Presentation by Bernard Bett at the 14th conference of the International Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (ISVEE), Merida, Yucatan, Mexico, 3-7 November 2015.
Climate change - influence on animal health and productionSIANI
This presentation was held by Ann Albihn at the interntional seminar 'Livestock Resources for Food Security in the Light of Climate Change' co-hosted by SIANI and SLU Global in Uppsala on the 11th of March 2016.
Climate change impacts on animal health and vector borne diseasesILRI
Presentation by Bernard Bett and Delia Grace at a United States Agency for International Development (USAID) climate change technical officers' meeting, Nairobi, Kenya, 1 April 2014.
Impact of climate change on livestock reproduction and its ameliorative measuresDrSapunii Hanah
Climate directly or indirectly has a great impact on livestock production and reproduction such as estrus cycle, follicular growth, fertility, semen production etc. However, there is always a way to tackle the problem by implementing scientific housing system, nutritional intervention etc
Livestock and Climate Change - Tara Garnett, Food Climate Research Network, U...guycollender
During a workshop at the London International Development Centre on 12 June 2009, Tara Garnett gave an overview of livestock and contributions to climate-changing emissions.
This Thematic Paper is part of a Toolkit for Project Design (Livestock Thematic Papers: Tools for Project Design) which reflects IFAD’s commitment to developing a sustainable livestock sector in which poor farmers and herders might have higher incomes, and better access to assets, services, technologies and markets.
The paper indents to be a practical tool for development practitioners, project designers and policymakers to define appropriate livestock development interventions. It also provides recommendations on critical issues for rural development and also possible responses and actions to encourage the socio-economic empowerment of poor livestock keepers.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Climate change - influence on animal health and productionSIANI
This presentation was held by Ann Albihn at the interntional seminar 'Livestock Resources for Food Security in the Light of Climate Change' co-hosted by SIANI and SLU Global in Uppsala on the 11th of March 2016.
Climate change impacts on animal health and vector borne diseasesILRI
Presentation by Bernard Bett and Delia Grace at a United States Agency for International Development (USAID) climate change technical officers' meeting, Nairobi, Kenya, 1 April 2014.
Impact of climate change on livestock reproduction and its ameliorative measuresDrSapunii Hanah
Climate directly or indirectly has a great impact on livestock production and reproduction such as estrus cycle, follicular growth, fertility, semen production etc. However, there is always a way to tackle the problem by implementing scientific housing system, nutritional intervention etc
Livestock and Climate Change - Tara Garnett, Food Climate Research Network, U...guycollender
During a workshop at the London International Development Centre on 12 June 2009, Tara Garnett gave an overview of livestock and contributions to climate-changing emissions.
This Thematic Paper is part of a Toolkit for Project Design (Livestock Thematic Papers: Tools for Project Design) which reflects IFAD’s commitment to developing a sustainable livestock sector in which poor farmers and herders might have higher incomes, and better access to assets, services, technologies and markets.
The paper indents to be a practical tool for development practitioners, project designers and policymakers to define appropriate livestock development interventions. It also provides recommendations on critical issues for rural development and also possible responses and actions to encourage the socio-economic empowerment of poor livestock keepers.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Presentation by Mario Herrero, Philip Thornton and Iain Wright to Workshop on climate change vulnerability and adaptation in the livestock sector, Kathmandu, Nepal, 28-29 October 2010.
Agriculture has been and continues to be the most important sector in Indian economy. Climate change is one of the most important environmental issues facing the world today. The impact of climate change is a reality and it cuts across all climates sensitive sectors including the Agriculture sector. In this situation this seminar focuses on the climate smart agriculture. CSA brings together practices, policies and institutions that are not necessarily new but are used in the context of climatic changes which is prime requirement in arena of climate change. Farmers possessed low level of knowledge regarding climate change, and they adopted traditional methods to mitigate the impact of climate change. Small land holdings, poor extension services and non availability of stress tolerant verities were the major problems faced by the farmers in adoption to climate change. Extension functionaries were having medium level awareness about impact of climate change on agriculture. They used electronic media, training and conferences and seminars as major sources of information for climate change. They need training on climate smart agriculture aspects. Based on the above facts this presentation focuses on analyzing the opportunities and challenges of climate smart agriculture.
