. This process of "cutting off" parts of the image of the world is called Clipping.
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Group 5 Presentation.pptx
The Cohen-Sutherland line clipping algorithm clips lines to a rectangular viewport by assigning region codes to line endpoints using 4 bits to represent above, below, left of, and right of the viewport. It then clips lines by calculating the intersection of the line with viewport edges if one endpoint is inside and one outside, replacing endpoints until the line is fully inside or outside. This allows only visible portions of lines to be rendered, improving graphics performance. The algorithm handles arbitrary clipping windows efficiently and is easy to implement, though it only works for line clipping, not polygons or curves.
Group 5 Presentation.pptx
The Cohen-Sutherland line clipping algorithm clips lines to a rectangular viewport by assigning region codes to line endpoints using 4 bits to represent above, below, left of, and right of the viewport. It tests the region codes of endpoints to determine if lines are fully inside, fully outside, or partially inside the viewport. If partially inside, it calculates intersection points with the viewport edges and replaces endpoints to clip the line. This efficient algorithm is commonly used in computer graphics, CAD, and image processing to optimize rendering by only displaying visible line segments.
Group 6 Presentation - Copy.pptx
The Cohen-Sutherland line clipping algorithm clips lines to a rectangular viewport by assigning region codes to line endpoints using 4 bits to represent above, below, left of, and right of the viewport. It tests the region codes of endpoints to determine if lines are fully inside, fully outside, or partially inside the viewport. If partially inside, it calculates intersection points with the viewport edges and replaces endpoints to clip the line. This efficient algorithm is commonly used in computer graphics and CAD for line clipping and cropping images.
Clipping
The document discusses different types of clipping techniques used in computer graphics. It describes clipping as identifying portions of an image that are inside or outside a specified region. There are different types of clipping including point, line, area/polygon, curve, and text clipping. Line clipping algorithms like Cohen-Sutherland and Liang-Barsky are described. Polygon clipping uses the Sutherland-Hodgeman algorithm. Window-to-viewport coordinate transformation maps a window region to a viewport using scaling and translation to maintain relative proportions.
line clipping
This document summarizes line clipping techniques in computer graphics. It discusses point clipping, line clipping, and area clipping. For line clipping, it describes the three situations of both endpoints inside the window, one endpoint inside and one outside, and both outside. It then explains the brute force and Cohen-Sutherland algorithms for line clipping. The Cohen-Sutherland algorithm uses region codes to efficiently determine which lines are fully inside, fully outside, or need clipping against window boundaries. It provides examples of applying the algorithm to different line scenarios. Finally, it compares the brute force and Cohen-Sutherland methods, noting Cohen-Sutherland is faster but more complex.
99995327.ppt
The document discusses different techniques for clipping lines and polygons to a viewing window or clipping region.
It describes line clipping algorithms like Cohen-Sutherland that use outcodes to quickly reject lines outside the clipping region or clip lines intersecting the boundary. It also discusses the midpoint subdivision algorithm for line clipping.
For polygon clipping, it explains the Sutherland-Hodgeman algorithm which clips polygons against each window edge one by one, dividing the polygon into smaller clipped polygons inside the viewing region.
ibuib.pptx
The document discusses different techniques for line clipping, including:
1. The Cohen-Sutherland line clipping algorithm which divides the screen into 9 regions and clips lines based on which regions their endpoints fall into.
2. Midpoint subdivision is an alternative that recursively divides lines at the midpoint until they can be fully classified.
3. Intersection calculations determine where lines intersect clipping boundaries.
Polygon clipping extends these ideas, testing vertex pairs and either outputting intersections or vertices as needed to clip the polygon shape.
kgv.pptx
The document discusses different line clipping algorithms:
1. Cohen-Sutherland line clipping algorithm assigns a region code to endpoints and clips lines based on whether both endpoints are inside, outside, or intersect the clipping region.
2. Midpoint subdivision recursively divides lines at the midpoint until all segments are fully inside or outside the clipping region.
3. Sutherland-Hodgeman polygon clipping algorithm tests vertex pairs and saves intersections or vertices to the output based on four cases of vertices lying inside or outside the clipping window.
