Climate change is causing rising temperatures and altering precipitation patterns, which is expanding the ranges of vector-borne diseases like malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus by increasing the habitat and population of disease-carrying insects. India is particularly vulnerable as it experiences heavy rainfall, floods, and droughts exacerbated by climate change. The government of India has launched initiatives like the National Action Plan on Climate Change and National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture to enhance the resilience of agriculture and adapt surveillance and control of vector-borne diseases threatened by climate change.

1. Effect of climate change on vector borne diseases
Rakesh kumar

2. Outlines
Introduction
Climate system
Causes and effects of climate change
Impact on animal health and production
Vector borne diseases
What India is doing for climate change
Conclusion

3. Introduction
"Climate change refers to a statistically significant
variation in either the mean state of the climate or
in its variability, persisting for an extended period
(typically decades or longer)". (IPCC, 2007)
“ A change of climate which is attributed directly
or indirectly to human activity that alters the
composition of the global atmosphere which is in
addition to natural climate variability observed
over comparable time periods" .
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

4. THE CLIMATE SYSTEM

5. Two drivers of climate change
1.NATURAL DRIVERS, El-Nino and la-Nina
2.MAN MADE DRIVERS (Anthropogenic)
 Greenhouse gases- global warming
 Livestock - agriculture
 Urbanization
 Aerosols
Causes of climate change

6. Global GHG emission (IPCC, 2007)
Over past 200 years the atmospheric
concentration of CO2 increased about 31%

7. Interactions between oceans and climate

8. Observed Changes and Effects
Drought
Floods,
Storms
Air quality
Vectors
climate
Forest fire livestock
Ice melting- sea level rise

9. Effect On health and production and in reproduction
Heat stress leads to
 Lower feed intake
Decrease LH,FSH,P4,E2
Decline in the growth hormone,
catecholamines and glucocorticoids
(Webster, 1991)
Glucose metabolism- due to lower feed
intake occurring in a hot environment
(Itoh et al., 1998).
Lipid metabolism- reduced under hot
conditions (Ronchi et al., 1999
Heat stress reducing egg production and
quality (Mashaly et al., 2004)

10. 1. On pathogen- changing behaviour,E.coli O157:H7
2. Increased rainfall leads to more crops and food, which may increase rodent
populations and rodent-borne zoonoses eg. Hanta virus infection
3. The El-nino cycle has contributed to heavy rainfalls eg. Rift Valley fever
4.The loss of biodiversity due to deforestation
5.Migration of wild birds is involved in disease transmission. eg. WNF,AI
6.Increased rain may increase, flood , larval habitat & transmission.
7.Due to increase in global temperature –vector population growth rate
 egg production amount
 feeding frequency
 reducing duration of development periods
Climate change vs. disease

11. Disease emergence and reemergence
IPCC AR4, 2007
Susceptible population
Vector
Pathogen
•17% of global
disease burden due
to vectors (Townson et
al., 2005)

12. S.N0. IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE DISEASE
1. Increase animal reservoirs and/or
arthropod vectors
Lyme disease
Malaria
Schistosomiasis
2. Enhance transmission West Nile virus and other
arboviruses
3. Increase importation of vectors or
pathogens
Dengue,BTV
Chikungunya
West Nile virus
4. Increase animal disease risk and
potential human risk
African trypanosomiasis
Direct Effects of Climate Change on Vector-borne Disease
Greer et al., 2008

13. Kyasanur forest disease (KFD)
 Flavivirus, zoonotic
 Hosts: small rodents, bats and
 Haemaphysalis spinigera (Tick) - major vector).
•Lyme disease
•caused by -Borrelia burgdorferi (Ixodes ticks )
•Bull’s Eye Rash – Lyme Disease

14. Dengue Fever
 Aedes aegypti
 breakbone fever
 severe immunological reaction called Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
(DHF)
MALARIA:
 Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax
account for more than 95% of cases.
 clogging small BV in the brain –coma.
West Nile Virus (Culex pipiens)
 cerebral hemorrhages.
.
.Leishmaniasis

15. African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness)
 Transmitted by Tsetse flies
 invading the central nervous system.
Avian
influenza
Chikungunya (Aedes albopictus)
 Rash
Zhang et al., 2006

16. Deer Mouse Cotton Rat
Rice Rat White-footed mouse

17. Dealing with Climate Change:
Mitigation and Adaptation
Climate change
Impacts
Responses
Mitigation
Adaptation
So.. What
can we do?

18. Genetics improvement
Genetic
Improvement
Feeding management-
agroforestry practices
•Development of early-warning systems and
protection measures
Adaptation

19.  Geographical Location
 Geographic Diversity
 Persistent Drought
 Higher Frequency of Floods
 Poverty
 Vulnerability of Agriculture Sector
Major Reasons Why India is Highly Vulnerable
4 eco- sensitive regions of the
country, Himalayan region,
North-Eastern region, Western
Ghats and the Coastal regions
Indian Network for Climate Change
Assessment, 2010
Indian Scenario

20. National Action Plan on Climate Change
Government of India On June 30, 2008, Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan
Singh released India’s first National Action Plan on Climate Change
(NAPCC).The plan identifies eight core “national missions” running
through 2017
 National Solar Mission
 National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency
 National Mission on Sustainable Habitat
 National Water Mission
 National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem
 National Mission for a “Green India”:
 National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture
 National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change
ICAR has launched a
major Project
(NICRA 2nd
February, 2011)
•National Initiative on
Climate Resilient
Agriculture (NICRA)
during 2010-11 with an
outlay of Rs.350 crores
for the XI Plan
To enhance the resilience of Indian agriculture,
livestock and fisheries to climate change and risk
management technologies

21. Conclusions
• Climate change is one of the greatest challenges to modern human
civilization.
 Global climate change has modified the distribution and behavior of
parasites, their hosts and vectors
 Climate change will cause increase in disease incidence and its re-
emergence .
 It is essential to develop a portfolio of strategies that includes
adaptation, mitigation, technological development and research (climate
science, impacts, adaptation and mitigation) to combat climate change.