Part 2 unit 0. byzantine empire and art
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The Byzantine Empire lasted from the fall of the Western Roman Empire until 1453. Its capital was Constantinople and it preserved Roman heritage and resisted invaders for 1000 years. The most important emperor was Justinian who ruled from 527 to 565 CE and sought to restore the Roman Empire. His armies conquered Northern Africa, Italy, and parts of Spain from other powers. Byzantine art is exemplified by Hagia Sophia, a church in Constantinople decorated with mosaics built on Justinian's orders in the 6th century with its central dome and arched windows. Visigothic art included small churches built of masonry featuring horseshoe arches, vaults, and relief decorations on
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Sopiya
Hagia Sophia is a former Orthodox Christian church and later Ottoman mosque located in Istanbul, Turkey. Construction began in 532 AD under the direction of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian and was completed in 537 AD. At the time, it was the largest cathedral in the world and remained so for over 1000 years. In 1453, after the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople, it was converted into a mosque. It has since been converted into a museum but remains an iconic example of Byzantine architecture.
Societal Impact of Hagia sophia
Slide 1: So today we will be discussing this iconic structure… World’s great wonder know as, Hagia Sophia in Greek…. Santa Sophia -in Latin and Aya Sophia in- Turkish……. Meaning HOLY WISDOM!!! On 24th July it re-opened as a mosque!
Slide 2: Situated on a hill overlooking the Sea of Marmara and the Bosphorus, Hagia Sophia has gone through various transformations since it was built in what is now Istanbul in 537 and it remains one of the most important monuments of the world.
Slide 3: This map here shows us the location of Hagia Sophia, if u look closely,,, u will understand that majority of Turkey falls in the Asian part of the world and is included under the middle east zone….. While half of Istanbul is located in Europe….sharing its border with Greece and Bulgaria
Slide 5:
1. THE ORIGINAL DOME WAS REPLACED AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE IN 558 CE.
Soaring 160 feet high, with a diameter of 131 feet, the grand feature of the Hagia Sophia was its large central dome. The dome and the church were designed by architects Anthemios of Tralles and Isidoros of Miletos, but unlike the dome of the Pantheon, which has never faltered, an earthquake in 558 CE caused the Hagia Sophia's dome to collapse. It was rebuilt to a height of 182 feet, and the walls were reinforced in 562 CE. The dome's weight is supported by a series of smaller domes, arcades, and four large arches.
2. THE CHURCH WAS TWICE DESTROYED BY RIOTS.
First built in Constantinople in 360 CE and dedicated by the Roman Emperor Constantius II (son of Constantine, the founder of Constantinople), the initial, wood-constructed Hagia Sophia burned during a series of riots in 404 CE. In 415 CE, Emperor Theodosius II ordered the church rebuilt, but the Nika Revolt in 532 CE caused widespread death and destruction in the city, and the church was wiped out a second time.
3. ONE OF THE SEVEN ANCIENT WONDERS WAS USED IN THE CHURCH'S CONSTRUCTION.
To fortify (and beautify) the interior of the church, columns from the long-abandoned and destroyed Temple of Artemis in Ephesus were used for the Hagia Sophia. Additional building materials may also have come from ancient sites in Baalbeck and Pergamom.
6. BELIEVERS SAY THE 'WEEPING COLUMN' HAS HEALING POWERS.
Also called the "sweating column," the "wishing column," and the "perspiring column," the weeping column stands in the northwest portion of the church and is one of 107 columns in the building. The pillar is partly covered in bronze, with a hole in the middle, and it is damp to the touch. The alleged blessing of St. Gregory has led many to rub the column in search of divine healing.
7. THE FOUNDER OF MODERN TURKEY TURNED IT INTO A MUSEUM.
Former army officer Mustafa Kemal Atatürk founded modern Turkey and served as its first president
Jennifer (humanities)
In 330 AD, Constantine the Great moved the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Byzantium, renaming the city Constantinople. The Byzantine Empire lasted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453, influencing art and architecture throughout its territory. Byzantine art was primarily religious in nature, focused on glorifying Christianity through mosaics, frescoes, ivories, and architecture in churches. Key works included the Hagia Sophia, San Vitale, and the mosaics and frescoes of the Vladimir Virgin and Lamentation of Christ. Byzantine architecture used domes and Greek crosses and inspired later Islamic structures like the Alhambra and Great Mosque of Cordoba.
Hagia Sophia, Istanbul,Turkey
This Powerpoint slideshow presentation shows the amzaning 1500 years old building that is still standing today. Together with the Panteon in Rome, they are the two most important historical buildings in the history of European architecture today that are still in use. The building was started as a Christian church in the city of Constantinople, as the Christian rival church in the New Rome of the East. In 1453, the city fell to the Turks. It became a mosque and inspired many to follow its architectural style. Today, it is a museum.
The med. & byzantine architecturre
This document discusses medieval architecture, focusing on Christian and Byzantine styles. It notes that Christianity was recognized by Constantine I in 312 AD, leading to the development of Christian architecture. Churches were originally built in the basilica plan with sloping roofs. Over time, architectural styles evolved including Byzantine architecture characterized by domes, and Gothic architecture known for pointed arches and vaulting. The Byzantine Empire carried on Roman architectural traditions and Constantinople became an important center under Justinian I in the 6th century AD.
Byzantine part 2
The document discusses the rise of Christianity and Byzantine art and architecture during the Byzantine Era. Roman basilica floor plans were adapted for early Christian churches. Justinian reconquered parts of the former Western Roman Empire and established Ravenna as the new capital, where many new churches were built. His reign marked the Golden Age of Byzantine culture, exemplified by architectural masterpieces like the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, which featured innovative use of pendentives to support its grand dome. Byzantine art also developed a distinctive style using bright glass mosaics to depict biblical stories and figures.
Heritage protection
The Hagia Sophia was originally constructed as a cathedral in Constantinople between 532 and 537 AD. It served as the world's largest cathedral for nearly 1000 years until the 15th century. In 1453, after the Ottoman conquest, it was converted into a mosque. Major renovations were carried out in the 18th and 19th centuries to repair damage and restore the structure. In 1935, it was secularized and turned into a museum. Today it is one of Turkey's most popular tourist attractions. The Suleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul was commissioned by Sultan Suleiman I and built between 1550-1558 by the famed architect Mimar Sinan. Featuring
Hagia Sophia Museum
Hagia Sophia was originally built as an Eastern Orthodox cathedral in Istanbul, Turkey, serving in that capacity until 1453, when it was converted to a mosque for nearly 500 years. It then became a museum in 1935. Known also as Holy Wisdom, the building was constructed remarkably quickly for its time between 532-537 AD and featured a massive central dome that made it one of the largest cathedrals in the world for almost 1000 years. It has significance as one of the oldest cathedral structures in existence, demonstrating the architectural achievements of the Byzantine Empire.