Lecture1616_16827_2D Clipping.ppt
The document discusses 2D clipping techniques used in computer graphics. It describes several types of 2D clipping including point clipping, line clipping, polygon/area clipping, text clipping and curve clipping. For line clipping, it explains Cohen-Sutherland line clipping algorithm in detail. The algorithm uses region codes to classify lines as fully visible, fully clipped or partially clipped. It then performs analytical clipping of partially clipped lines by calculating intersection points with window boundaries.
ch4.pptx
Windowing and clipping are techniques used in computer graphics to select and display portions of an image or drawing. Windowing refers to selecting a region or "window" to view. The viewport defines the area on the display device where the window will be mapped. Clipping determines which parts of an image or drawing are visible within the window by dividing elements into visible and invisible portions. Common clipping techniques include point, line, polygon and curve clipping. The Cohen-Sutherland and Liang-Barsky algorithms are used for line clipping, and Sutherland-Hodgeman for polygon clipping. Midpoint subdivision is another line clipping method.
Sutherlands Cohen and Hodgeman algorithms
The document discusses different algorithms for clipping graphics objects to a viewing window:
- The Cohen-Sutherland algorithm clips lines efficiently by assigning region codes to endpoints and clipping any lines where the endpoints have a common set bit in their codes.
- The Sutherland-Hodgman algorithm clips areas by comparing polygons to each boundary in turn, saving vertices that fall inside each boundary for the next clip.
- Clipping graphics objects ensures only those within the window are drawn, improving efficiency over drawing all objects in a scene.
iuyf.pptx
This document discusses different techniques for line and polygon clipping. It describes 4 cases for line clipping depending on where the endpoints are located relative to the clipping area. For polygon clipping, it explains the Sutherland-Hodgeman algorithm and 4 cases for how vertices are handled depending on if they are inside or outside the clipping window. It also compares the midpoint subdivision and Cohen-Sutherland line clipping algorithms, noting that midpoint subdivision is a special case of Cohen-Sutherland that uses midpoint approximation instead of equation solving.
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The ANPR (Automatic Number Plate Recognition) using ALR (Automatic line
Tracking Robot) is a system designed to help in recognition of number plates of vehicles.
This system is designed for the purpose of the security and it is a security system.
For more details
http://projectsofashok.blogspot.com/2010/04/anprautomatic-number-plate-recognition.html
ytdty.pptx
This document discusses different algorithms for line and polygon clipping. It describes 4 cases for line clipping depending on where the endpoints are located relative to the clipping area. For polygon clipping, it explains the Sutherland-Hodgeman algorithm and 4 cases for processing vertices and adding them to the output list. It also introduces the midpoint subdivision algorithm for line clipping which uses binary search to iteratively subdivide lines into smaller segments for clipping.
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Combinational circuit.pptx
This document discusses combinational circuits and provides examples of half adders and full adders. It defines combinational circuits as those whose outputs only depend on the current inputs. A half adder is described as having two inputs (A and B) and two outputs (sum and carry), which can add two single bits. Its truth table and logic diagram using an XOR gate and AND gate are shown. A full adder handles three inputs (A, B, and a carry input) and produces a sum and carry output based on its truth table.
number system.pptx
The document discusses different number systems used in digital electronics, including binary, decimal, octal, and hexadecimal. It provides examples and explanations of how to convert between these number systems. In particular, it outlines the process for converting binary numbers to decimal numbers by multiplying each bit by its place value weight and summing the results. This includes approaches for fractional binary numbers and mixed binary numbers containing both integer and fractional parts.
Multiplexer.pptx
This document discusses different types of multiplexers, including 2x1, 4x1, and 8x1 multiplexers. It provides the block diagram and truth table for each type of multiplexer. A 2x1 multiplexer has 2 inputs, 1 selection line, and 1 output. A 4x1 multiplexer has 4 inputs, 2 selection lines, and 1 output. An 8x1 multiplexer has 8 inputs, 3 selection lines, and 1 output. The logical expressions and circuits for each type of multiplexer are also provided.
