This document discusses the manufacturing processes for ointments, liquids, and creams. Ointments are semisolid preparations meant for external application. They are manufactured using methods like trituration, emulsion, and chemical reaction. Creams are emulsions intended for external use and can be o/w or w/o types. They are produced using methods like cold creams. Liquids are monophasic dosage forms mixed with active ingredients and excipients. They are manufactured through steps of weighing, mixing, filtration, filling, and packaging. The raw materials used include vehicles, solubilizers, preservatives, and buffers.

1. MANUFACTURING OF OINTMENTS, LIQUIDS ,CREAMS
Submitted by Under the guidance of
S.V.R.GOVARHAN REDDY Dr.G.Ramesh Pharm.D
14AB1T0023 Submitted to
Pharm D IV year Mr.Satheesh.S.Gottipati B.Pharm., MS (USA), R.Ph. CIP (USA)
Vignan Pharmacy College,vadlamudi

2. Contents:
1) Ointments:
• Definition
• Types of ointment
• Manufacturing of ointments
2) Liquids
• Definition
• Types of liquid dosage forms
• Manufacturing of liquids
3) Creams
• Definition
• Types of creams
• Manufacturing of creams

3. OINTMENTS :
 Ointments are semisolid preparations meant for external application to the skin or mucous
membrane .
Types:
Non medicated ointments: They contain only ointment bases , does not contain any medicament
 Ex: Simple ointment B.P , Paraffin ointment
Medicated ointments: They contain only medicaments , which may be dissolved , suspended or
emulsified in the ointment base
 Ex: Sulphur ointment , Boric acid ointment

4. Manufacturing of ointments:
1) Trituration method:
 It is mainly used for preparation of soft ointments in a small
scale industry
 It has mainly 2 methods:
 Ointment slab
 Motor and pestle method

5. Ointment slab/levigation :
Finely powder the medicament and
place it on a clean ointment tile
Weigh required quantities of ointment
base and keep on one different part of
slab
Take a portion of base of about 3
times volume of drug and levigate it
with help of ointment spatula
Ex:
Sulphur ointment
Motor and pestle method:
This method is used for large quantities

7. 3) Emulsion method:
Oily substances are melted in a china dish on water bath at 70o C
Water soluble substances are heated separately on water bath at 70o C
Suitable emulsifying agent is dissolved either in aqueous or oily phase
Both phases reaches same temperature aqueous phase is slowly added to oily phase with continuous
stirring until the product becomes cool and semi solid

8. 4) Chemical reaction :
 Ointment is prepared between chemical reaction , medicament and one or more ingredient of the
base

9. CREAMS:
• Creams are viscous emulsion of semisolid consistency , intended for
external application to the skin or mucous membrane
• They are of 2 types:
1) o/w type cream ( aqueous creams )
2) w/o type cream ( oily cream )
oily creams consist a w/o type emulsifying agent
• Ex: Wool fat , alcohol , fatty acids
Aqueous creams consist of o/w type emulsifying agent
• Ex: Emulsifying wax , Tweens , Fatty acid ester

10. 1) Cold creams:
Melt the wax and add liquid paraffin and
heat the mixture at 70o C
Dissolve the borax in water at 75o C
and melt the fat with continuous stirring
Cool the mixture at 40o C and add
perfumes and preservatives
Transfer the cream into the container
while hot
2) Vanishing creams:
Weigh the required quantities of stearic acid , methyl
paraben in china dish and heat at 70o C
Take the water soluble ingredients to water, check the
temperature if necessary and heat at 70OC
Transfer oily phase to the aqueous phase in small
portions with continuous stirring until a homogeneous
emulsion is formed

11. • Remove the china dish from heating and cool to the room temperature

12. LIQUIDS:
– Liquids are monophasic dosage forms , which involves a mixture of active
pharmaceutical ingredient along with excipients .
– Liquid form of a dose of drug used as a drug or medication intended for administration
or consumption
Types of liquid dosage forms:
– The different types of liquid dosage forms are :
– Syrup
– Otic preparations
– Nasal preparations
– Mouth wash
– Elixir
– Aromatic water

13. Manufacturing of liquids:
 The preparation of liquids include simple and very less unit operations and
require less formulation equipment
 The preparation includes following unit operations :
 Weighing
 Sifting
 Mixing
 clarification/ filtration
 Filling
 packing/labelling

14. The raw materials used are :
– Vehicle – Water , alcohol
– Solubilisers - Cyclodextrin.
– Stabilizers – EDTA
– Preservatives- Parabenes
– Viscosity modifiers- Xanthum gum
– Buffer – Citrate and acetate buffer
– Isotonicity agents-Dextrose , Nacl

15. Manufacturing :
– All the required raw materials according to the master formulary card were
weighed and sifted to break large lumps
– Required volume of vehicle is measured and transferred to stainless steel mixing
tank
– The solvent is preheated in necessary to facilitate solubility of raw materials
– The raw materials were added and mixed continuously with a known rpm for
about 1-3hr

16. – After complete solubilisation of raw materials the prepared solution is filtered by
using filter paper having a core diameter f 0.45 micron. This process is also called
as clarification
– The filtrate is filled into suitable containers either by vacuum filling / gravity
filling and is packed and labelled
– Suitable evaluation test were performed in order to investigate stability and
quality of the finished product

17. REFERENCES:
1) https://www.slideshare.net/liquid-dosage-form-monophsaic
2)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid
3) A text book of dispensing pharmacy 3rd edition , Sanmathi BS page no :358-400
4) www.wikipedia.com