An illumination model, also called a lighting model and sometimes referred to as a shading model, is used to calculate the intensity of light that we should see at a given point on the surface of an object.
An illumination model, also called a lighting model and sometimes referred to as a shading model, is used to calculate the intensity of light that we should see at a given point on the surface of an object.
This Ppt is based on the Raster animation . It explains u ablout a brief idea bout the Raster Graphics its Working with Real time Animation Examples that are used in our day to day life.
The following points are covered in this ppt
1. Introduction
2. Working of Raster Animation
3. Types of Raster Animations Modern and Traditional
4. Examples
5.Applications
6. Advantages
7. Disadvantages
a spline is a flexible strip used to produce a smooth curve through a designated set of points.
Polynomial sections are fitted so that the curve passes through each control point, Resulting curve is said to interpolate the set of control points.
This Ppt is based on the Raster animation . It explains u ablout a brief idea bout the Raster Graphics its Working with Real time Animation Examples that are used in our day to day life.
The following points are covered in this ppt
1. Introduction
2. Working of Raster Animation
3. Types of Raster Animations Modern and Traditional
4. Examples
5.Applications
6. Advantages
7. Disadvantages
a spline is a flexible strip used to produce a smooth curve through a designated set of points.
Polynomial sections are fitted so that the curve passes through each control point, Resulting curve is said to interpolate the set of control points.
Scene Representation Networks: Continuous 3D-Structure-Aware Neural Scene Rep...Vincent Sitzmann
Slides for our 2019 NeurIPS paper and Honorable Mention for Promising New Directions in Research, "Scene Representation Networks: Continuous 3D-Structure Aware Neural Scene Representations".
You are free to use these slides for any purpose, so long as you keep an acknowledgement on the slide that denotes its source.
Project page: https://www.vincentsitzmann.com/srns/
The website of my research group at MIT: https://www.scenerepresentations.org/
My personal website: https://www.vincentsitzmann.com/
-- Abstract --
We propose Scene Representation Networks (SRNs), a continuous, 3D-structure-aware scene representation that encodes both geometry and appearance. SRNs represent scenes as continuous functions that map world coordinates to a feature representation of local scene properties. By formulating the image formation as a neural, 3D-aware rendering algorithm, SRNs can be trained end-to-end from only 2D observations, without access to depth or geometry. SRNs do not discretize space, smoothly parameterizing scene surfaces, and their memory complexity does not scale directly with scene resolution. This formulation naturally generalizes across scenes, learning powerful geometry and appearance priors in the process.
In Computer Graphics, Hidden surface determination also known as Visible Surface determination or hidden surface removal is the process used to determine which surfaces
of a particular object are not visible from a particular angle or particular viewpoint. In this scribe we will describe the object-space method and image space method. We
will also discuss Algorithm based on Z-buffer method, A-buffer method, and Scan-Line Method.
Comprehensive coverage of fundamentals of computer graphics.
3D Transformations
Reflections
3D Display methods
3D Object Representation
Polygon surfaces
Quadratic Surfaces
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
2. What is a hidden surface?
When we view a picture containing non-transparent objects and surfaces, then we cannot see
those surfaces from view which are behind from surfaces closer to eye.
Visible surfaceHidden surface
3. Why hidden surface removal is needed?
If we don’t remove hidden surface, there may be some spurious surfaces in the 3d object.
We must remove these hidden surfaces to get a realistic screen image.
3D object with false surfaces 3D object with true surfaces
False surface
4. Two types of approaches
Object space approach
Image space approach
5. OBJECT SPACE APPROACH
Algorithm
for(each object in the world)
{
determine those parts of the object whose view is unobstructed
by other parts of it or any other object;
draw those parts in the appropriate colour
}
Computational cost: O(n^2) (n is number of objects)
Examples: . Roberts algorithm, Warnock’s algorithm
6. IMAGE SPACE APPROACH
Algorithm
for(each pixel in the image)
{
determine the object closest to the viewer that is intercepted by
the projector through the pixel;
draw the pixel in the appropriate colour;
}
Computational cost: O(np) (n:number of object p:number of pixels)
Examples: . Z-buffer, Floating horizon algorithm
8. Floating Horizon Algorithm
The technique is to convert 3D problem to equivalent 2D problem by intersecting 3D surface
with a series of parallel cutting planes at constant values of the coordinate in the view
direction. It could be x, y or z. The function F(x,y,z)=0 is reduced to a planar curve in each of
these parallel planes
y f (x,z)
9. SELECTION OF PLANES
F(x, y, za)=0
F(x, y, zb)=0
F(x, y, zc)=0
and so on….
Y
Z
Za
Zc
Zb
10. Visibility of curves
With z=constant plane closest to the viewpoint, the curve in each plane is
generated (for each x coordinate in image space the appropriate y value is
found).
X
Y
FRONT
BACK
Z1
Z2
Z3
Z4
Z5
12. Z-Buffer Algorithm
In this process depth of the z-axis is used to determine the closest (visible surface).
The depth value of a pixel is compared and the closest surface determines the colour
Depth buffer ( values between 0 to inf) for each pos (x,y).
Frame buffer is used to store the intensity of the colour value.
Intensity f(x ,y)
Depth Z(x ,y)
INTENSITY DEPTH
13. Pseudo code
Initialize all d[i,j]=inf (max depth), c[i,j]=background color.
for (each polygon)
{
for (each pixel in polygon’s projection)
{
Find depth-z of polygon at (x,y) corresponding to pixel (i,j);
If z < d[i,j]
{
d[i,j] = z;
p[i,j] = color;
}
}
}
20. Ray Tracing
Allows the observer to see a point on the surface as a result of interaction of the
rays emanating from other source.
•
•
•
View
point
•
•
Invisible Rays
cast from the
viewpoint
Regular grid,
corresponding
to pixels:
• The rays find
the closest object
intersected...
rays are stopped
at the first
intersection...
• A ray is fired
from the viewpoint
through each
pixel to which the
window maps
21. Pseudo code:
For each scan line in the image
For each pixel in a scan line
• Determine the ray from the viewpoint (or center of
projection) through the pixel;
• For each object in the scene
– If the object is intersected and is closest found so
far...then record the intersection and object's name;
• Set the pixel's color to the closest object intersection;
22. BACKWARD RAY TRACING
Camera shoots rays
Rays get reflected and intercepted by camera
Closest intersection is visible
24. 2 2 2
D
0 D
D D
t 0
x y z 1
R(t) R R t
2 2 2 2
C C C R(x x ) (y y ) (z z ) S
Given equations
Ray equation
We consider the ray towards the scene not opposite to the
scene
We consider normalized direction of the ray i.e. perpendicular to
the viewer’s plane
Sphere equation
25. Calculations
Put the ray equation into sphere equation and solve t
We get:
Find the value of closest t from R0
0 D
0 D
0 D
x x x t
y y y t
z z z t
2 2 2
D D D
D 0 C D 0 C D 0 C
2 2 2
0 C 0 C 0
2
C
A x y z
B (x (x x ) y (y y ) z (z z ))
C (x x ) (y
At Bt C
y ) ( )
0
z z