Priority areas of livestock sector for strengthening food and nutrition secur...ILRI
Presented by Tek B. Gurung and Bimal K. Nirmal at the Workshop on transforming livelihoods in South Asia through sustainable livestock research and development, Kathmandu, Nepal, 13-14 November 2018
Use of ITK in animal husbandry practices in IndiaAVKaaviya
Use of Indigenous Technical Knowledge in animal husbandry practices in India:
Increasing Fertility in Livestock
Increasing milk production
Retention of placenta
Repeat breeding
First aid for calves
Sheep and goat rearing
Fish farming
Dairying
Duck rearing
Curing disease
Poultry farming
Presentation by Mario Herrero, Philip Thornton and Iain Wright to Workshop on climate change vulnerability and adaptation in the livestock sector, Kathmandu, Nepal, 28-29 October 2010.
Agriculture has been and continues to be the most important sector in Indian economy. Climate change is one of the most important environmental issues facing the world today. The impact of climate change is a reality and it cuts across all climates sensitive sectors including the Agriculture sector. In this situation this seminar focuses on the climate smart agriculture. CSA brings together practices, policies and institutions that are not necessarily new but are used in the context of climatic changes which is prime requirement in arena of climate change. Farmers possessed low level of knowledge regarding climate change, and they adopted traditional methods to mitigate the impact of climate change. Small land holdings, poor extension services and non availability of stress tolerant verities were the major problems faced by the farmers in adoption to climate change. Extension functionaries were having medium level awareness about impact of climate change on agriculture. They used electronic media, training and conferences and seminars as major sources of information for climate change. They need training on climate smart agriculture aspects. Based on the above facts this presentation focuses on analyzing the opportunities and challenges of climate smart agriculture.
Priority areas of livestock sector for strengthening food and nutrition secur...ILRI
Presented by Tek B. Gurung and Bimal K. Nirmal at the Workshop on transforming livelihoods in South Asia through sustainable livestock research and development, Kathmandu, Nepal, 13-14 November 2018
Use of ITK in animal husbandry practices in IndiaAVKaaviya
Use of Indigenous Technical Knowledge in animal husbandry practices in India:
Increasing Fertility in Livestock
Increasing milk production
Retention of placenta
Repeat breeding
First aid for calves
Sheep and goat rearing
Fish farming
Dairying
Duck rearing
Curing disease
Poultry farming
Mr. Nadir Burjorji Godrej - Keynote address at Knowledge day 2015Poultry India
Mr. Nadir Burjorji Godrej serves as the Managing Director of Godrej Industries Ltd. He developed the animal feed, agricultural inputs and chemicals business and has been Chairman of Astec Life Sciences since November 6, 2015. Mr. Godrej serves as Chairman of Godrej Agrovet, Poultry Processors' Association of India, Goldmohur Foods & Feeds, Godrej Global Solutions and Godrej Plant Biotech.
Bernard bett delia grace climate change impacts on animal health and vector ...Naomi Marks
'Climate change impacts on animal health and vector borne diseases. Presentation by Bernard Bett and Delia Grace of the International Livestock Research Institute to a USAID climate change technical officers meeting
Vector borne infectious diseases in the face of climate changeSEJOJO PHAAROE
To understand how climate might affect the incidence of vector-borne diseases, one must first examine the life cycles of the diseases and the environmental parameters associated with each stage
A vector-borne disease is one in which the pathogenic microorganism is transmitted from an infected individual to another individual by an arthropod or other agent, sometimes with other animals serving as intermediary hosts.
The transmission depends upon the attributes and requirements of at least three different living organisms:
- the pathologic agent,
-the vector, and the human host.
intermediary hosts such as domesticated and/or wild animals often serve as a reservoir for the pathogen until susceptible human populations are exposed
We recommend proactive planning
more surveillance of direct impacts, such as changes in the reproduction rate of the vector or the agent, the biting frequency of the vector, and the amount of time the host is exposed to the vector due to changes in temperature, rainfall, humidity, or storm patterns.
