1. Assignment 1
Literature Case Studies
on
COMPOSITE CLIMATE
• Piyush Patel - 2021UAR1198
• Happy Saini - 2021UAR1235
• Pavitre Thomas Indwar - 2021UAR1274
• Rishabh Raj - 2021UAR1279
2. • Most characteristics of the
composite zone are similar
to that of the hot and dry
climate zone, except
that composite regions
experience higher humidity
levels during monsoons.
• The building design criteria
are more or less the same as
for hot
and dry climate (appropriate s
hading, reduced
exposed area,
and increased thermal
capacity), except that maximiz
ing
cross ventilation is desirable
in the monsoon period.
• The composite zone covers
mostly the Northern-central
part of India.
COMPOSITE CLIMATE
3. CLIMATE DETAILS
General temperature range
• Summer temperature : 32-45 C (daytime), 27-32 C (nighttime)
• Winter temperature : 10-15 C (daytime), 4-10 C (nighttime)
• Precipitation : varies between 500-1300mm/year
• Relative Humidity : 20-25% in dry
period, 55-95% in
wet period.
• Cloudy Days : 8-10 days in a month
• Clear ski : 20-22 days in a month
• Average wind speed : 3-5 km/h
• The intensity of solar radiation is very high in summer with diffuse
radiation amounting to a small fraction of the total.
• In monsoons, the intensity is low with predominantly diffuse radiation.
4. CLIMATE DETAILS
General temperature range
• The regions in these zones receive strong winds
during monsoon months from the south and dry
cold winds from the north-east.
• In summer, the winds are hot and dusty.
• The sky is overcast and dull in the monsoon, clear
in winter and frequently hazy in summer.
• The presence of high humidity
during monsoon months clear is one of
the reasons why place likes New Delhi and
Nagpur are grouped under composite and not
hot and dry climate.
5. CONVENTIONAL BUILDING, GWALIOR
• City: Gwalior
• Climate: Composite
• Area of the building: 92m²
• Function of the building: Residence
• Geographical condition: Gwalior is located at 22.22`N 78.18`e in northern Madhya
Pradesh (a major state of India).
• It has an average elevation of 197 meters and spread over 5214km sq. 1.2.
Climatic condition Gwalior has a composite climate with hot summers from late
March to early July, the humid monsoon season from late June to early October,
and a cool dry winter from early November to late February
Gwalior City which is comes under extreme climatic zone. The heritage and ancient
buildings of Gwalior are the finest example of sustainable architecture and energy
efficient building and the landscaping that provides a soothing and fresh environment.
Planning of urban areas, the various elements and techniques like "jaali" pattern and
"jhil-mill windows" and so many others which are constructed to achieve the thermal
comfort and energy efficiency.
6. CLIMATE BASED
CONSIDERARTIONS
• ORIENTATION:
• The orientation of the houses should
be such that, penetration of sunrays
maximum in winter and minimum in
summer.
• Proper orientation also helps in
receiving natural light and ventilation.
• The direction of a window plays a
crucial role in a property's light and
heat efficiency. Southwestern-facing
rooms receive the most sunlight
throughout the day, making it an
efficient window direction.
7. CLIMATE
CONSIDERARTIONS
• WINDOW SHADES:
• Window shades cut off sun in the
summer but allow the sun in the
underheated period.
• Further, the window section enhance
air velocity while still acting as
shade.
• This could be achieved either by
introducing a planter at the window
sill or else by adding smaller shades
at the glazing.
8. CLIMATE
CONSIDERARTIONS
• WALL THICKNESS:
• Walls work as an insulator of heat
so that they don't
• allow heat to attack inside the
building in summers and to
• spread outside from the inside in
winters. That is why
• thickness of walls are provided
more than usual at some
• places.
9. CLIMATE CONSIDERARTIONS
•ROOF AND WALL INSULATION:
• Placed at the outer surface of walls and roofs
• and helps retain cool in summer heat in winter.
• This can create a major impact on indoor thermal
• comfort of the building.
10. CLIMATE CONSIDERARTIONS
In winter, the wind direction in the
outdoor environment affects heat loss
of the building, while in summer the
change of wind direction and speed in
the outdoor environment will affects
the building's ventilation and indoor air
circulation.
11. CLIMATE CONSIDERARTIONS
•OPENINGS:
• To reduce the humidity and for ventilation
• openings (i.e., doors, windows, ventilators and
• corridors) are provided large in numbers.
• SIZE OF OPENINGS:
• A small inlet opening with a large outlet provides the
• largest air velocity. The best arrangement is full wall
• openings on both the sides, with adjustable sashes or
• closing devices which can assist in channeling the air flow
• in the required direction, following the change of wind.
12. CLIMATE CONSIDERARTIONS
•JAALIS:
• the jaali is basically an architectural element. This
form is not only for decoration purposes, but this is
the application of wind behavior to maintain the
thermal comfort of the building.
• Jalis on the outer facade of the building helps in
• cooling, shading and ventialtion.
• the jaali is 2 inches thick and made of perforated
stone.