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Sopiya
Hagia Sophia is a former Orthodox Christian church and later Ottoman mosque located in Istanbul, Turkey. Construction began in 532 AD under the direction of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian and was completed in 537 AD. At the time, it was the largest cathedral in the world and remained so for over 1000 years. In 1453, after the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople, it was converted into a mosque. It has since been converted into a museum but remains an iconic example of Byzantine architecture.
Societal Impact of Hagia sophia
Slide 1: So today we will be discussing this iconic structure… World’s great wonder know as, Hagia Sophia in Greek…. Santa Sophia -in Latin and Aya Sophia in- Turkish……. Meaning HOLY WISDOM!!! On 24th July it re-opened as a mosque!
Slide 2: Situated on a hill overlooking the Sea of Marmara and the Bosphorus, Hagia Sophia has gone through various transformations since it was built in what is now Istanbul in 537 and it remains one of the most important monuments of the world.
Slide 3: This map here shows us the location of Hagia Sophia, if u look closely,,, u will understand that majority of Turkey falls in the Asian part of the world and is included under the middle east zone….. While half of Istanbul is located in Europe….sharing its border with Greece and Bulgaria
Slide 5:
1. THE ORIGINAL DOME WAS REPLACED AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE IN 558 CE.
Soaring 160 feet high, with a diameter of 131 feet, the grand feature of the Hagia Sophia was its large central dome. The dome and the church were designed by architects Anthemios of Tralles and Isidoros of Miletos, but unlike the dome of the Pantheon, which has never faltered, an earthquake in 558 CE caused the Hagia Sophia's dome to collapse. It was rebuilt to a height of 182 feet, and the walls were reinforced in 562 CE. The dome's weight is supported by a series of smaller domes, arcades, and four large arches.
2. THE CHURCH WAS TWICE DESTROYED BY RIOTS.
First built in Constantinople in 360 CE and dedicated by the Roman Emperor Constantius II (son of Constantine, the founder of Constantinople), the initial, wood-constructed Hagia Sophia burned during a series of riots in 404 CE. In 415 CE, Emperor Theodosius II ordered the church rebuilt, but the Nika Revolt in 532 CE caused widespread death and destruction in the city, and the church was wiped out a second time.
3. ONE OF THE SEVEN ANCIENT WONDERS WAS USED IN THE CHURCH'S CONSTRUCTION.
To fortify (and beautify) the interior of the church, columns from the long-abandoned and destroyed Temple of Artemis in Ephesus were used for the Hagia Sophia. Additional building materials may also have come from ancient sites in Baalbeck and Pergamom.
6. BELIEVERS SAY THE 'WEEPING COLUMN' HAS HEALING POWERS.
Also called the "sweating column," the "wishing column," and the "perspiring column," the weeping column stands in the northwest portion of the church and is one of 107 columns in the building. The pillar is partly covered in bronze, with a hole in the middle, and it is damp to the touch. The alleged blessing of St. Gregory has led many to rub the column in search of divine healing.
7. THE FOUNDER OF MODERN TURKEY TURNED IT INTO A MUSEUM.
Former army officer Mustafa Kemal Atatürk founded modern Turkey and served as its first president
Jennifer (humanities)
In 330 AD, Constantine the Great moved the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Byzantium, renaming the city Constantinople. The Byzantine Empire lasted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453, influencing art and architecture throughout its territory. Byzantine art was primarily religious in nature, focused on glorifying Christianity through mosaics, frescoes, ivories, and architecture in churches. Key works included the Hagia Sophia, San Vitale, and the mosaics and frescoes of the Vladimir Virgin and Lamentation of Christ. Byzantine architecture used domes and Greek crosses and inspired later Islamic structures like the Alhambra and Great Mosque of Cordoba.
Hagia Sophia, Istanbul,Turkey
This Powerpoint slideshow presentation shows the amzaning 1500 years old building that is still standing today. Together with the Panteon in Rome, they are the two most important historical buildings in the history of European architecture today that are still in use. The building was started as a Christian church in the city of Constantinople, as the Christian rival church in the New Rome of the East. In 1453, the city fell to the Turks. It became a mosque and inspired many to follow its architectural style. Today, it is a museum.
The med. & byzantine architecturre
This document discusses medieval architecture, focusing on Christian and Byzantine styles. It notes that Christianity was recognized by Constantine I in 312 AD, leading to the development of Christian architecture. Churches were originally built in the basilica plan with sloping roofs. Over time, architectural styles evolved including Byzantine architecture characterized by domes, and Gothic architecture known for pointed arches and vaulting. The Byzantine Empire carried on Roman architectural traditions and Constantinople became an important center under Justinian I in the 6th century AD.
Byzantine part 2
The document discusses the rise of Christianity and Byzantine art and architecture during the Byzantine Era. Roman basilica floor plans were adapted for early Christian churches. Justinian reconquered parts of the former Western Roman Empire and established Ravenna as the new capital, where many new churches were built. His reign marked the Golden Age of Byzantine culture, exemplified by architectural masterpieces like the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, which featured innovative use of pendentives to support its grand dome. Byzantine art also developed a distinctive style using bright glass mosaics to depict biblical stories and figures.
Heritage protection
The Hagia Sophia was originally constructed as a cathedral in Constantinople between 532 and 537 AD. It served as the world's largest cathedral for nearly 1000 years until the 15th century. In 1453, after the Ottoman conquest, it was converted into a mosque. Major renovations were carried out in the 18th and 19th centuries to repair damage and restore the structure. In 1935, it was secularized and turned into a museum. Today it is one of Turkey's most popular tourist attractions. The Suleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul was commissioned by Sultan Suleiman I and built between 1550-1558 by the famed architect Mimar Sinan. Featuring
Hagia Sophia Museum
Hagia Sophia was originally built as an Eastern Orthodox cathedral in Istanbul, Turkey, serving in that capacity until 1453, when it was converted to a mosque for nearly 500 years. It then became a museum in 1935. Known also as Holy Wisdom, the building was constructed remarkably quickly for its time between 532-537 AD and featured a massive central dome that made it one of the largest cathedrals in the world for almost 1000 years. It has significance as one of the oldest cathedral structures in existence, demonstrating the architectural achievements of the Byzantine Empire.