Even less information is available to evaluate the impacts of societal and individual activities on the transmission of vector-borne diseases.
Changes in hydrology, agriculture, forestry, and infrastructure in response to global warming may also indirectly affect the interrelationship among the disease agent, vectors, and hosts
Land use, biodiversity changes and the risk of zoonotic diseases: Findings fr...ILRI
Presented by B. Bett, M. Said, R. Sang, S. Bukachi, J. Lindahl, S. Wanyoike, E. Ontiri, I. Njeru, J. Karanja, F. Wanyoike, D. Mbotha and D. Grace at the 49th Kenya Veterinary Association annual scientific conference, Busia, Kenya, 22-25 April 2015.
People, animals, plants, pests and pathogens: connections matterEFSA EU
Presentation of the EFSA's second scientific conference, held on 14-16 October 2015 in Milan, Italy.
DRIVERS FOR EMERGING ISSUES IN ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH
Land use change and the risk of selected zoonotic diseases: Observations from...ILRI
Presentation by Bernard Bett, Mohammed Said, Rosemary Sang, Salome Bukachi, Johanna Lindahl, Salome Wanyoike, Ian Njeru and Delia Grace at the 14th conference of the International Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (ISVEE), Merida, Yucatan, Mexico, 3-7 November 2015.
Comparing the risk of mosquito-borne infections in humans in irrigated and no...ILRI
Presentation by Bernard Bett, Rosemary Sang, Cristobal Verdugo, Salome Bukachi, Salome Wanyoike, Mohammed Said, Enoch Ontiri, Shem Kifugo, Tom Fredrick Otieno, Ian Njeru, Joan Karanja, Johanna Lindahl and Delia Grace at the EcoHealth 2014 conference, Montreal, Canada, 11-15 August 2014.
Aelsdeep Singh Mann Impact of Global Warming On insects THES.docxnettletondevon
Aelsdeep Singh Mann
Impact of Global Warming On insects
THESIS- Global warming is a great concern throughout the world. In nature insects are greatly affected by changing temperature. Insect will experience additional life cycles with rapid growth rate. Because of changes in the population dynamics including distribution and migration the reliability on current insect pest ETL will be reduced. Increased insect pests outbreak will affect agricultural production. Research on basic biology of insect, population dynamics and behavior patterns should be focused to ascertain the effect of global warming on insect behavior Because the insects serve as a warning for other global warming effects.
Generally global warming refers to an increase in average global temperatures. There are many gases like nitrous oxide, methane, nitrogen in atmosphere which keeps the earth warm and cause global warming or greenhouse effect. Global warming is caused by natural as well as human activities. There are number of natural factors responsible for climate change. Some of the most prominent are volcanoes, ocean currents, forest fires etc. Among human activities, emissions of greenhouse gases, industrialization, deforestation, fuel burning, etc. are most important factor contributing towards global warming. It is not new that global warming can affect agriculture through their direct and indirect effects on the crops, soils, livestock, and pests. So, because of global warming insects are effected in many ways. Increased temperature has resulted in increased northward migration of some insects, insect development rate and oviposition, potential for insect outbreaks, invasive species introductions and insect extinctions because, insects are able to respond rapidly to climate changes and adapt to the changing environment due to high reproductive potential and relatively short generation time. Here are some examples of researches conducted in ISRAEL of the species of insects named (Orius). These are the bugs which are mostly generalist predators commonly found in flowers of herbaceous vegetation In this study, there was a Comparison of the relative abundance of Orios species revealed significant differences among years (G12= 1060.2, P,0.0001). The relative abundance of O. laevigates has decreased from 50%, 38% and 60% during 1940–59, 1960–79 and 1980–99, respectively, to 4–6% during 2001–2 and the present survey. In contrast, the relative abundance of O. abidingness has increased gradually from 9% and 1% during 1940–59 and 1960–79, respectively, to 26% during 1980–99 and 65% and 62% in 2001–2 and in the present survey, respectively. There are other effect on the insects listed below
· Effect of global warming on insect biology: Temperature is probably the single most important abiotic factor influencing insect biology. Pests may become more active than they currently are, thus posing the threat of greater economic losses to farmers. It has been estimated that wit.
