Clergy and crusades
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The Protestant Reformation began in response to perceived issues within the Catholic Church, including that it had become more focused on wealth than spiritual matters, the pope had become too political, and some priests had engaged in misconduct. Martin Luther helped spark the Reformation by posting his 95 Theses criticizing the Church and certain doctrines like the selling of indulgences. He went on to be excommunicated from the Catholic Church and establish the Lutheran Church, emphasizing salvation through faith alone rather than good deeds. The Reformation then spread through the establishment of new Protestant denominations across Europe in the 1500s-1600s.
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The Protestant Reformation began in the 16th century as a religious movement seeking to reform abuses within the Catholic Church, including its luxurious lifestyle, nepotism in appointments, and selling of indulgences. Martin Luther published his 95 Theses criticizing indulgences and asserting that salvation comes through faith alone, not works. This sparked the Reformation. As Protestantism spread, the Catholic Church responded with inquisitions against heretics and the Counter Reformation to preserve Catholicism, while rising nationalism in European nations further divided people along religious lines.
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The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 as a protest against corruption and abuses within the Catholic Church, led by Martin Luther. Luther's 95 Theses criticized the Church's sale of indulgences and doctrine of salvation, and emphasized faith alone and scripture as the sole religious authority. The printing press helped spread his ideas to a wider audience. Other reformers like Calvin and Henry VIII also challenged Catholic doctrine. This led to over a century of religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics, culminating in the Thirty Years' War.
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The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 and led to the end of religious unity in Western Europe. Martin Luther posted his 95 theses criticizing the Catholic Church in 1517, which sparked the Reformation in Germany. Henry VIII established the Church of England to gain an annulment of his marriage. The Reformation spread to other parts of Europe but had less success in Spain and Italy. The Catholic Church responded with the Counter-Reformation including the Council of Trent and Jesuits. The Reformation resulted in over a century of religious wars and fragmented Christianity in the West.
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This document provides an overview of Early Christian architecture from 300-600 AD. It discusses the key influences including geographical, geological, climatic, religious, social and historical factors. The predominant architectural form was the basilica, modeled on Roman basilicas. Early Christian buildings utilized salvaged materials from pagan temples and incorporated old Roman architectural elements. Interior mosaic and fresco ornamentation became prominent decorative features. The style was transitional, influenced by both Roman architecture and new religious needs, lacking distinctive structural innovations.
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The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 when Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses criticizing Catholic Church practices like selling indulgences. This sparked religious and political changes across Europe. Luther and other reformers like John Calvin and Ulrich Zwingli questioned Catholic doctrine and authority. Their teachings spread, dividing Western Christianity and leading many regions to adopt Protestantism over Catholicism by 1600. The Reformation had widespread impacts, including weakening the Pope's power, strengthening secular rulers, and influencing ideas like democracy. Protestantism remains one of the major branches of Christianity today.
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This is a work in progress. Some items have been borrowed. Some are original. It is NOT complete by any means.
Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation was an attempt in the 16th century to reform the Catholic Church in Europe. Reformers like Martin Luther wanted to restore faith in the church and questioned the corruption and power of Catholic Church leaders. Luther posted his 95 Theses criticizing the church in 1517, sparking the Protestant Reformation where Europeans broke away from the Catholic Church and formed new Christian denominations like Lutheran and Calvinist churches.
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The document provides an overview of architecture from the Early Christian period through the Gothic era. It begins by discussing how the Roman Empire split into eastern and western halves in 400 CE. Christianity had become the dominant religion. As new rulers came to power, architectural styles evolved from Early Christian to Byzantine under Constantine, and then to Romanesque. Key events and developments discussed include Constantine moving the capital to Constantinople in 330 CE and constructing Hagia Sophia, the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 410 CE, and the emergence of Gothic architecture in the late medieval period. Stylistic elements of Early Christian, Byzantine, and Romanesque architecture like semicircular arches, vaulting techniques, and basilica
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The document defines key architectural elements of early Christian churches. It describes elements like the narthex, nave, aisle, transepts, apse, altar, baptisteries, and choir. The nave is the central area for worshippers, aisles run along sides, and the transepts form a cross shape. The apse is a semicircular recess near the altar. It also provides examples of early Christian basilican churches like St. Peter's in Rome and the Church of Nativity in Bethlehem.