Logic Gates.pptx
Logic gates are basic building blocks of digital circuits and systems. Common logic gates include AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR gates. AND gates output 1 only if all inputs are 1, while OR gates output 1 if any input is 1. NOT gates output the inverse of the single input. NAND and NOR gates are combinations of AND/OR with NOT gates. XOR and XNOR gates output 1 only if inputs are both the same or different respectively.
K-Map.pptx
The document discusses Karnaugh maps, which are a graphical technique for simplifying boolean functions. A K-map is a diagram with squares that each represent minterms or maxterms. Variables are represented along rows and columns. Groups of 1s can be combined according to grouping rules to simplify boolean expressions. The example shows a 2-variable K-map used to minimize the boolean expression XY' + X'Y + X'Y' to X' + Y'. K-maps allow boolean functions to be reduced more easily than boolean algebra.
Karnaugh Map Simplification Rules.pptx
The document discusses rules for minimizing Boolean functions using K-maps. It explains that K-maps are used to graphically represent Boolean functions according to the number of variables. Values are filled in the K-map and grouped based on several rules: groups must contain only 0s or 1s but not both; groups can overlap; groups must contain a power of 2 cells and be horizontal or vertical only; groups should be as large as possible with fewest groups overall. Examples are provided to illustrate opposite and corner grouping.
Half Subtractor.pptx
The half subtractor is a digital circuit that subtracts two single bit binary numbers and outputs the difference and borrow. It contains two inputs, A and B, and two outputs, Diff and Borrow. The Diff output is the difference of A and B, calculated as A XOR B. The Borrow output is 1 only when A is 1 and B is 0, calculated as A'B. The full subtractor expands on this to subtract three 1-bit numbers by adding a third input, Borrowin, and producing Diff and Borrow outputs based on all input combinations.
Gray Code.pptx
The document discusses Gray code, which is a binary numbering system where two successive numbers differ in only one bit. This reduces switching errors during transitions between numbers. Gray code is used in digital communications and applications where normal binary could produce errors. The document provides examples to show how decimal numbers convert to binary and Gray code. In binary, more bits may change between numbers, while Gray code ensures only one bit changes.
Flip Flop.pptx
The document provides information about Prof. Neeraj Bhargava and Mrs. Pooja Dixit who work in the Department of Computer Science in the School of Engineering & System Sciences at MDS University in Ajmer, Rajasthan.
Encoder.pptx
This document discusses encoders and provides examples of 4-to-2 and 8-to-3 line encoders. It defines an encoder as a combinational circuit that performs the reverse operation of a decoder, with a maximum of 2n input lines and n output lines. Truth tables and logic circuits are given for 4-to-2 and 8-to-3 line encoders. Uses of encoders include converting decimal to binary numbers to perform binary operations like addition and subtraction in digital systems.
De-multiplexer.pptx
This document discusses demultiplexers, which are combinational circuits with one input and multiple outputs. It describes 1x2 and 1x4 demultiplexers specifically. For a 1x2 demultiplexer, there are two outputs, one selection line, and a single input. The input is directed to one of the two outputs based on the selection line value. A 1x4 demultiplexer has four outputs, two selection lines, and one input. The input is directed to one of the four outputs based on the combination of values on the two selection lines. Block diagrams and truth tables are provided to illustrate the functionality of 1x2 and 1x4 demultiplexers.
DeMorgan’s Theory.pptx
The document discusses DeMorgan's theorems, which state that a NOR gate is logically equivalent to an AND gate with inverted inputs, and a NAND gate is equivalent to an OR gate with inverted inputs. DeMorgan's theorems are important in digital logic, as they allow basic gates like NAND and NOR to be used to implement more complex logic functions. The theorems are verified through truth tables.
Combinational circuit.pptx
This document discusses combinational circuits and provides examples of half adders and full adders. It defines combinational circuits as those whose outputs only depend on the current inputs. A half adder is described as having two inputs (A and B) and two outputs (sum and carry), which can add two single bits. Its truth table and logic diagram using an XOR gate and AND gate are shown. A full adder handles three inputs (A, B, Cin) to add two bits along with a carry bit, with outputs of sum and carry out. Its block diagram and truth table are presented.
