This presentation contains a brief classification of medication on the basis of sources, dosage form, law, affect on body systems, and therapeutic effects. Students of pharmacy, nursing sciences, and medical can benefit from it, for any complain or error, please contact me freely.
A suppository is a drug delivery system that is inserted into the rectum (rectal suppository), vagina (vaginal suppository) or urethra (urethral suppository), where it dissolves or melts and is absorbed into the blood stream. They are used to deliver both systemically and locally acting medications.
A brief description on drug and food interactions, different mechanisms,effect of food-drug interactions on pharmacokinetic systems (ADME), Management of food-drug interactions
Barriers of patient counseling in a community pharmacy and Strategies to over...MerrinJoseph1
Second Pharm -D , Patient Counseling Barriers and Strategies to overcome the barriers-pharmacist specific barriers,patient specific barrires and system based barriers and how to overcome the barriers for effective patient counseling in a community pharmacy.
A suppository is a drug delivery system that is inserted into the rectum (rectal suppository), vagina (vaginal suppository) or urethra (urethral suppository), where it dissolves or melts and is absorbed into the blood stream. They are used to deliver both systemically and locally acting medications.
A brief description on drug and food interactions, different mechanisms,effect of food-drug interactions on pharmacokinetic systems (ADME), Management of food-drug interactions
Barriers of patient counseling in a community pharmacy and Strategies to over...MerrinJoseph1
Second Pharm -D , Patient Counseling Barriers and Strategies to overcome the barriers-pharmacist specific barriers,patient specific barrires and system based barriers and how to overcome the barriers for effective patient counseling in a community pharmacy.
I upload a series of knowledge for pharmaceutical professional such as students and other specialized field. Presentation for "LEARN & EARN KNOWLEDGE" based.
I upload a series of knowledge for pharmaceutical professional such as students and other specialized field. Presentation for "LEARN & EARN KNOWLEDGE" based.
If you are seeking data about "Control of special classes of dru ",this assignment will be helpful to you and provide more and more information about different potential drugs and medicine with their uses .So hope that assignment will be beneficial for everyone. Please forgive my mistake .
Pharmacology is the study of medications, or chemical compounds, which interact with various living systems, from tiny molecules to cells, to tissues and whole organisms in order to produce a certain effect
Pharmacy Services Department of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Pakistan.pptxAfkar432
this presentation explains the services provided by a Pharmacy Services Department in a Tertiary care hospital. This can be helpful for Pharmacists working in hospitals. Those who are seeking future in this field can also get benefits.
Contents: The Pharmacy Services Department, Structure
Services Provided, Hospital Pharmacy Services, Clinical Services, Educational Services, R&D.
Antibiotic stewardship explained in one presentation, which can be helpful to the medical field beginners and students as well as thorough information can be obtained regarding the subject matter.
Objectives:
1. To understand the purpose of implementing an antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP)
2.To recall the core elements of hospital and outpatient antibiotic stewardship programs as defined by the CDC
3. To recognize key interventions that an antimicrobial stewardship program can implement in both the hospital and community settings
Design, Synthesis, Characterization, and Clinical Application of Liposomes.pptxAfkar432
A simple view about liposomes as a novel drug delivery system
what are liposomes?
how are liposomes prepared?
what are the characterization techniques of liposomes?
what are the advantages and disadvantages of liposomes?
how drugs are uploaded into liposomes?
mechanisms of drug release from liposomes.
Briefly described by Dr. Nizar Muhammad, with a clinical perspective, for the students of Pharmacy and specially for nursing students, the data is taken from an american book, named as Clinical Pharmacology_anonim.
This is a brief and limited presentation about the history of pharmacology which may be helpful for students of pharmacy, nursing as well as medical, for any error or complain please contact me
The presentation contains a brief description of the uses and purposes of medications/drugs, which can be helpful for pharmacy, medical as well as nursing students and professionals, for any error or objection contact me please
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
2. CLASSIFICATION OF
MEDICATION/DRUGS
• Medication/drugs can be classified through many
ways following are some of them
1. Sources of drugs
2. On the basis of dosage-form/ Method or route of
administration
3. Prescription or Non‐prescription (over the counter‐
OTC)
4. Controlled or Non‐controlled
5. Body system affected
6. Therapeutic Use
3. Classification on the basis of sources
• Natural
Plants
e.g. atropine
Quinine
Animals
e.g. insulin
Immunoglobulins
Microorganisms
e.g. antibiotics
Antifungals
Minerals
E.g. electrolytes
Ferrous sulfate
Others
Synthetic
Co-Trimoxazole
Aspirin
Paracetamol
Semi-synthetic
E.g atropine bromide
Amoxicillin
Genetic engineering
Monoclonal antibodies
Human source
Human chorionic
gonadotropins
Regular insulin
Urokinase etc.
5. According to method or route of
administration
• Oral
– Buccal
– Enteral
– SL
• Topical
– Eye
– Skin
– Ear
• Parenteral
– IV
– IM
– SC
• Others
– Intra vaginal
– Anal
6. Classification on the basis of
prescription
• Prescription only medication
(POM)
– Prescribed for a particular
individual to treat a particular
medical condition
– The effect of the medication on the
individual is overseen by the doctor
• Examples
– Antibiotics e.g.(vancomycin)
– CNS drugs (Alprzolam)
– Cardiovascular medications
(propranolol)
• Over the counter medication
(OTC)
– FDA approved and determined to
be safe to use without the
supervision of a health care
practitioner.
