Climate adaptation in GW based agriculture_Dr. Das, CHE_UNDP Workshop 16 Oct 2014

UNDP National Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation in Drought affected Areas:
Policies, Programmes and Traditional Coping Mechanisms
16th October, 2014, Park Hotel, New Delhi
Technical Session 3: Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies
Climate Adaptation in groundwater based agriculture
– Experiences from GEF FAO SPACC Project
CCeennttrree ffoorr HHyyddrroollooggiiccaall EEdduuccaattiioonn
http://www.theche.org
Dr. S. V. Govardhan Das
http://www.svgovardhandas.info

SScchheemmee ooff pprreesseennttaattiioonn
• About Centre for Hydrological Education (CHE)
• Adaptation Framework for Climate Adaptation
– Participatory Groundwater Management (PGM)
– Strategic Pilot on Adaptation to climate Change (SPACC)
– The Gaps
• Relevance of PGM-SPACC Model
• Further reading

AAbboouutt CCHHEE
• Origin
• Vision
• Mission
• Objectives
• Current Activities

AAbboouutt CCHHEE:: OOrriiggiinn
• The fourth World Water Forum
(WWF-VI) held at Marseilles,
France, in the year 2012
• Concluded that the key to
sustainable management of water
resources, across the globe, lies in
“education”
• Centre for Hydrological Education
(CHE) is inspired by this thought-process.

AAbboouutt CCHHEE:: VViissiioonn
A WORLD WHERE…
• Everybody understands earth’s water cycle and tap water for life, food,
livelihood and other economic activities, without damaging the natural
hydrological processes
• The scientific community is sensitive to human development agenda and
focuses its research on issues that matter to welfare of rural societies,
especially the marginalized
• Development agencies base their policies and programs on scientific
information for an equitable, sustainable and inclusive water use
• Governments that know how to provide water equitably to whole of its
population, irrespective of race, religion, region and gender
• Water users, including industries and agriculturists, who understand the
implications of interfering with the natural hydrological processes and
avoid excessive water use and activities that pollute natural waters

AAbboouutt CCHHEE:: MMiissssiioonn
BUILD WATER-SMART SOCIETIES
• Encouraging children and youth to opt for a career in water management
• Providing direct or indirect platform for all water professionals to engage
in meaningful and mutually enriching dialogue
• Informing conventional research institutions on “relevant research
topics”, based on grass-roots experimentation
• Providing services to developmental agencies for scientifically sound
policy formulation, program formulation and program implementation
• Compiling and disseminating information on impacts of developmental
activities on hydrological systems
• Engaging in policy support for evolving scientifically sound and inclusive
government policy documents, with emphasis on adaptation to climate
change
• Educating water users, government, business houses and academia in
sustainable management of water systems

AAbboouutt CCHHEE:: OObbjjeeccttiivveess
• Adopt and promote Hydrological Unit (catchment of a third order stream)
as unit of intervention
• Demystify Hydrological science and technology for benefit of the rural
communities, for all-round and sustainable development
• Evolve methodologies, approaches and technologies for sustainable
management of water resources, in partnership with research institutes,
universities and the like
• Organize awareness generation activities including cultural, audio-visual
shows and use of print and electronic media
• Publish, print and circulate papers, handouts, brochures, books, journals,
manuals containing technical, process and organizational content, aiming
at sustainable management of water resources

AAbboouutt CCHHEE:: OObbjjeeccttiivveess
• Evolve curricula and conduct vocational Training in “Hydrology” for
practicing water professionals, bureaucrats and politicians, for
improving their skills in discharge of their duties
• Promote, inclusive and self-evolving Community Based Institutions
(CBOs), in partnership with non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
• Promote social equity irrespective of gender, caste, class and religion;
and create a gender sensitive working environment within the society as
well as among the rural communities
• Promote sustainable agricultural practices viz., integrated farming
systems, organic agriculture, soil and moisture conservation, rain water
harvesting, and conservation of biodiversity

AAbboouutt CCHHEE:: CCuurrrreenntt AAccttiivviittiieess
• World Wide Fund (WWF) – India Secretariat
– Conducting the Study - “Water availability risk in SALIVAGU
catchment, Warangal District, Telanagana State”
• MetaMeta, the Netherlands
– Training Consultants for “Groundwater Management Training” -
National Drinking Water Security Pilot Program (NDWSPP),
MoDWS&S, GoI - The World Bank – Water and Sanitation Program
• NABARD (in the pipe-line)
– A pilot on Crop Water Budgeting (CWB) in NABARD supported
watersheds (under WDF) in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh
• SGPL, ANKITA, CARE, CARVE, and SAID