Boolean Algebra.pptx
The document discusses Boolean algebra, which uses binary numbers (0 and 1) to analyze and simplify digital logic circuits. It was invented by George Boole in 1854. The document outlines several important rules of Boolean algebra, including commutative, associative, distributive, identity, idempotent, complement, and double negation laws. It also discusses de Morgan's theorem and finding the dual of Boolean expressions.
Binary Multiplication & Division.pptx
Binary multiplication and division work similarly to decimal operations but use only 0s and 1s. For binary multiplication, there are four basic rules and the process involves multiplying each bit of one number by the other number and summing the results. Examples show multiplying 1010 x 101 to get 10100 and comparing the binary result to its decimal equivalent. Binary division uses long division to divide strings of binary digits. Examples demonstrate dividing several binary numbers by powers of two.
Binary addition.pptx
Binary arithmetic is essential for digital computers and systems. It includes four rules for binary addition and subtraction. Binary addition examples show that adding two 1s results in a 1 in the next column with a carry of 1. Binary subtraction uses borrowing to subtract binary numbers, as shown through several examples.
Basics of Computer Organization.pptx
This document provides an overview of computer organization. It defines computer organization as how the various parts of a computer are organized and work together. It describes the main components of a computer like the CPU, memory (RAM and cache), and buses. It also discusses number systems like binary, decimal, octal, and hexadecimal. Additional topics covered include Gray codes, Boolean algebra, logic gates, and flip flops.
Decoders
A decoder is a logic circuit that takes binary input and provides an output based on the input. It performs the reverse operation of an encoder. There are different types of decoders including a 2 to 4 line decoder and a 3 to 8 line decoder. A 2 to 4 line decoder has 3 inputs (A0, A1, E) and 4 outputs (Y0, Y1, Y2, Y3). It uses AND gates to activate one output based on the input. A 3 to 8 line decoder has 3 inputs (A0, A1, A2), 8 outputs (Y0-Y7), and an enable input. It uses AND gates and logic expressions to activate one of the 8 outputs based on the
Three Address code
The document discusses three address code, which is an intermediate code used by optimizing compilers. Three address code breaks expressions down into separate instructions that use at most three operands. Each instruction performs an assignment or binary operation on the operands. The code is implemented using quadruple, triple, or indirect triple representations. Quadruple representation stores each instruction in four fields for the operator, two operands, and result. Triple avoids temporaries by making two instructions. Indirect triple uses pointers to freely reorder subexpressions.
3 d viewing projection
The document discusses different methods for 3D display and projection. It describes parallel projection, where lines of sight are parallel, and perspective projection, where lines converge at vanishing points. The key types of projection are outlined as parallel (orthographic and oblique) and perspective. Orthographic projection uses perpendicular lines, while oblique projection uses arbitrary angles. Perspective projection creates realistic size variation with distance and can have one, two, or three vanishing points.
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politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
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china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
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Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
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governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
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We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
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Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine Learning
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
在线办理(ANU毕业证书)澳洲国立大学毕业证录取通知书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(ANU毕业证书)澳洲国立大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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留信网认证的作用:
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2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
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UC Berkeley毕业证原版定制【微信：176555708】【加利福尼亚大学|伯克利分校毕业证成绩单-学位证】【微信：176555708】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
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三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
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◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
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3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
学历顾问：微信：176555708
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哪里办理(csu毕业证书)查尔斯特大学毕业证硕士学历原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(csu毕业证书)查尔斯特大学毕业证硕士学历】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
一比一原版(IIT毕业证)伊利诺伊理工大学毕业证成绩单专业办理
IIT毕业证原版定制【微信：176555708】【伊利诺伊理工大学毕业证成绩单-学位证】【微信：176555708】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
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一.毕业证【微信：176555708】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微信：176555708】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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Clipping
- 1. Prof. Neeraj Bhargava Pooja Dixit Department of Computer Science School of Engineering & System Sciences MDS, University Ajmer, Rajasthan, India 1
- 2. Clipping Basics Cohen-Sutherland Line Clipping Clipping Polygons Sutherland-Hodgman Clipping Perspective Clipping 2
- 3. 3 Clipping is a process that identifies those portions of a picture that are either inside or outside of a specified region or space is known as clipping. Clip regions are commonly specified to improve render performance. A well-chosen clip allows the renderer to save time and energy by skipping clculations related to pixels that the user cannot seeworld coordinates Windowing I A scene is made up of a collection of objects specified in world coordinates View coordinates Windowing II When we display a scene only those objects within a particular window are displayed. world coordinates world coordinates WYmin WYmax WYmin WYmax WXmin WXmax WXmin WXmax Windowing III Because drawing things to a display takes time we clip everything outside the window
- 4. 4 Consider an example in figure that shows which lines and points should be kept and which ones should be clipped.