Aya Sofya Hagia Sophia
Hagia Sophia was originally built in 532-537 AD in Istanbul, Turkey as an Eastern Orthodox patriarchal cathedral. It was later converted to a mosque in 1453 after the Ottoman conquest and became a museum in 1935. Some key features include its massive dome supported by pendentives, 40 arched windows that flood the interior with light, and Byzantine-style mosaics depicting emperors and religious scenes. It was an architectural marvel that influenced buildings for centuries and is still one of the most significant surviving examples of Byzantine architecture.
Hagia Sophia, Istanbul
Hagia Sofia was built between 532 and 537, as a Christian church. It has influenced architects ever since. The circular dome covering a square base was developed at the same time as the Basilica plan of the Early Christian churches, in Italy. The Byzantine dome was later adopted into Islamic architecture. However, the Roman dome was constructed differently. Romans placed their dome over a solid circle of walling, best seen in the example of the Pantheon in Rome, instead of using the pendentives (an architectural feature).
However, one shared feature of the time between the two styles was the use of opaque glass mosaics in the interior decoration, covering the walls.
The Hagia Sofia plan is basically an inscribed Greek cross. The hall has four piers at the corners of the square rising in circular arches to support a central dome by means of four pendentives. The upper galleries were used by the women, and were reached by steps inside the building. Much of Hagia Sofia's appeal comes from its size. The inside is dominated by the central dome over 30.5 metres in diameter.
Today after about 1500 years of continue used, Hagia Sofia still dominates the skyline of the Bosphorus. It is truly a milestone, among the world’s greatest architectural achievements, a testament of the sophistication of the 6C Byzantine Empire.
The monastery of San Salvatore
The document provides details about the Monastery of San Salvatore, a Franciscan monastery located in Chania, Crete, Greece. It discusses the monastery's history from its origins in the 13th century through the Venetian, Ottoman, and modern periods. Specifically, it details how the monastery was originally a small chapel that expanded over time. It also describes how the monastery functioned and the common facilities like the cloister and peristyle that were used by the Franciscan friars.
Hagia sophia
Hagia Sophia is a former Greek Orthodox patriarchal basilica and former Ottoman mosque located in Istanbul, Turkey. It was one of the most important buildings in the Byzantine Empire, known for its massive dome and gold mosaic sculptures. After being converted to a mosque in 1453 when Istanbul was occupied by the Ottomans, it now operates as a museum and is a surviving example of Byzantine architecture in Turkey.
Byzantine
Byzantine art developed after Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in the 4th century. Art was primarily created for the Eastern Orthodox Church and featured somber, flat figures in mosaics and paintings with little realism. Iconoclasm prohibited depicting people from 726 to the 9th century. Sculpture was limited to ivory book covers. Major works included the Hagia Sophia and mosaics at Ravenna and the Kiev catacombs that depicted biblical and theological themes through the 15th century fall of Constantinople.
14.1 church reform and the crusades
- Cathedrals were grand churches meant to reflect God's glory through their large size, ornate design, and use of innovations like ribbed vaults and flying buttresses which allowed for bigger windows and open spaces.
- The Crusades were a series of "Holy Wars" called by the Pope starting in 1096 to retake Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim rule. The First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem but subsequent Crusades failed to hold territory.
- While the Crusades had religious motivations, they also had economic motivations as Crusaders could gain wealth and land if victorious and merchants profited from financing the Crusades.
Hagia sophia
Hagia Sophia in Istanbul was constructed between 532-537 CE and served as the main basilica of the Byzantine Empire, holding the largest dome in the world until the 15th century. The current structure is nearly square at 269 by 240 feet, with the dome hovering 180 feet above the mosaic floor. It was innovatively decorated with large marble slabs and mosaics, including one depicting Christ over the main dome. Under the rule of Emperor Justinian and a large workforce, the church was completed in just under six years, using materials including bricks, mortar, marble, and columns sourced from other structures.
2011 survey byzantine_architecture
In the 6th century Byzantine Empire, Emperor Justinian I expanded the empire to its greatest extent during his reign from 527 to 565. During this time, two major architectural works were constructed in Constantinople (now Istanbul): Hagia Sophia from 532 to 537, featuring a massive central dome supported by pendentives; and the Church of San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy from 526 to 547, also employing a central dome and mosaic panels depicting Emperor Justinian and his wife Theodora.
Byzantine Architecture
The Byzantine Empire had its origins in the Roman Empire and adopted Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Some key characteristics of Byzantine architecture included domes supported by pendentives, the use of brick and marble materials, mosaic artwork depicting religious scenes, and the influence of the Greek cross floor plan in church design. The Byzantine Empire reached its peak between the 9th-12th centuries during the Middle Byzantine period when many churches were constructed. However, the empire eventually declined and fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 CE, ending the Byzantine era.
Byzantine empire
The Byzantine Empire lasted from 476 AD to 1453 AD, governed by an autocratic emperor. The most important emperor was Justinian, who reconquered territories around the Mediterranean and codified Roman law. However, later emperors lost these territories, and by the 15th century only Constantinople remained before it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, ending the Byzantine Empire.
Unit 1. Middle Ages: three civilisations
The document summarizes three major civilizations that occupied the territories of the former Roman Empire during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Western Christian, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, greatest expansion under Justinian I, and eventual fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It also describes the establishment of Germanic kingdoms like the Franks and Visigoths following the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The Visigoth Kingdom of Toledo controlled most of the Iberian Peninsula until the Muslim conquest in 711. The rise of Islam in the 7th century under Muhammad is also briefly outlined.
Unit 1. Middle Ages three civilisations
The document provides an overview of the three main civilizations that existed during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Germanic Kingdoms, and Islamic civilizations. It describes the political structures, societies, economies, and cultures of each. The Byzantine Empire emerged from the eastern half of the Roman Empire and was centered around Constantinople. The Germanic Kingdoms developed following the fall of the Western Roman Empire, with important kingdoms including the Franks and Visigoths. The Islamic civilization originated from the religion of Islam founded by Muhammad and rapidly expanded across North Africa and into Spain.
