This document discusses various topics related to pharmacology including definitions of drugs, classifications of drugs, subdivisions of pharmacology, sources of drug information, essential medicines, orphan drugs, drug schedules, and drug nomenclature. It provides classifications of prescription drugs and over-the-counter drugs. It also summarizes key concepts in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacotherapeutics, and toxicology.

1. DR NARENDRA KUMAR
Assistant Professor

2. 
Introduction
Physiological
functions
Chemical
Reactions
Pharmacology
Living
Organism
Physiology
Biochemistry
DRUG

3. 
As per WHO Scientific group
“Any Substance or product that is used and intended to be
used to modify or explore the physiological system or
pathological state for the benefit of the recipient “

4. 
Drug categories
Prescription drugs
Are used under only medical
supervision and dispensed by an order
of medical practitioner only
OTC drugs
Can be sold over the counter
without prescription

5. 
Sub divisions of Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacotherapeutics
Clinical pharmacology
Toxicology
Deals with ADME process i.e. what the body
does to the drug
Deals with the biological effect of the drug ,its
mechanism of action and relation b/w its
plasma concentration ,its response and
duration of action i.e. What the drug does to
the body .
Clinical application of pharmacodynamics and
pharmacokinetics information to cure a disease
.
Deals with the comparative clinical evaluations of
new drug for developing its therapeutic efficacy
and safety
Deals with the toxicity and poisonous effects of
various chemicals and also with the symptoms
and treatment of poisoning

6. 
Pharmacology
Chemotherapy
Pharmacogenetics
Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacoepidemeiology
Pharmacovigilance
Deals with the systemic infection or malignancy with
drugs with selective toxicity for infecting organisms.
Deals with the study of inherited (single gene
mediated)differences in the drug metabolism or drug
response in humans.
Deals with the genetic make up (Genome) of
individual to choose drug therapy .
Deals with the study of use and effects of the
drug in large population to establish risk:
Benefit ratio of the drug .
Deals with the continuous monitoring for unwanted
effects and other safety related aspects of marketed
drugs . Science related to DAUP
(Detection, Assessment. Understanding and Prevention)

7. 
Sources of Information
Official
Non Official
Martindale
Drug Compendia
Pharmacopoeias
Formularies
Pharmacopoeias Formulary
British pharmacopoeias Pharmaceutical codex(by pharmaceutical
Society of Great Britain )
United states Pharmacopoeias National Formulary (by American
Pharmaceutical Association)
Indian Pharmacopoeias National Formulary of India

8. 
 Serves as Secondary Source of drug Information both by Generic name
and Trade name
 This Information is generalized and is not restricted to only those
drugs which are approved for use by the legally constituted
committee of that country .
For Example :
1. AMA Drug Evaluation : by American Medical Association and
Council on Drugs
2. Modern Drug Encyclopedia: by Yorkee Medical books , New York,
USA
3. Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR) : by Medical Economics
Publications ,USA
4. Martindale Extra Pharmacopoeias : by Pharmaceutical Society of
Great Britain .
Non offical Compendia

9. 
A drug generally has three categories of names:
(a)Chemical name
 It describes the substance chemically, e.g. 1-
(Isopropylamino )-3-(1-naphthyloxy) propan-2 –ol for
propranolol.
(b) Non-proprietary / official name / Approved name
 Name in the official books accepted all over the world
(c)Proprietary (Brand) name
 Crocin for Paracetamol
DRUG NOMENCLATURE

10. 

11. 
 Essential medicines, as defined by the WHO are
"those drugs that satisfy the health care needs of the
majority of the population; they should therefore be
available at all times in adequate amounts and in
appropriate dosage forms, at a price the community
can afford."
Essential medicines

12. 
 These are drugs or biological products for diagnosis/treatment/
prevention of a rare disease or condition, or a more common disease
(endemic only in resource poor countries) for which there is no
reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and marketing it
will be recovered from the sales of that drug.
 e.g. sodium nitrite, fomepizole, liposomal amphotericin B,,
rifabutin,, somatropin, digoxin immune Fab (digoxin
antibody), liothyronine (T3) and many more.
 Governments in developed countries offer tax benefits and other
incentives to pharmaceutical companies for developing and marketing
orphan drugs (e.g. Orphan Drug Act in USA).
Orphan Drugs

13. 
Includes the drugs with high potential of Abuse Eg. LSD, Heroin
.Marijuana, Flunitrazepam and Methaqualone
Includes morphine ,codiene, pethidine, fentanyl, cocaine,
amphetamine,methylphenidate, pentobarbital and secobarbital
.these can be used under medical supervision only
The drugs with moderate physical and psychological dependence
eg. Stanzolol, ketamine ,nalorphine ,thiopental ,suppository form
of secobarbital and pentobarbital etc
They have low potential for abuse and have limited physical and
pshycological dependence eg. Long acting barbiturates
,Benzodiazapines, Propoxyphene ,Pentazocine ,Premolineolpidem
and Zaleplon
They have minimal use abuse potential and minimum
dependence liability eg Lamotil and formulation containing
Codiene while others are OTC drugs.,
Laws governing Drugs (Drugs
Schedule ) AS per detailed in USP Vol.XXII and by NF
Schedule I
Schedule II
Schedule III
Schedule IV
Schedule V

14. 
Schedules
A-
Prescribed
forms
B-State
fees
C and C 1-
Biological
and special
products
D-
Import
of Drugs
E 1-
Poisonous
Substances
F &
F(I)-
Standards Of
Bacterial
Vaccines
FF-
Opthalmic
preparations
F(II)-
Surgical
dressings
and bandage
cloth
F(III)-
Umbilical
tapes
G- Drugs
with Label
CAUTION
H-
Prescription
Drugs
J-List of
Ailments
K-Exemtions
from
provisions of
chapter IV of
drug act
M-
GMP
M1- Mfg of
Homeopathi
c Drugs
M-II- Mfg
of
Cosmetics
M-III- Mfg of
medical
devices

15. 
Schedules
N- equipments,
entrance
,premises,furnitu
re, apparatus &
general
provisions
O-
Disinfectants
fluids
P- Expiry
period
P 1- Pack
Sizes of
drugs
Q- Dyes
,colours,
pigments used
in cosmetics
and soaps
R- Mechanical
Contraceptives
R-1- Medical
devices
S-
Standards
of
cosmetics
T-requirments
of factory
premises,
hygienic
conditions for
Ayurvedic &
Unani drugs.
U & U1- Mfg
Records
V-Patents &
Proprietary
medicine
W-Names of
drugs which
can be
marketed under
generic names
only .
X- Pshycotropic
drugs req. special
licences for mfg
and sale
Y- req. & guidelines
on clinical trials,
import & mfg of
new drugs.

16. 
Bibliography
•Essentials of Medical Pharmacology -7th edition by KD Tripathi
•Goodman & Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 12th edition
by Laurence Brunton (Editor)
•Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology - 6th edition by Richard A.
Harvey
•Basic and Clinical pharmacology 11th edition by Bertram G Katzung
•Rang & Dale's Pharmacology -7th edition
by Humphrey P. Rang
•Clinical Pharmacology 11th edition By Bennett and Brown, Churchill Livingstone
•Principles of Pharmacology 2nd edition by HL Sharma and KK Sharma
•Review of Pharmacology by Gobind Sparsh