A description of changes in climate we have seen and how those have and are affecting our daily lives. The talk is oriented more for South Florida but is applicable anywhere
Unlocking the Climate Crisis: Explore urgent insights on climate change. Navigate through the latest data, impactful visuals, and innovative strategies to drive awareness and inspire positive change.
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Presentation by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 28–30 November 2023.
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Poster by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione presented at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 29 November 2023.
A training, certification and marketing scheme for informal dairy vendors in ...ILRI
Presentation by Silvia Alonso, Jef L. Leroy, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas and Delia Grace at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Milk safety and child nutrition impacts of the MoreMilk training, certificati...ILRI
Poster by Silvia Alonso, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas, Delia Grace and Jef L. Leroy presented at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Food safety research in low- and middle-income countriesILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at the first technical meeting to launch the Food Safety Working Group under the One Health Partnership framework, Hanoi, Vietnam, 28 September 2023
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at the first technical meeting to launch the Food Safety Working Group under the One Health Partnership framework, Hanoi, Vietnam, 28 September 2023
Reservoirs of pathogenic Leptospira species in UgandaILRI
Presentation by Lordrick Alinaitwe, Martin Wainaina, Salome Dürr, Clovice Kankya, Velma Kivali, James Bugeza, Martin Richter, Kristina Roesel, Annie Cook and Anne Mayer-Scholl at the University of Bern Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences Symposium, Bern, Switzerland, 29 June 2023.
Assessing meat microbiological safety and associated handling practices in bu...ILRI
Presentation by Patricia Koech, Winnie Ogutu, Linnet Ochieng, Delia Grace, George Gitao, Lily Bebora, Max Korir, Florence Mutua and Arshnee Moodley at the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Ecological factors associated with abundance and distribution of mosquito vec...ILRI
Poster by Max Korir, Joel Lutomiah and Bernard Bett presented the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Practices and drivers of antibiotic use in Kenyan smallholder dairy farmsILRI
Poster by Lydiah Kisoo, Dishon M. Muloi, Walter Oguta, Daisy Ronoh, Lynn Kirwa, James Akoko, Eric Fèvre, Arshnee Moodley and Lillian Wambua presented at Tropentag 2023, Berlin, Germany, 20–22 September 2023.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
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Thanks...!
1. Climate change and animal health
Bernard Bett
14th Conference of the International Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics
Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
3–7 November 2015
2. Acknowledgements
Part of this work falls under the
project ‘Dynamic Drivers of
Disease in Africa: Ecosystems,
livestock/wildlife, health and
wellbeing: REF:NE/J001422/1”
partly funded with support from
the Ecosystem Services for
Poverty Alleviation Programme
(ESPA). The ESPA program is
funded by the Department for
International Development
(DFID), the Economic and Social
Research Council (ESRC) and the
Natural Environment Research
Council (NERC).