St. clemente
St. Clemente in Rome is a three-tiered basilica built on the site of earlier religious structures. The lowest level contains remnants from a 1st century home that was later used as a mithraeum in the 2nd century. In the 4th century, this space was filled in and a lower basilica was constructed. The current basilica was rebuilt in 1100 AD in a classical basilical style with arcades, aisles, and an apse. Beneath the modern church, the remains of the earlier religious sites can still be seen.
Byzantine architecture ppt
This document summarizes Byzantine architecture between the 4th and 14th centuries AD. Some key points:
- Byzantine architecture emerged as the Roman Empire's capital moved to Constantinople in 330 AD. It combined Roman and eastern influences and featured domes, mosaics, and complex floor plans.
- Major structures included Hagia Sophia, built under Justinian in 537 AD, and San Vitale in Ravenna, both featuring central plans and domes.
- Justinian's building program reconstructed many churches across the Byzantine Empire in the new domed basilica style fusing central plans and basilicas. This style came to define Byzantine ecclesiastical architecture.
Unit 1 The Early Middle Ages
The document summarizes key periods and developments during the Middle Ages in Europe. It describes the division of the Roman Empire in 395 which led to the creation of the Byzantine Empire in the East. It then discusses the expansion of Islam under Muhammad and the early Islamic Empire. Finally, it outlines the rise of the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne who was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 800 and his division of the empire after his death among his three sons.
Hoa1 lecture 6 early christian architecture
This document provides an overview of Early Christian architecture from 300-600 AD. It discusses the key influences including geographical, geological, climatic, religious, social and historical factors. The predominant architectural form was the basilica, modeled on Roman basilicas. Early Christian buildings utilized salvaged materials from pagan temples and incorporated old Roman architectural elements. Interior mosaic and fresco ornamentation became prominent decorative features. The style was transitional, influenced by both Roman architecture and new religious needs, lacking distinctive structural innovations.
Early christian architecture
Early Christian architecture was influenced by existing Roman architectural styles and building traditions. Churches were commonly built in the basilica form with a central nave flanked by aisles and an apse at one end. They utilized materials from demolished Roman structures and incorporated classical columns and other features. Geographic, climatic, religious, social and historical factors all impacted architectural variations across regions as Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire.
Artap
This document provides an overview of the history of architecture from early Christian basilicas to Renaissance architecture. It describes how early Christian churches were modeled after Roman basilicas and erected over burial sites of saints. It then discusses the rise and developments of Renaissance architecture between the 15th-17th centuries, as Greek and Roman styles were revived, including important works by Brunelleschi and Michelangelo. Various periods of Renaissance architecture are defined like the Early Renaissance focused on accurate transcription of Roman elements and the Proto-Baroque with more confident use of vocabulary. Famous Renaissance palaces and buildings from Italy, France, and Rome are highlighted.
Unit 1. Middle Ages
The document summarizes three civilizations that occupied the area of the former Roman Empire during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Western Christian, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, greatest expansion under Justinian I, and eventual fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It also describes the Germanic kingdoms that arose in the western half of the empire, including the Franks under Charlemagne who established the Carolingian Empire, and the Visigoths who established a kingdom in Iberia with its capital in Toledo. Finally, it introduces the rise of Islamic civilization originating in the 7th century Arabian Peninsula under the prophet Muhammad.
Unit 1. Middle Ages
The document summarizes three civilizations that occupied the area of the former Roman Empire during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Western Christian, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, greatest expansion under Justinian I, and eventual fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It also describes the Germanic kingdoms that arose in the western half of the empire, including the Franks under Charlemagne who established the Carolingian Empire, and the Visigoths who established a kingdom in Iberia with its capital in Toledo. Finally, it introduces the rise of Islamic civilization originating in the 7th century Arabian Peninsula under the prophet Muhammad.
Unit 1 The early middle ages
The document provides an overview of the Early Middle Ages in Europe following the fall of the Western Roman Empire. It discusses the Germanic migrations that led to the empire's fall in 476 CE. The Visigoths established a kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula during this period, with Toledo as its capital. The Byzantine Empire adopted Greek customs and separated from the Catholic Church in 1054 CE. Islam was founded by Muhammad in the 7th century and spread across Arabia and beyond. The Carolingian Empire was established by Charlemagne in the late 8th century, though it declined after being divided among his heirs.
Byzantine history(2)
The Byzantine Empire originated from the eastern half of the Roman Empire based in Constantinople. It dominated the Mediterranean region from 330-1453 CE and had a major influence on religion, culture, and law. The Byzantines considered themselves the true heirs of Rome and the Orthodox Christian faith was the official religion. Notable achievements included Justinian's codification of Roman law, the construction of Hagia Sophia, and the preservation of Greek and Roman culture during the Middle Ages. However, the empire gradually declined due to military pressures and finally fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
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Hagia Sophia was originally built in 532-537 AD in Istanbul, Turkey as an Eastern Orthodox patriarchal cathedral. It was later converted to a mosque in 1453 after the Ottoman conquest and became a museum in 1935. Some key features include its massive dome supported by pendentives, 40 arched windows that flood the interior with light, and Byzantine-style mosaics depicting emperors and religious scenes. It was an architectural marvel that influenced buildings for centuries and is still one of the most significant surviving examples of Byzantine architecture.
Hagia Sophia, Istanbul
Hagia Sofia was built between 532 and 537, as a Christian church. It has influenced architects ever since. The circular dome covering a square base was developed at the same time as the Basilica plan of the Early Christian churches, in Italy. The Byzantine dome was later adopted into Islamic architecture. However, the Roman dome was constructed differently. Romans placed their dome over a solid circle of walling, best seen in the example of the Pantheon in Rome, instead of using the pendentives (an architectural feature).
However, one shared feature of the time between the two styles was the use of opaque glass mosaics in the interior decoration, covering the walls.
The Hagia Sofia plan is basically an inscribed Greek cross. The hall has four piers at the corners of the square rising in circular arches to support a central dome by means of four pendentives. The upper galleries were used by the women, and were reached by steps inside the building. Much of Hagia Sofia's appeal comes from its size. The inside is dominated by the central dome over 30.5 metres in diameter.
Today after about 1500 years of continue used, Hagia Sofia still dominates the skyline of the Bosphorus. It is truly a milestone, among the world’s greatest architectural achievements, a testament of the sophistication of the 6C Byzantine Empire.