– OTC medications include
medications that are available
without a prescription
– Many people think OTC
medications are safe, but they can
cause harm if used improperly
• Examples
– Pain killers (ibuprofen)
– Paracetamol (panadol)
– Mefanamic acid (ponstan)
– Avil (Pheneramine maleate)
7.
8. Classification according to LAW
• According to international and national Law the
drugs are classified as controlled or non-
controlled
• Here we will discuss about controlled substances
or drugs only all the remaining drugs not
mentioned in the controlled list shall be
considered as non-controlled
• Controlled substance:
– A controlled substance is generally a drug or chemical
whose manufacture, possession, or use is regulated by
a government, such as illicitly used drugs or
prescription medications that are designated by law.
– Controlled substances are further classified into
“schedules” as from schedule-1 to schedule-5
9. • Schedule I Controlled Substances
– Substances in this schedule have no currently
accepted medical use in the United States, a lack of
accepted safety for use under medical supervision,
and a high potential for abuse.
– Some examples of substances listed in Schedule I are:
heroin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), marijuana
(cannabis), peyote, methaqualone, and 3,4-
methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“Ecstasy”).
• Schedule II/IIN Controlled Substances (2/2N)
– Substances in this schedule have a high potential for
abuse which may lead to severe psychological or
physical dependence.
– Examples of Schedule II narcotics include:
hydromorphone (Dilaudid), methadone (Dolophine),
meperidine (Demerol), oxycodone (OxyContin,
Percocet), and fentanyl (Sublimaze, Duragesic). Other
Schedule II narcotics include: morphine, opium, and
codeine.
10. – Examples of Schedule IIN stimulants include: amphetamine
(Dexedrine, Adderall), methamphetamine (Desoxyn), and
methylphenidate (Ritalin).
– Other Schedule II substances include: amobarbital,
glutethimide, and pentobarbital.
• Schedule III/IIIN Controlled Substances (3/3N)
– Substances in this schedule have a potential for abuse less than
substances in Schedules I or II and abuse may lead to moderate
or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence.
– Examples of Schedule III narcotics include: combination
products containing less than 15 milligrams of hydrocodone per
dosage unit (Vicodin), products containing not more than 90
milligrams of codeine per dosage unit (Tylenol with Codeine),
and buprenorphine (Suboxone).
– Examples of Schedule IIIN non-narcotics include:
benzphetamine (Didrex), phendimetrazine, ketamine,
and anabolic steroids such as Depo-Testosterone.
• Schedule IV Controlled Substances
– Substances in this schedule have a low potential for abuse
relative to substances in Schedule III.
11. – Examples of Schedule IV substances include:
alprazolam (Xanax), carisoprodol (Soma), clonazepam
(Klonopin), clorazepate (Tranxene), diazepam (Valium),
lorazepam (Ativan), midazolam (Versed), temazepam
(Restoril), and triazolam (Halcion).
• Schedule V Controlled Substances
– Substances in this schedule have a low potential for
abuse relative to substances listed in Schedule IV and
consist primarily of preparations containing limited
quantities of certain narcotics.
– Examples of Schedule V substances include: cough
preparations containing not more than 200 milligrams
of codeine per 100 milliliters or per 100 grams
(Robitussin AC, Phenergan with Codeine), and
ezogabine.
12. Classification on the basis of affecting the body system
and
Therapeutic Use
• A common type of
medication classification
• Following are the types
a. Drugs affecting the
autonomic nervous
system:
a. Cholinergic Drugs,
b. Anticholinergic Drugs,
c. Drugs Acting on Autonomic
Ganglia,
d. Adrenergic Drugs,
e. α-Adrenergic Blocking
Agents,
f. β-Adrenergic Blocking
Agents,
b. Drugs Acting on Central
Nervous System
a) General Anaesthetics,
b) Preanaesthetic Medication,
c) Sedative-Hypnotics,
d) Antiepileptic Drugs,
e) Antiparkinsonian Drugs,
f) Antipsychotic Drugs,
g) Drugs for Mania and Manic-
Depressive(Bipolar) Disorder,
h) Antidepressants,
i) Antianxiety Drugs,
j) Opioid Analgesics, Complex
Action Opioids and Opioid
Antagonists,
k) Central Nervous System
Stimulants,
l) Cognition Enhancers
13. – Autacoids and Related Drugs:
• Histaminergic Agonists,
• H1-Antagonists,
• 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) Antagonists,
• Drugs for Migraine,
• Prostaglandins (PGs)and their Analogues,
• Antipyretic-Analgesics and
• Non steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs),
• Anti rheumatoid Arthritis Drugs,
• Anti gout Drugs
– Drugs for Respiratory Disorders
• Drugs for Cough,
• Drugs for Bronchial Asthma
14. – Hormones and
Related Drugs
• Anterior Pituitary
Hormones and Related
Drugs,
• Thyroid Hormone,
• Thyroid Inhibitors,
• Anti diabetic Drugs,
• Corticosteroids,
• Androgens and Related
Drugs,
• Drugs for Erectile
Dysfunction,
• Estrogens and Related
Drugs, Progestin's,
• Oral Contraceptives,
• Uterine Stimulants,
• Uterine Relaxants
• Drugs Acting on
Peripheral
(somatic)Nervous
System
• Skeletal Muscle
Relaxants,
• Local Anesthetics