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That´s the PowerPoint Presentation about the Gotich Art. I hope that it´ll be useful for your hard study.
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Clergy and crusades
- 1. 4. THE CHURCH IN THE MIDDLE AGES
- 2. The church was a very rich institution. It controlled big fiefdoms and received high taxes called: “tithe” “diezmos” from the peasants. It consisted on the 10% of the benefits from the crops. With that money the church could maintain itself in the privileged group.
- 3. 4.1. CHURCH ORGANIZATION The church was perfectly structured in order to spread religion everywhere. A group of Christians formed a parish (parroquia), managed by a priest. A set of parish created a diocese, managed by a bishop. At the top of the church organization was the Pope.
- 4. 4.2. THE CLERGY CLASS The clergy group was divided into two branches: The secular group formed by: Bishops Priests The regular group formed by: Abbots, Abbesses: Monks, nuns. This group lived in monasteries, and they had to respect monastic rules.
- 5. 5. THE CRUSADES The crusades were a series of holy wars between European Christians and Muslims in the Middle East that took place from the 11th to 12th centuries. The aim of these wars was to reclaim the holy lands for Christians, such as Jerusalem, which was controlled by the Turks.
- 7. 6. THE ROMANASQUE ART
- 8. 6. ARCHITECTURE: VOCABULARY Floor plan > Planta (de la iglesia, catedral) Latin Cross > Cruz latina Transept > Transepto. It’s the short part of the cross in a Latin cross floor plan. Nave > Nave. The different corridors of the church or cathedral. Central Nave > The nave in the middle of the church. It’s the main one. Apse > Ábside. A semicircular or poligonal termination or recess in a church, shaped in a half circle or with many sides, usually with a domed roof.
- 9. ARCHITECTURE VOCABULARY Ambulatory: girola. It’s an aisle surrounding the end of a church. Crossing: crucero. It’s the square formed where the two crosses of a church cross each other. Bell Tower: campanario Barrel vault: bóveda de cañón. A vault with the form of a half cylinder. Buttresses: contrafuerte. It’s a support that is out from the wall of a building to
- 10. 6.1. ARQUITECTURE The churches were built of stone.
- 11. 6. ARQUITECTURE The floor plan was in the shape of a Latin cross
- 12. CATHEDRAL OF SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA Central nave Buttresses Apses portal Crossing Lateral naves Transept Ambulatory
- 13. INTERIOR OF A ROMANASQUE CHURCH Try to identify the parts of the church. You could see: -Apse -Central Nave -Barrel Vault -Crossing -Altar
- 14. Central apse only. And Central apse with lateral apses.
- 16. AMBULATORY
- 17. THE TYPE OF ARCH In Romanesque art the semi-circular arch was used. (Arco de medio punto), in fact, it is as a half of a full circle.
- 19. S. CLEMENTE DE TAULL (CATALUÑA)
- 21. PISA’S CATHEDRAL
- 22. BUTTRESSES
- 24. SCULPTURE The sculptures were used to represent religious themes, such as sacred events of the Holy Bible. Didactic purpose. It was meant to teach the Christian beliefs to the people, who were mostly illiterate: not able to read or write. Most of them were places in the exterior or buildings: doorways of churches and cathedrals. But also in: Columns Capitals
- 25. SCULPTURE Sculptures tended to be adapted to the architectural space. Most of the figures were rigid, static and inexpressive. The most common themes were religious ones, such as the “Pantocrat Christ”: in which Christ is represented in the middle of the magic mandorla, with his right hand he is blessing, and with the left he has a sacred book. Around him there are four symbolic representations of the four evangelists: S.Mateo – an Angel S. Marcos – a Lion S. Lucas - A Bull
- 29. SCULPTURE IN A DOORWAY Archivolts: arquivoltas. The bands surrounding an arched opening. Tympanum: tímpano. Semicircular surface situated between the upper part of a door or window and the arc over it.
- 30. PORTAL DE LA GLORIA IN SANTIAGO Trumeau – Parteluz Jambs
- 31. PAINTING The purpose was also didactic. Mural paintings were the only form of painting, done in fresco. The predominant theme was also the Pantocrator. Simple colours and black lines. The characters were in rigid poses and their faces showed no emotion.
- 32. PANTOCRATOR OF SAN CLEMENTE DE TAÜLL