The monastery of San Salvatore
The document provides details about the Monastery of San Salvatore, a Franciscan monastery located in Chania, Crete, Greece. It discusses the monastery's history from its origins in the 13th century through the Venetian, Ottoman, and modern periods. Specifically, it details how the monastery was originally a small chapel that expanded over time. It also describes how the monastery functioned and the common facilities like the cloister and peristyle that were used by the Franciscan friars.
Hagia sophia
Hagia Sophia is a former Greek Orthodox patriarchal basilica and former Ottoman mosque located in Istanbul, Turkey. It was one of the most important buildings in the Byzantine Empire, known for its massive dome and gold mosaic sculptures. After being converted to a mosque in 1453 when Istanbul was occupied by the Ottomans, it now operates as a museum and is a surviving example of Byzantine architecture in Turkey.
Byzantine
Byzantine art developed after Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in the 4th century. Art was primarily created for the Eastern Orthodox Church and featured somber, flat figures in mosaics and paintings with little realism. Iconoclasm prohibited depicting people from 726 to the 9th century. Sculpture was limited to ivory book covers. Major works included the Hagia Sophia and mosaics at Ravenna and the Kiev catacombs that depicted biblical and theological themes through the 15th century fall of Constantinople.
14.1 church reform and the crusades
- Cathedrals were grand churches meant to reflect God's glory through their large size, ornate design, and use of innovations like ribbed vaults and flying buttresses which allowed for bigger windows and open spaces.
- The Crusades were a series of "Holy Wars" called by the Pope starting in 1096 to retake Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim rule. The First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem but subsequent Crusades failed to hold territory.
- While the Crusades had religious motivations, they also had economic motivations as Crusaders could gain wealth and land if victorious and merchants profited from financing the Crusades.
Hagia sophia
Hagia Sophia in Istanbul was constructed between 532-537 CE and served as the main basilica of the Byzantine Empire, holding the largest dome in the world until the 15th century. The current structure is nearly square at 269 by 240 feet, with the dome hovering 180 feet above the mosaic floor. It was innovatively decorated with large marble slabs and mosaics, including one depicting Christ over the main dome. Under the rule of Emperor Justinian and a large workforce, the church was completed in just under six years, using materials including bricks, mortar, marble, and columns sourced from other structures.
2011 survey byzantine_architecture
In the 6th century Byzantine Empire, Emperor Justinian I expanded the empire to its greatest extent during his reign from 527 to 565. During this time, two major architectural works were constructed in Constantinople (now Istanbul): Hagia Sophia from 532 to 537, featuring a massive central dome supported by pendentives; and the Church of San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy from 526 to 547, also employing a central dome and mosaic panels depicting Emperor Justinian and his wife Theodora.
Byzantine Architecture
The Byzantine Empire had its origins in the Roman Empire and adopted Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Some key characteristics of Byzantine architecture included domes supported by pendentives, the use of brick and marble materials, mosaic artwork depicting religious scenes, and the influence of the Greek cross floor plan in church design. The Byzantine Empire reached its peak between the 9th-12th centuries during the Middle Byzantine period when many churches were constructed. However, the empire eventually declined and fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 CE, ending the Byzantine era.
Byzantine empire
The Byzantine Empire lasted from 476 AD to 1453 AD, governed by an autocratic emperor. The most important emperor was Justinian, who reconquered territories around the Mediterranean and codified Roman law. However, later emperors lost these territories, and by the 15th century only Constantinople remained before it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, ending the Byzantine Empire.
Unit 1. Middle Ages: three civilisations
The document summarizes three major civilizations that occupied the territories of the former Roman Empire during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Western Christian, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, greatest expansion under Justinian I, and eventual fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It also describes the establishment of Germanic kingdoms like the Franks and Visigoths following the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The Visigoth Kingdom of Toledo controlled most of the Iberian Peninsula until the Muslim conquest in 711. The rise of Islam in the 7th century under Muhammad is also briefly outlined.
Unit 1. Middle Ages three civilisations
The document provides an overview of the three main civilizations that existed during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Germanic Kingdoms, and Islamic civilizations. It describes the political structures, societies, economies, and cultures of each. The Byzantine Empire emerged from the eastern half of the Roman Empire and was centered around Constantinople. The Germanic Kingdoms developed following the fall of the Western Roman Empire, with important kingdoms including the Franks and Visigoths. The Islamic civilization originated from the religion of Islam founded by Muhammad and rapidly expanded across North Africa and into Spain.
St. clemente
St. Clemente in Rome is a three-tiered basilica built on the site of earlier religious structures. The lowest level contains remnants from a 1st century home that was later used as a mithraeum in the 2nd century. In the 4th century, this space was filled in and a lower basilica was constructed. The current basilica was rebuilt in 1100 AD in a classical basilical style with arcades, aisles, and an apse. Beneath the modern church, the remains of the earlier religious sites can still be seen.
Byzantine architecture ppt
This document summarizes Byzantine architecture between the 4th and 14th centuries AD. Some key points:
- Byzantine architecture emerged as the Roman Empire's capital moved to Constantinople in 330 AD. It combined Roman and eastern influences and featured domes, mosaics, and complex floor plans.
- Major structures included Hagia Sophia, built under Justinian in 537 AD, and San Vitale in Ravenna, both featuring central plans and domes.
- Justinian's building program reconstructed many churches across the Byzantine Empire in the new domed basilica style fusing central plans and basilicas. This style came to define Byzantine ecclesiastical architecture.
Unit 1 The Early Middle Ages
The document summarizes key periods and developments during the Middle Ages in Europe. It describes the division of the Roman Empire in 395 which led to the creation of the Byzantine Empire in the East. It then discusses the expansion of Islam under Muhammad and the early Islamic Empire. Finally, it outlines the rise of the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne who was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 800 and his division of the empire after his death among his three sons.
Hoa1 lecture 6 early christian architecture
This document provides an overview of Early Christian architecture from 300-600 AD. It discusses the key influences including geographical, geological, climatic, religious, social and historical factors. The predominant architectural form was the basilica, modeled on Roman basilicas. Early Christian buildings utilized salvaged materials from pagan temples and incorporated old Roman architectural elements. Interior mosaic and fresco ornamentation became prominent decorative features. The style was transitional, influenced by both Roman architecture and new religious needs, lacking distinctive structural innovations.