- 5. What is Point Clipping? Point clipping helps in identifying whether a particular point (X, Y) is within the window and accordingly take appropriate actions for using the coordinates of the window, either maximum or minimum. If x satisfies that Wx1 ≤ X ≤ Wx2, then the coordinate X is inside the window, and if Y satisfies that Wy1 ≤ Y ≤ Wy2, then Y lies inside the window. 5
- 6. What is Line Clipping? The part of the line inside the window is kept and the part of the line appearing outside is removed in Line Clipping. Cohen-Sutherland Line Clippings The clip window depicted below is used by this algorithm. 6
- 7. The entire region is divided by using 4-bits which represent Top, Bottom, Right, and Left of the region, As it is the TOP- LEFT corner, the TOP and LEFT bit is set to 1. 7
- 8. For the line, there are three different possibilities: Line can be completely inside the window (This line should be accepted). Line can be completely outside of the window (This line will be completely removed from the region). Line can be partially inside the window (We will find intersection point and draw only that portion of line that is inside region). 8
- 9. Algorithm Step 1 – For each endpoints, a region code is assigned. Step 2 – The line is accepted if both endpoints have a region code 0000. Step 3 − Else, the logical AND operation is performed for both region codes. Step 3.1 − If the result is not 0000, then reject the line. Step 3.2 − Else clipping is required. Step 3.2.1 − An endpoint of the line is selected that is outside the window. Step 3.2.2 − Find the intersection point at the window boundary (base on region code). Step 3.2.3 – The endpoint is replaced with the intersection point and the region code is updated. Step 3.2.4 − Repeat step 2 until we find a clipped line either trivially accepted or trivially rejected. Step 4 − Repeat step 1 for other lines. 9
- 10. What is Polygon Clipping (Sutherland Hodgman Algorithm)? Against the edges of the clipping window, the vertices of the polygon are clipped by using Sutherland Hodman Algorithm. New vertices of the polygon are obtained by clipping the left edge of the polygon window. The polygon is clipped against right edge by using the new vertices as depicted below. 10
- 11. If the edge is not completely inside the clipping window, an intersection point appears. The portion that is outside is clipped as depicted below: 11
- 12. What is Text Clipping? Text clipping can be provided in computer graphics by using different techniques. The characters are generated and the requirements of a particular application. Text clipping can be done in three different methods: All or none string clipping All or none character clipping Text clipping All or none string clipping is depicted below: 12
- 13. Under this method, either the entire string is kept or the entire string is rejected. From the above figure, STRING2 is entirely inside the clipping window and so it is kept and STRING1 is rejected as it is partially inside the window. The following figure shows all or none character clipping − 13
- 14. It is based on characters rather than on entire string. The string that is inside the clipping window is kept, and if the string is outside the window then: The portion of the string outside the window is rejected The entire character is discarded if the character is on the boundary of the clipping window. Text clipping is depicted below: 14
- 15. This method depends on characters method than on the entire string method. The string that is inside the clipping window is kept and the string that is partially outside the window: The portion of the string outside the window is rejected. The portion of the character that is outside of the clipping window is discarded, if the character is on the boundary of the clipping window. 15