This work received funding from
the Europeans Union Horizon
2020 research and innovation
programme under the research
agreement No. 641918
Joseph Ogutu, University of Hohenheim
Mohammed Said, ILRI
Johanna Lindahl, ILRI
Delia Grace, ILRI
John McDermott, IFPRI
Ian Dohoo, UPEI, Canada
4. Introduction
• Climate change influences the dynamics and
distributions of:
o individual organisms and populations
o interactions
• Interest on its effects on disease patterns, vector
and pathogen distribution
• Mitigation and adaptation practices
5. Challenges of climate change-disease research
• Scales:
Climate change is measured in broad/global scales while requirements
for disease transmission defined at local/ecosystem levels
• Data:
Baseline data to evaluate extent of geographical shifts in suitable
habitats
• Socio-economic factors :
Effects of climate overlap/influenced by socio-economic changes
• Current knowledge
Direct verses indirect effects
6. Drivers of climate change
• Earth’s temperature balance:
difference between inward and
outward energy from the sun
• Main drivers of climate change
o Natural processes
i. changes in the amount of solar
intensity reaching the earth
ii. reflectivity of the earth surface
iii. volcanic eruptions
o Anthropogenic factors –
concentration on GHG
i. Burning fossil fuels
ii. Deforestation
iii. Some agricultural practices
Huber and Knutti, 2012
7. GHG and livestock
• Human-induced climate change – mainly from increasing
atmospheric concentrations of heat-trapping greenhouse gases
Herrero et al. 2013
GHG per kg of animal protein produced
9. Effects of climate change on animal health
• Effects of climate change on animal health:
o Direct effects:
- Vectors, pathogens and hosts and their interactions
o Indirect effects:
- Land use changes
- Biodiversity changes
• Climate affects suitability of a habitat for
pathogens/vectors/hosts, while weather influences
timing/severity of outbreaks
14. Pathogens –replication/development rates
Temperature:
• Influences
development/repli
cation rates of
some pathogens,
e.g. Bluetongue
virus (BTV)
• Affects pathogen
dissemination rates
within the vector
• Influences ability of
a pathogen to
infect a vector
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 10 20 30 40 50
BTV -1 polymerase activity
Temperature
Incorporationofradiolabelled
substratesintoRNA
P. Mertens, Pirbright Inst.
15. Hosts: susceptibility to pathogens
• Homeotherms sensitive to air temperature,
air velocity, and relative humidity
• Chronic stress:
o wears down neuroendocrine responses
o elicits viral-bacterial synergy, causing fatal
respiratory infections e.g. BRD
• Ultraviolet radiations suppresses T cell
immunity
• Access to nutritious forage and disease
resistance
o Lignification of forages
o Replacement of pasture with invasive
shrubs
Bett, 2014
16. Case studies – evidence of climate impacts
Expansionofsuitableniches
Epidemicsassociatedwith
extremeevents
Reductioninsuitableniches
Increasedtransmissionriskinsome
areas
Bett, B. 2015
17. Case study 1: Expansion of suitable niches
• Vectors that have recently expanded their
geographical range
Vector Pathogen
Culicoides imicola Bluetongue virus (BTV)
Ixodes ricinus Tick-borne encephalitis, Lyme
borreliosis
Dermacentor reticulatus Canine babesiosis, tularemia,
Q-fever
Aedes albpictus Dengue virus
18. Bluetongue – evidence of impacts of
climate change
P. Mellor, M. Baylis and P. Mertens, 2009
19. Case study 2: Declining spatial range
• Shifting ranges
• Data limitations – used predictions to 2020
and 2080
Disease Vector
Trypanosomosis Tsetse flies
East Coast fever Rhipicephalus appendiculatus
20. Rhipicephalus appendiculatus
• Predictions to 2020 – with an
expected drier conditions on
the eastern side of the African
continent
• Contraction in climatic
suitability for this species by an
area of about 199,400 sq. km
• East to west Africa shift
• Hosts predicted to have range
reduction of 8 to 33%
Leta et al. 2013
21. Tsetse and trypanosomosis
• Tsetse transmitted animal trypanosomosis
affects 45-50 million cattle in sub-Saharan Africa
• Tsetse control could increase livestock
productivity by 52%
• Climate change impacts to 2080:
o A reduction in the overall tsetse population by 7%
o 1.5-fold decrease in habitats
o Increased transmission in a few countries, e.g.
Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe
22. Case study 2: Epidemics from extreme
events
• Diseases that occur as epidemics following
extreme events
Vector Pathogen
Rift Valley fever High/persistent rainfall
Leptospirosis Flooding
23. Rift Valley fever
• Rift Valley fever – mosquito-
borne viral disease of sheep,
goats, cattle, camels with
zoonotic potential
• RVF virus – single stranded
RNA with 3 segments
• Impacts: extensive abortions
in animals, perinatal mortality,
haemorrhagic syndrome in
people
Bird et al., 2009
24. Studies on RVF
• Drivers – climate and land use changes
• Spatial distribution and transmission dynamics
• Intervention measures
25. El Niño and Rift Valley fever
http://www.geocurrents.info/ (Oct, 2015)
• Six of the seven
documented RVF
outbreaks in EA since
1960s associated
with El-Niño
• El Niño – a random
event but its
frequency expected
to increase with
climate change
28. Hazard mapping
• Ecological niche
models
• Risk factors
• Risk-based
surveillance and
quantification of
vaccines
• Co-occurrence of
diseases
Bett, 2015
29. Response: Hazard and vulnerability mapping
• IPCC –hazard and
vulnerability
mapping
• Vulnerability:
o Education
o Poverty
o Livelihood options
o Access to health
services
o Knowledge
Kienberger and Hagenlocher, 2014
35. Indirect effects of climate change
• Land use change influencing vector-host-
pathogen interactions
Deforestation – irrigation – urban development
• Biodiversity changes
36. Land use change
• Erratic rainfall and increasing human population,
expected to hit 9.6 billion by 2050, prompting
land use changes, e.g. irrigation to alleviate food
insecurity
• Irrigation potential:
Sub-Saharan Africa To increase by 39.3 m ha
Southeast Asia 10.6% of area irrigated and will expand to 22.4%
37. Land use change and disease transmission
1
10
100
1000
10000
Aedes spp Anopheles
spp
Culex spp Mansonia
spp
irrigated area
non-irrigated area
Villages
Mosquito species
Lognumberofmosquitoes
1
10
100
1000
10000
Aedes spp Anopheles
spp
Culex spp Mansonia
spp
irrigated area
non-irrigated area
Farms
Mosquito species
Lognumberofmosquitoes
1
10
100
1000
10000
Aedes spp Anopheles
spp
Culex spp Mansonia spp
irrigated area
non-irrigated area
Villages
Mosquito species
Lognumberofmosquitoes
1
10
100
1000
10000
Aedes spp Anopheles
spp
Culex spp Mansonia
spp
irrigated area
non-irrigated area
Farms
Mosquito species
Lognumberofmosquitoes
I
FallowperiodIrrigationseason
38. Biodiversity changes
• The increasing frequency of
droughts in eastern Africa
linked to warming of the Indian
Ocean
• The Indian Ocean has warmed
much faster because of
encroachment from Tropical
Warm Pool
Hans Olff, Univ Groningen
39. Droughts and wildlife populations
Drought year Description
1991 Moderate
1993 Severe
1994 Moderate
1997 Severe
1999/2000 Extreme
2005/2006 Moderate
2008/2009 Moderate
Dublin et al. 2015
40. Host diversity and disease transmission
• Dilution effect – Can biodiversity provides ecosystem
services of disease transmission reduction?
• Assumptions:
o Reservoir hosts vary in competence
o Increase in non-competent hosts leads to lower prevalence
in vectors
o Increase in biodiversity favours non-competent hosts
• Observations: high biodiversity associate with high
disease risk
41. Practical applications
• Mean intervals between key events in 2006/07 RVF outbreak, based on pastoralists’
recall in North Eastern Province, Kenya
Results
Events Mean
Interval
(days)
Average Reported Start Date Per Event
Start of heavy rains and
appearance of mosquito swarms
23.6 Start of heavy rains: mid October 2006
First appearance of mosquito swarms and
first suspected RVF case in livestock
16.8 Appearance of mosquito: late October 2006
First suspected RVF case in livestock and
first suspected human case
17.5 First suspected RVF case in livestock: mid
November 2006
First suspected RVF case in livestock and
first veterinary service response
61.7 First suspect RVF case in humans: late
November 2006
First suspected RVF case in livestock and
first public health service response
50.0 First veterinary service response: mid January
2007
First suspected human case and
first public health service response
30.0 First public health service response: mid
December 2006
42. Rift Valley Decision Support Framework
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/59781
Current version:
43. Conclusions
• Improve disease surveillance and response with
climate data being used for risk
mapping/prediction
• Improve animal health service delivery, with
good disease control technologies e.g. vaccines
• Increase the resilience of livestock systems –
breeds, feed