Early christian architecture
Early Christian architecture was influenced by existing Roman architectural styles and building traditions. Churches were commonly built in the basilica form with a central nave flanked by aisles and an apse at one end. They utilized materials from demolished Roman structures and incorporated classical columns and other features. Geographic, climatic, religious, social and historical factors all impacted architectural variations across regions as Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire.
Artap
This document provides an overview of the history of architecture from early Christian basilicas to Renaissance architecture. It describes how early Christian churches were modeled after Roman basilicas and erected over burial sites of saints. It then discusses the rise and developments of Renaissance architecture between the 15th-17th centuries, as Greek and Roman styles were revived, including important works by Brunelleschi and Michelangelo. Various periods of Renaissance architecture are defined like the Early Renaissance focused on accurate transcription of Roman elements and the Proto-Baroque with more confident use of vocabulary. Famous Renaissance palaces and buildings from Italy, France, and Rome are highlighted.
Unit 1. Middle Ages
The document summarizes three civilizations that occupied the area of the former Roman Empire during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Western Christian, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, greatest expansion under Justinian I, and eventual fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It also describes the Germanic kingdoms that arose in the western half of the empire, including the Franks under Charlemagne who established the Carolingian Empire, and the Visigoths who established a kingdom in Iberia with its capital in Toledo. Finally, it introduces the rise of Islamic civilization originating in the 7th century Arabian Peninsula under the prophet Muhammad.
Unit 1. Middle Ages
The document summarizes three civilizations that occupied the area of the former Roman Empire during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Western Christian, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, greatest expansion under Justinian I, and eventual fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It also describes the Germanic kingdoms that arose in the western half of the empire, including the Franks under Charlemagne who established the Carolingian Empire, and the Visigoths who established a kingdom in Iberia with its capital in Toledo. Finally, it introduces the rise of Islamic civilization originating in the 7th century Arabian Peninsula under the prophet Muhammad.
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Similar to Part 2 unit 0. byzantine empire and art
Unit 1 The early middle ages
The document provides an overview of the Early Middle Ages in Europe following the fall of the Western Roman Empire. It discusses the Germanic migrations that led to the empire's fall in 476 CE. The Visigoths established a kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula during this period, with Toledo as its capital. The Byzantine Empire adopted Greek customs and separated from the Catholic Church in 1054 CE. Islam was founded by Muhammad in the 7th century and spread across Arabia and beyond. The Carolingian Empire was established by Charlemagne in the late 8th century, though it declined after being divided among his heirs.
Byzantine history(2)
The Byzantine Empire originated from the eastern half of the Roman Empire based in Constantinople. It dominated the Mediterranean region from 330-1453 CE and had a major influence on religion, culture, and law. The Byzantines considered themselves the true heirs of Rome and the Orthodox Christian faith was the official religion. Notable achievements included Justinian's codification of Roman law, the construction of Hagia Sophia, and the preservation of Greek and Roman culture during the Middle Ages. However, the empire gradually declined due to military pressures and finally fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
The Middle Ages: The Bizantine Empire
Created by María Jesús Campos, teacher of Social Studies, Geography and History in a bilingual section in Madrid (Spain)
11.1 - Byzantium Becomes The New Rome
Justinian became the Byzantine emperor in 527 and sought to reconquer former Roman territories, re-establishing the empire's dominance under the leadership of his general Belisarius. Justinian carried out a vast building campaign, including constructing the iconic Hagia Sophia church. He also codified Roman law into what became known as the Justinian Code. However, the Byzantine Empire gradually declined as it faced invasions from all sides, and Constantinople was finally conquered by the Ottoman Turks led by Mehmed II in 1453, marking the end of the Roman Empire.
Byzantium Pp
Justinian became the Byzantine emperor in 527 and sought to reconquer former Roman territories, which he did with success through his general Belisarius. Justinian also commissioned the construction of the iconic Hagia Sophia church and established the Justinian Code, which formed the basis of legal systems in Europe. However, the Byzantine Empire gradually lost most of its lands to invading forces like the Muslims and its capital Constantinople was finally conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1453, marking the end of the Eastern Roman Empire.
(humanities)
In 330 AD, Constantine the Great moved the Roman capital from Rome to Byzantium, renaming the city Constantinople. This established the Byzantine Empire, with Constantinople as its center, that lasted until the fall of the city to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. Byzantine art was created primarily for the Eastern Orthodox Church, and included mosaics, frescoes, and sculptures that decorated church interiors. Notable artistic works included the Hagia Sophia with its massive central dome and glittering mosaics that created an otherworldly atmosphere for worshippers. Byzantine architecture and art had a profound influence on neighboring cultures like the Arab world.
Early Christian Architecture
The document provides an overview of early Christian architecture from approximately 300-600 AD. It discusses the influences of declining Rome, military strongholds, castles, and monasteries. Early Christian architecture in Rome was influenced by existing Roman styles but adapted based on geographical location. Churches were modeled after Roman basilicas and often reused materials from pagan temples. Typical features included a nave with side aisles, an entrance hall or narthex, and an apse where the bishop's throne and altar were located.
Byzantine Russia Mongols
The document discusses the influence of the Byzantine Empire on Eastern Europe and Russia. It describes how trade routes between the Black Sea and Baltic Sea facilitated cultural diffusion from Byzantium. Russia and much of Eastern Europe adopted Orthodox Christianity. Saint Cyril adapted the Greek alphabet to Slavic languages, creating the Cyrillic alphabet used in Russia. Byzantine architecture and religious art were also copied in Russian culture.
Byzantine architecture
Bytheendofthe5th centuryAD,Romehadcompletelydeclined.Ithad beensackedtwiceandwasthenunderoccupation.
ItsinfluencewassignificantlyreducedandtheImpetusfor architecturalinnovationshiftedtotheByzantineEmpire.
This shift also marks the movement from early Christian civilizationtothe Byzantinecivilization.
UndertheByzantineEmperorJustinian,theByzantinestyleof architectureevolved.
Hisinterestinchurchbuildingledtothediscoveryofthegroinvault. .andtheevolutionof theByzantinestyle.
Unit 1 the early middle ages
The document provides an overview of key events and developments during the Early Middle Ages in Europe:
1. It describes the Germanic migrations into the Western Roman Empire beginning in the 3rd century CE due to Roman weakness, and the division of the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern halves in 395 CE.