AAbboouutt CCHHEE:: CCuurrrreenntt AAccttiivviittiieess
CCGGWWBB TTrraaiinniinngg WWSSPP WWoorrkksshhoopp
WWWWFF--II vviissiitt ttoo CCHHEE
CCAARREE:: OOffffiicceerrss EExxppoossuurree SSAAIIDD:: SSttuuddeennttss EExxppoossuurree CCAARRVVEE:: CCWWBB WWoorrkksshhoopp

AAddaappttaattiioonn FFrraammeewwoorrkk

AAddaappttaattiioonn FFrraammeewwoorrkk:: PPGGMM

Hy Participatory Hyddrroollooggiiccaall MMoonniittoorriinngg
Precondition for CWB:
– Hydrological Monitoring Network should have been
established
 Rain Gauge Stations
 Monitoring Wells
– Farmers trained in data collection, recording and display
– Data of a minimum one Hydrological Year should have been
recorded

CCrroopp wwaatteerr bbuuddggeettiinngg ((CCWWBB))
Definition:
“A set of activities carried out to match groundwater balance
with Rabi crop plans, in a Hydrological Unit” (Govardhan Das SV, 2007)
History:
– APWELL (1995-2003): Conception (2000) and field-check (2002)
– APFAMGS (2003-2009): Up scaling to 63 Hydrological Units
– SPACC (2010-2014): Use of CWB data in climate adaptation in 9 HUs

Set of Activities:
o Pre-CWB Workshop Activities
o CWB Workshop
o Post-CWB Workshop Activities

Pre-CWB Workshop Activities:
•Data collection and updating
•Groundwater Balance Estimation, using CWB package
•Projection of Groundwater Balance at the end of Rabi,
based on farmer crop plan
•Material preparation
•Training community leaders in conduct of CWB
•Venue and Program
•Invitation to all groundwater users in the HU

CWB Workshop Activities:
•Ice-breaking by the Anchor
•Presentation: groundwater recharge estimation (Kharif)
•Presentation: groundwater draft estimation (Kharif)
•Presentation: groundwater balance estimation (Kharif)
•Presentation: Rabi crop plan of farmers
•Presentation: Projected groundwater balance for Rabi
•Small group discussions: Strategies to overcome deficit
•Presentation: Results of the group work
•Facilitated Plenary: Back-to-work reporting/sharing
•Oath taking and closure

Post-CWB Workshop Activities:
•Habitation level sharing of CWB workshop decisions
•Small group discussions
•Street corner meetings
•Crop Adoption Survey (CAS)
•Analysis of changes (actual cropping versus crop plan)
•Computation of groundwater balance (based on CAS)
•Comparison of previous years with the current year
•Archiving for sharing in the next CWB workshop

IImmppaacctt ooff CCWWBB
Change in cropping pattern

(Values in cu.m.)
Improved irrigation practices
Crop SRI
Vermi
Compost/
mulching
Sprinkler Check
basin
Alternate
furrow
Double
ring Drip
Rice 81344 49600
Groundnut 7480 2065140 144210
Sunflower 340 45390
Chillies 42480 72720 372960
Sweet orange 298008 15720 1839024
Tomato 13160 6720 6720 20328
81344 411068 2189970 144210 379680 15720 1859352
Data from 38 Hydrological Units of APFAMGS of two Crop Water Budgeting exercises

Annual Groundwater Balance

Annual Groundwater Draft

AAddaappttaattiioonn FFrraammeewwoorrkk:: SSPPAACCCC

SSPPAACCCC:: LLooccaattiioonn

SSPPAACCCC:: HHyyddrroollooggiiccaall UUnniittss

SSPPAACCCC:: CCOOWWSS

Impact ooff CCOOWWSS:: WWeeaatthheerr bbaasseedd ffaarrmmiinngg

SSPPAACCCC:: AAddaappttaattiioonn PPiilloottss
SN Hydrological Unit Crop season
Kharif 2012 Rabi 2012-13 Kharif 2013 Rabi 2013-14
1. Mallappavagu Cotton Groundnut, chilly,
bhendi, field bean
(maize as border crop)
and tomato
Castor (intercrop:
pigeion-pea)
Groundnut (cow-pea as
intercrop and castor as
border crop)
2. Nathiganicheruvu Cotton Groundnut and Ridge
Gourd
Cotton Groundnut (intercrop:
cow-pea)
3. Chinneru - Groundnut (castor as
border crop)
Rice Groundnut (border
crop: castor)
4. Upparavanka Groundnut (intercrops:
pigeon-pea black-eyed pea
and pearl-millet)
- Groundnut Tomato (intercrops:
maize and marigold)
5. Rommonivagu Groundnut (intercrops:
pigeon-pea, black-eyed
bean, field bean, and
sorghum)
- Finger-millet (inter
crops: pigeon-pea, cow-pea,
peal-millet, and
cucumber
Tomato