13. CLIMATE CONSIDERARTIONS
• POSITION OF OPENINGS:
In buildings air movement
must be ensured through the
space mostly used by
occupants; through the living
zone (up to 2m heigh).
• CONTROL OF OPENINGS:
A gap between the building face and canopy
would ensure a downward pressure, thus a flow is
directed into the living zones.
14. OTHER CLIMATE CONSIDERARTIONS
• COURTYARD
Courtyard should be deigned in such a way
so as to allow sun penetration during the
winter months, but provides shading in the
hot season.
• VEGITATION:
Deciduous trees, creepers and vines provide shade
when needed which also allow the sun rays to penetrate
inside in the cool season when they lose their foliage.
15. OTHER CLIMATE
CONSIDERARTIONS
WATER BODIES
Water absorbs relatively large
amounts of radiation. It also
allow evaporative cooling. As
a result, during the area
around Water bodies are
generally cooler. At night,
however, water bodies release
heat to the surroundings and
used for
16. OTHER CLIMATE CONSIDERARTIONS
• PROJECTIONS:
• Large projecting eaves and wide
verandahs are
• needed in composite climate as outdoor
living areas,
• to reduce sky glare, keep out the rain
and provide shades.
• PLINTH:
High plinth is provided to prevent the
rainwater for coming inside the
building.
18. CLIMATE CONDITION OF SPETSES
• The climate in Greece is typical of the
climate of the Mediterranean with mild
and rainy winders and relatively warm and
dry summers.
• The year can be broadly subdivided into
the seasons of the cold and rainy season
lasting from early October to the end of
march and the dry and warm season
lasting from April until September.
• Summer in Spetses is hot and sunny, like in
most of the places in Greece, and
temperatures range from 25 to 38°C.
Winters are mild with low rainfall and rare
humidity, while temperatures rarely drop
below 0°C.
19. MAIN CHARACTERSTICS OF HOUSE
• Exterior walls – The walls are usually made
from brick or stone that is coated with
a stucco exterior. The exteriors are usually
pastel hues or even white.
• Roofs -Another of the most notable features
of Mediterranean houses are their roofs.
They typically have low pitched roofs with
red or terracotta tiles.
• Floor plans – Mediterranean houses will
usually have an open-plan interior in the
main living area. Mediterranean villas are
most likely to have only one or two floors.
20. • Ceiling Height – There are high ceilings, which is another
feature that gives the rooms air in warm weather.
• Floors– Some Mediterranean houses have stone or
flagged floors. More commonly, the floors of
Mediterranean houses are tiled. In larger and more
luxurious houses, the floor tiles are colorful and laid in
elaborate patterns.
• Balconies – Many Mediterranean properties have small
balconies that provide extra outdoor living space. These
most often lead off the bedrooms.
• Windows and doors– There are several notable features
of the windows and doors in Mediterranean houses.
They are usually arched, and the windows often have
wrought iron grills. Both the windows and the doors are
large as this encourages a breeze through the houses.
The exterior doors are generally made from wood, and
the windows sometimes have wooden shutters. Interior
doorways are often arched and open.
MAIN CHARACTERSTICS OF HOUSE
21. TYPICAL INTERIOR DESIGN OF
HOUSES
• Colors – The predominant color inside Mediterranean
properties is white as this is often used as the
only colors on the walls. Splashes of color are added
in the flooring, accessories, and textiles. The colors
used to offset the white are often either earthy
shades, such as terracotta or yellow, or vibrant jewel
colors.
• Textures – A hallmark feature of Mediterranean
houses is the textured interior walls. They are either
stucco or raised plaster to give the rooms texture and
visual interest.
• Textiles – The flooring and walls are intended to
create a cool atmosphere in a warm climate. Elements
of warmth are added using colored textiles. Cushions,
rugs, wall hangings, and tapestries are common
features in Mediterranean properties.
22. • Tiles – As already mentioned, the floors of
Mediterranean houses are often tiled and sometimes
in elaborate patterns. However, tiles also feature in
other aspects of the homes, such as on the walls or as
interesting features. Terracotta and hand-painted tiles
are used, and the Middle Eastern countries around the
Mediterranean Sea are the inspiration for the designs.
• Wood – Wooden features are found all over
Mediterranean homes. These include wall paneling,
skirting boards, kitchen units, wooden furniture,
wooden staircases and banisters, and wooden fire
surrounds. Some even have wooden paneled ceilings.
• Wrought Iron – Wrought iron features are heavily used
in Mediterranean properties. Window grilles, interior
door grilles, staircases, balconies, and light fittings are
all typical features you will find that are made from
wrought iron.
TYPICAL INTERIOR DESIGN OF
MEDITERRANEAN HOUSES
24. CLIMATIC RESPONSE
• Water body present – Keep the surroundings cool.
• The vegetation and mountaions obstacles a sun
lights during summer. The building is surrounded
by palm trees, pines and cypresses.
• Thick stone Walls and Stucco plaster insulate the
interior environment.
• Orientation of a building :
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