2. It discusses the Visigoths, a Germanic tribe that entered the Roman Empire to escape the Huns, later receiving land in Gaul before being expelled by the Franks and establishing a kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula.
3. It outlines the Byzantine Empire, the continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire with its capital of Constantinople, and its gradual territorial losses over subsequent centuries under
9. Civilization in Eastern Europe
The document discusses the history and spread of civilization in Eastern Europe from the Byzantine Empire through the emergence of Kievan Rus. It details the origins and achievements of the Byzantine Empire under Justinian, including reconquests in Italy, building projects like Hagia Sophia, and legal codification. It then covers the influence of the Byzantine Empire and spread of Orthodox Christianity among Slavic peoples through missionaries like Cyril and Methodius. Finally, it summarizes the rise of Kievan Rus centered around Kiev, its conversion to Orthodox Christianity under Vladimir I, and cultural influences from Byzantium before its decline due to succession struggles and invasion by Asian conquerors like the Mongols.
11.1 Byzantium Becomes The New Rome
Justinian was a Byzantine emperor who ruled from 527 to 565 AD. He rebuilt the city of Constantinople, making it a grand new capital, and reconquered lost Roman territories in Western Europe. Justinian also had the Justinian Code compiled, establishing a revised set of laws for the Byzantine Empire. However, a plague devastated the empire in the mid-6th century, weakening it and leaving it vulnerable to invasions by enemies from all sides in the coming centuries.
Byzantium Becomes The New Rome Ch 11.1
1. Justinian was a Byzantine emperor who rebuilt the city of Constantinople and sought to reconquer former Roman territories after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
2. He commissioned the construction of new fortifications, aqueducts, and most notably Hagia Sophia, one of the greatest churches ever built.
3. Justinian also had Roman laws collected and codified into the Justinian Code, which served as the basis of Byzantine law for over 900 years.
Unit 1. Middle ages three civilisations
The document summarizes three major civilizations during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Germanic Kingdoms, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, its greatest period under Justinian I, and its eventual fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It also describes the formation of Germanic kingdoms like the Franks and Visigoths after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, and the expansion of the Frankish Kingdom into the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne. Finally, it introduces the rise of Islamic civilization originating from the teachings of Muhammad in the 7th century Arabian Peninsula.
2º eso byzantine empire
The document summarizes the history of the Byzantine Empire from the 4th century to its fall in 1453. It began as the eastern half of the Roman Empire with its capital in Constantinople. The Empire thrived under Emperor Justinian in the 6th century as he reconquered former Roman lands, but later declined due to weaker emperors and attacks from neighboring powers. It managed to hold on to much of the Balkans and Asia Minor until the 15th century when the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople, bringing the Byzantine Empire to an end.
Unit 1. Middle Ages: three civilisations
The document summarizes three major civilizations that occupied the territories of the former Roman Empire during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Western Christian, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, greatest expansion under Justinian I, and eventual fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It also describes the establishment of Germanic kingdoms like the Franks and Visigoths following the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The Visigoth Kingdom of Toledo controlled most of the Iberian Peninsula until the Muslim conquest in 711. The rise of Islam in the 7th century under Muhammad is also briefly outlined.
U1.early middle ages
The document provides information about the history of Europe following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD. It discusses the establishment of Germanic kingdoms across Europe as the Western Roman Empire collapsed, including the Visigothic Kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula. The document also examines the division of the Roman Empire in 395 into Western and Eastern halves, with the Eastern Empire surviving as the Byzantine Empire based in Constantinople until 1453.
Medievel period in europe
1. The document provides a history of interior design from the Christian and Byzantine period through Romanesque and Gothic periods. It discusses the characteristics of architectural styles and major developments in church design over these eras.
2. The Christian and Byzantine section outlines the evolution of design from early Christian basilicas influenced by Roman architecture to the ornate Byzantine styles exemplified in Ravenna and the Hagia Sophia, including features like domes, mosaics, and pendentives.
3. The Romanesque section describes the barrel vaults and round arches that revived classical precedents. Design varied between regions, with France developing radiating and staggered church plans, England producing vast Norman styles
Medievel period in europe
The document provides an overview of the history of interior design from the Christian and Byzantine period to the Baroque and Rococo periods. It discusses the key characteristics and developments within each major style. The Christian and Byzantine section outlines the origins and features of early Christian architecture from 300-500 AD, including buildings in Ravenna from 495-526 AD and examples from the early Byzantine period between 527-562 AD. Subsequent periods discussed include Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo.
Ap Byzantine Empire[1]
The document provides background information on the Byzantine Empire, including:
1) It was established in 324 AD when Constantine moved the Roman capital to Byzantium for strategic reasons as the Western Empire fell.
2) Under Justinian in the 6th century, the Byzantine Empire expanded again through conquest but was unable to maintain control over new territories in the long run.
3) Religious disagreements over the use of icons in worship contributed to the Great Schism between the Orthodox Eastern Church and Catholic Western Church in 1054.
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Unit 10. baroque age
The document provides an overview of society, economy, politics, and art during the Baroque period in Europe (17th-18th centuries). It summarizes that absolute monarchy was dominant, society was organized into estates, and the economy grew through increased manufacturing and trade routes. The dominant artistic style of the Baroque period was characterized by movement, contrasts of light and shadow, and grand architectural works from artists like Bernini.
Historia de grecia
Historia de Grecia, nivel 1º ESO. Marco Geográfico, formas de gobierno en las diferentes polís, mitología, religión y arte.
Habsburg dinasty
The Habsburg dynasty ruled Spain for over two centuries through marriage alliances. They held vast European lands but faced numerous challenges. Key rulers included Charles I who focused on his German lands, leading to Spanish revolts. Philip II solidified central control but faced issues with the Dutch Revolt, the Spanish Armada defeat, and the Alpujarras Morisco Revolt. By the 17th century, later Habsburg kings neglected governance and faced economic troubles and succession disputes, ending Habsburg rule in Spain and beginning the Bourbon dynasty under Philip V after the War of the Spanish Succession.
Habsburg dinasty
The Habsburg dynasty ruled Spain for over two centuries through a series of kings. They came to power after Juana of Castile married Philip of Habsburg. Their grandson Charles I became king of Spain. Under Charles I and his successor Philip II, the Habsburg Empire expanded greatly across Europe and the Americas but faced numerous revolts within Spain. By the 17th century under later kings, the empire was in decline due to mismanagement and overextension, culminating in the War of Spanish Succession after the childless death of Charles II in 1700.