SSPPAACCCC:: AAddaappttaattiioonn PPiilloottss
SN Hydrological Unit Crop season
Kharif 2012 Rabi 2012-13 Kharif 2013 Rabi 2013-14
6. Bokkineru - Groundnut, Chickpea, and
Sun-flower
Cotton (intercrops:
sorghum, sesame,
mustard, pigeon-pea,
black-eyed pea, and bottle
gourd)
Groundnut (Intercrop:
maize)
7. Yadalavagu - Black-gram and Fodder
(Hybrid Napier Grass)
Cotton Finger-millet and
Tomato (intercrop:
pearl-millet)
8. Narsireddipallivagu - Hybrid Napier Grass Cotton Chickpea and Tomato
9. Jampaleru - Maize, Chilly (intercrops:
sorghum and castor), and
Tomato
Cotton (intercrop – maize) Maize and Tomato

SSPPAACCCC:: FFaarrmmeerr CClliimmaattee SScchhoooollss

SPACC IImmppaacctt:: ssuussttaaiinneedd ccrroopp yyiieelldd//iinnccoommee
Groundnut Castor

SPACC IImmppaacctt:: ssuussttaaiinneedd ccrroopp yyiieelldd//iinnccoommee
Napier Grass Tomato

AAddaappttaattiioonn FFrraammeewwoorrkk:: GGaappss

RReelleevvaannccee ooff PPGGMM--SSPPAACCCC MMooddeell
• Community based adaptation
– Several examples from disaster management perspective
– Very few examples from drought management angle
– The PGM-SPACC model becomes important
• Importance of groundwater based agriculture
– Was important in the growth of agriculture based economy
– But lead to over-exploitation in many pockets and keeps growing
– Matching annual recharge with draft key to sustainable use
– PGM approach becomes important
• Vulnerable Smallholder
– At the mercy of input dealers
– Access to wells + PGM-SPACC can make a huge difference

RReelleevvaannccee ooff PPGGMM--SSPPAACCCC MMooddeell
• Integrated Watershed Management Program (IWMP)
– Focus on supply side management
– Indiscriminate water use – the situation may turn back to square one
– PGM focus is on demand side management
– Implemented together, PGM and IWMP compliment each other
• Aquifer Mapping and Management Program
– PGM is quite essential for sustainable management of aquifers
– Participation of NGOs and CBOs is critical
• Weather Based Index for crop insurance
– Weather stations wide apart
– Rainfall is highly variable within small distances
– COWS may provide an alternative data source

FFuurrtthheerr RReeaaddiinngg
o 1999, Govardhan Das, S. V. and Rao P. S., “Participatory Hydrological
Monitoring (PHM) – An effective tool for community managed groundwater
systems”, Volume: Advances in Land Resource Management for 21st Century,
pp 557-565, Soil Conservation Society of India
http://svgovardhandas.info/download/advances%20in%20Land%20resource%20management
%20(21st%20Century).htm
o 2003, Govardhan Das, S. V., ”Judicious management of groundwater
through Participatory Hydrological Monitoring: A Manual”, Arcadis Euro
Consult, The Netherlands
http://svgovardhandas.info/download/Participatory%20Hydrological%20Monitoring.pdf
o 2012, Govardhan Das, S. V., and Burke Jacob, “Smallhoders and Sustainable
Wells”
http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3320e/i3320e.pdf
o 2012, Govardhan Das, S. V., “2653 Farmer Managed Groundwater Systems”,
Sixth World Water Forum, Marseilles, France
http://www.solutionsforwater.org/solutions/farmer-managed-groundwater-systems-fmgs
o 2014, Govardhan Das, S. V., Satya Priya, and Peter E Kenmore, “Smarter
Smallholders”, (In press)

TTHHAANNKK UU

Climate adaptation in GW based agriculture_Dr. Das, CHE_UNDP Workshop 16 Oct 2014

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