Florence cathedral by brunelleschi
The cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence began construction in 1296 under Arnolfo di Cambio, on the site of an ancient cathedral. Construction continued in phases over centuries, with the central nave completed in 1378, the sides in 1380, and the transept and drum built between 1380-1421. Filippo Brunelleschi finally crowned the cathedral with his iconic dome in 1434. The cathedral blends Romanesque and Gothic elements, with the octagonal dome representing Renaissance art.
Isabel the catholic
Isabel I of Castile was born in 1451 in Madrigal de las Altas Torres, Spain. She married Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1469, though they needed a papal dispensation due to their status as second cousins. The pope initially refused to grant the dispensation, but issued the Bull of Simancas in 1471 that legitimized their marriage. Isabel was queen of Castile from 1474 until her death in 1504, and also queen consort of Sicily and Aragon through her marriage to Ferdinand. They had four daughters and one son together.
Unit 6. renaissance and reformation
This document provides information on several topics from the Renaissance period:
Humanism promoted using reason to understand reality and emphasized humans as the center of the universe. The Renaissance began in 15th century Italy and saw a revival of classical Greek and Roman art and culture. The Protestant Reformation began as a reaction against corruption in the Catholic Church in the 16th century. Key figures like Martin Luther and John Calvin established new Christian denominations like Lutheranism and Calvinism. The Counter-Reformation was the Catholic Church's internal reform movement and establishment of doctrines in response to the Protestant Reformation.
The document also summarizes Renaissance art styles like the early 15th century Florentine style and the 16th century Roman High
THE CHURCH OF CABANILLAS
The document provides a summary of the history of the Church of Cabanillas. It describes how the church was initially built in the late 16th century with three naves and smaller chapels. Over the next two centuries, the church underwent several reforms, including widening the walls, rebuilding the tower after it was struck by lightning, adding bells, and constructing the main chapel in 1676. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, continuous work was needed to repair the church. The most recent renovations started in 1994 and 2008 to repair the roof, tower, interior paintings, electricity, and flooring, with work still ongoing 10 years later.
Unit 2. feudal europe
Feudalism developed in Western Europe between the 9th and 10th centuries as kings struggled to collect taxes, protect their populations, and maintain armies against invaders. To gain military support, kings granted land and power to nobles in exchange for loyalty, advising, and private armies. Nobles became feudal lords ruling large fiefs. Peasants sought protection from nobles in exchange for working and farming the fiefs, receiving safety and a share of crops. This system of vassalage between kings, lords, and peasants defined the political, economic, and social structure of feudal Europe for several centuries.
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That´s the PowerPoint Presentation about the Gotich Art. I hope that it´ll be useful for your hard study.
Look at the images to understand better!
The black plague, the most deadly epidemic
The document summarizes key details about the black plague, one of the deadliest pandemics in history. It was caused by the bacterium Yersinia Pestis and primarily spread by fleas living on rodents. The plague arrived in Europe in the 14th century from Asia and ultimately killed around 50 million people on that continent. The disease came in three main varieties: bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic, with septicemic being the most lethal form for those infected. Early symptoms included high fever, nausea, vomiting and fatigue.
Clergy and crusades
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Unit 1. islam and al andalus
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The islamic world today
There are approximately 1.6 billion Muslims worldwide, comprising 23.5% of the global population. Islam is the official religion in countries across Northern Africa, the Middle East, the Arabian Peninsula, Indonesia, the Balkans region, and parts of North and East Asia and Central Africa. In recent decades, immigration has brought over 1 million Muslims to Spain, the majority from Morocco but also from other neighboring African countries and some parts of Asia. Most Muslims in Spain are Sunni, though some are Shiite. The first mosque built in modern Spain after the Reconquista was constructed in 1982, around 500 years after the fall of Granada in 1492.
Unit 0 the early middle ages
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3. The Visigoths and the Kingdom of Toledo
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Este documento describe los cambios en el urbanismo, la vivienda y los estilos de vida en Castilla-La Mancha desde comienzos del siglo XX hasta la actualidad. Originalmente, los pueblos manchegos consistían en casas de una o dos plantas agrupadas en torno a una plaza, mientras que las ciudades estaban amuralladas. En las últimas décadas, se han construido bloques de pisos y barrios residenciales, y las calles se han llenado de comercios y servicios. Del mismo modo, los ritos de paso como
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Ruta quetzal. marino maqueda
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Part 2 unit 0. byzantine empire and art
- 2. 4.1. WHAT WAS THE BIZANTINE EMPIRE? The Eastern Roman resisted the germanic invasions, and preserved the Roman heritage. It was known as the Bizantine Empire, and it lasted for another ten centuries. Its capital city was Constantinople.
- 4. 4.2. JUSTINIAN, THE GREAT. The most important emperor was Justinian. He ruled between 527 and 565 with his wife Theodora. His goal was restored the greatness of the old Roman Empire. His armies conquered many territories and he took: Northern Africa (from Vandals) Italy (from Ostrogoths) Iberian Peninsula (from Visigoths)
- 7. 5. ART AND RELIGION BYZANTINE AND VISIGOTHIC
- 8. 5.1. BYZANTINE ART HAGIA SOPHIA Justinian ordered to built that church in the 6th century. It is in Constantinopl e (current Instanbul)
- 9. It consisted on a central dome supported by 40 arched windows. In its interior was richly decorated with mosaics throughout the centuries. Central Dome Arched windows Half Dome Pillar s
- 11. They usually built churches with Greek- cross plan.
- 12. The mosaics decorate interiors describing people in solemn scenes, or representing the Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ. Empress Theodor a with her servants . Interior church S. Vital
- 13. Pantocrator Christ Kyriotissa Virgin with the child
- 14. 5.2. VISIGOTHIC ART There aren´t so much representations of art. A few churches, which were small and built in regular masonry. The typical features of their architecture are: horseshoe arch and vaults. There is decoration on reliefs on the walls. The main examples are: S. Pedro de la Nave, S. Juan de Baños, and Quintanilla
- 15. Goldsmithing: Votive crown The most important evidence is the Treasure of Guarrazar and Treasure of Torredonjimeno.
- 16. TREASURE OF GUARRAZAR Recesvinto´s Crown